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Diseases caused by bacteria, spirochaetes,
mycobacteria & FUNGI
DR. ROOPAM JAIN
PROFESSOR & HEAD,
DEPT. OF PATHOLOGY & BLOOD BANK
Routes of Microbial Infecton
Special Techniques for
Diagnosing Infectious Agents
Spectrum of Inflammatory
Responses to Infection
Classification of
Important Sexually
Transmitted
Diseases
Diseases caused by
bacteria, spirochaetes &
mycobacteria
STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
• gram-positive cocci
• present everywhere—in the skin, umbilicus, nasal vestibule,
stool etc.
• 3 species are pathogenic to human beings: Staph. aureus,
Staph. epidermidis and Staph. saprophyticus.
• Most staphylococcal infections are caused by Staph. aureus.
• Staphylococcal infections are among the commonest antibiotic
resistant hospital-acquired infection in surgical wounds
A wide variety of suppurative diseases are
caused by Staph. aureus which includes
• 1. Infections of skin
• 2. Infections of burns and surgical wounds
• 3. Infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract
• 4. Bacterial arthritis
• 5. Infection of bone (Osteomyelitis)
• 6. Bacterial endocarditis
• 7. Bacterial meningitis
• 8. Septicaemia
• 9. Toxic shock syndrome
STAPHYLOCOCCAL
INFECTIONS
Suppurative diseases
caused by
Staphylococcus aureus
STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
• gram-positive cocci
• more known for their non-suppurative autoimmune
complications than suppurative inflammatory responses.
• Streptococcal infections occur throughout the world
(underprivileged populations)
Implicated in different streptococcal diseases
• 1. Group A or Streptococcus pyogenes, also called b-haemolytic
streptococci - upper respiratory tract infection and cutaneous
infections (erysipelas).
• 2. Group B or Streptococcus agalactiae produces infections in the
newborn and is involved in non-suppurative poststreptococcal
complications such as RHD and acute glomerulonephritis.
• 3. Group C and G streptococci - respiratory infections.
Implicated in different streptococcal diseases
• 4. Group D or Streptococcus faecalis, also called enterococci are
important in causation of urinary tract infection, bacterial
endocarditis, septicaemia etc.
• 5. Untypable a-haemolytic streptococci such as Streptococcus
viridans constitute the normal flora of the mouth and may cause
bacterial endocarditis.
• 6. Pneumococci or Streptococcus pneumoniae - bacterial
pneumonias, meningitis and septicaemia
Diseases
caused by
streptococci
CLOSTRIDIAL DISEASES
• gram-positive spore-forming anaerobic microorganisms
• found in the GIT of herbivorous animals and man.
• undergo vegetative division under anaerobic conditions, and
sporulation under aerobic conditions.
• toxins responsible for the diseases:
• 1. Gas gangrene by C. perfringens
• 2. Tetanus by C. tetani
• 3. Botulism by C. botulinum
• 4. Clostridial food poisoning by C. perfringens
• 5. Necrotising enterocolitis by C. perfringens.
GAS GANGRENE
• rapidly progressive and fatal illness
• Myonecrosis due to elaboration of myotoxins
• In majority of cases (80-90%), the source of myotoxins is C.
perfringens Type A; others are C. novyi and C. septicum.
• Generally, traumatic wounds and surgical procedures are
followed by contamination with clostridia and become the site
of myonecrosis.
• The incubation period is 2 to 4 days.
• The most common myotoxin produced by C. perfringens Type A
is the alpha toxin which is a lecithinase.
• The prevention of gas gangrene lies in debridement of damaged
tissue in which the clostridia thrive.
• The lesion has serosanguineous discharge with odour and
contains gas bubbles.
• There is very scanty inflammatory reaction at the site of gas
gangrene
TETANUS
• ‘lock jaw’ is a severe acute neurologic syndrome
• caused by tetanus toxin, tetanospasmin, which is a neurotoxic exotoxin
elaborated by C. tetani.
• The spores of the microorganism present in the soil enter the body
through a penetrating wound.
• The degenerated microorganisms liberate the tetanus neurotoxin which
causes neuronal stimulation and spasm of muscles.
• The incubation period of the disease is 1-3 weeks.
• The earliest manifestation is lock-jaw or trismus.
• Rigidity of muscles of the back causes backward arching or opisthotonos.
• Death occurs due to spasm of respiratory and laryngeal muscles.
DISEASES
CAUSED BY
FUNGI
Diseases caused by fungi
MYCETOMA
• Chronic suppurative infection (limb, shoulder)
• characterised by draining sinuses (colonies of fungi or bacteria)
• Types:
 Caused by actinomyces (higher bacteria) also called
actinomycetoma comprises about 60%.
 ”
Eumycetoma caused by true fungi, Madurella mycetomatis or
Madurella grisea, comprises the remaining 40%.
• The organisms are inoculated directly from soil into bare feet,
from carrying of contaminated sacks on the shoulders, and into
the hands from infected vegetation.
MYCETOMA
MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES
• After several months of infection,
• The affected site, most commonly foot, is swollen -- ‘madura foot’.
• The lesions extend deeply into the subcutaneous tissues, along
the fascia and eventually invade the bones.
• They drain through sinus tracts which discharge purulent material
and black grains.
• Surrounding tissue shows granulomatous reaction.
Madura foot.
Brown granule lying in necrotic tissue in the discharging sinus
CANDIDIASIS
• an opportunistic fungal infection caused most commonly by
Candida albicans and occasionally by Candida tropicalis.
• Candida species are present as normal flora of the skin and
mucocutaneous areas, intestines and vagina.
• Various predisposing factors are: impaired immunity, prolonged
use of oral contraceptives, long-term antibiotic therapy,
corticosteroid therapy, diabetes mellitus, obesity, pregnancy etc.
CANDIDIASIS
MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES
• Candida produces superficial infections of the skin and
mucous membranes, or may invade deeper tissues.
1. Oral thrush
2. Candidal vaginitis
3. Cutaneous candidiasis
4. Systemic candidiasis
1. Oral thrush
• Commonest form of mucocutaneous candidiasis
• Fullfledged lesions consist of creamy white
pseudomembrane composed of fungi covering the tongue,
soft palate, and buccal mucosa
• In severe cases-ulceration
2. Candidal vaginitis
• Vaginal candidiasis or monilial vaginitis is characterised
clinically by thick, yellow, curdy discharge.
• The lesions form pseudomembrane of fungi on the vaginal
mucosa.
• They are quite pruritic and may extend to involve the vulva
(vulvovaginitis) and the perineum.
3. Cutaneous candidiasis
• Candidal involvement of nail folds - paronychia and colonisation in
the intertriginous areas of the skin, axilla, groin, infra- and inter-
mammary, intergluteal folds and interdigital spaces.
4. Systemic candidiasis
• Usually a terminal event
• The organisms gain entry into the body through an ulcerative
lesion on the skin and mucosa or may be introduced
• Most commonly encountered in kidneys as ascending
pyelonephritis and in heart as candidal endocarditis.
Candidiasis of the ulcer in the skin
CUTANEOUS SUPERFICIAL MYCOSIS
• Dermatophytes cause superficial mycosis of the skin, the
important examples - Microsporum, Trichophyton and
Epidermophyton.
• These superficial fungi are spread by direct contact or by
fomites and infect tissues such as the skin, hair and nails.
• Examples
”
. Tinea capitis - patchy alopecia affecting the scalp and eyebrows.
”
. Tinea barbae is acute folliculitis of the beard. ”
. Tinea corporis is dermatitis with erythematous papules.
• Diagnosis of dermatophytosis - light microscopic examination
of skin scrapings
INFECTIOUS DISEASE (Diseases caused by bacteria, spirochaetes, mycobacteria & FUNGI) By DR. ROOPAM JAIN

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INFECTIOUS DISEASE (Diseases caused by bacteria, spirochaetes, mycobacteria & FUNGI) By DR. ROOPAM JAIN

  • 1. Diseases caused by bacteria, spirochaetes, mycobacteria & FUNGI DR. ROOPAM JAIN PROFESSOR & HEAD, DEPT. OF PATHOLOGY & BLOOD BANK
  • 4.
  • 7.
  • 8. Diseases caused by bacteria, spirochaetes & mycobacteria
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11. STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS • gram-positive cocci • present everywhere—in the skin, umbilicus, nasal vestibule, stool etc. • 3 species are pathogenic to human beings: Staph. aureus, Staph. epidermidis and Staph. saprophyticus. • Most staphylococcal infections are caused by Staph. aureus. • Staphylococcal infections are among the commonest antibiotic resistant hospital-acquired infection in surgical wounds
  • 12. A wide variety of suppurative diseases are caused by Staph. aureus which includes • 1. Infections of skin • 2. Infections of burns and surgical wounds • 3. Infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract • 4. Bacterial arthritis • 5. Infection of bone (Osteomyelitis) • 6. Bacterial endocarditis • 7. Bacterial meningitis • 8. Septicaemia • 9. Toxic shock syndrome
  • 14. STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS • gram-positive cocci • more known for their non-suppurative autoimmune complications than suppurative inflammatory responses. • Streptococcal infections occur throughout the world (underprivileged populations)
  • 15. Implicated in different streptococcal diseases • 1. Group A or Streptococcus pyogenes, also called b-haemolytic streptococci - upper respiratory tract infection and cutaneous infections (erysipelas). • 2. Group B or Streptococcus agalactiae produces infections in the newborn and is involved in non-suppurative poststreptococcal complications such as RHD and acute glomerulonephritis. • 3. Group C and G streptococci - respiratory infections.
  • 16. Implicated in different streptococcal diseases • 4. Group D or Streptococcus faecalis, also called enterococci are important in causation of urinary tract infection, bacterial endocarditis, septicaemia etc. • 5. Untypable a-haemolytic streptococci such as Streptococcus viridans constitute the normal flora of the mouth and may cause bacterial endocarditis. • 6. Pneumococci or Streptococcus pneumoniae - bacterial pneumonias, meningitis and septicaemia
  • 18. CLOSTRIDIAL DISEASES • gram-positive spore-forming anaerobic microorganisms • found in the GIT of herbivorous animals and man. • undergo vegetative division under anaerobic conditions, and sporulation under aerobic conditions. • toxins responsible for the diseases: • 1. Gas gangrene by C. perfringens • 2. Tetanus by C. tetani • 3. Botulism by C. botulinum • 4. Clostridial food poisoning by C. perfringens • 5. Necrotising enterocolitis by C. perfringens.
  • 19.
  • 20. GAS GANGRENE • rapidly progressive and fatal illness • Myonecrosis due to elaboration of myotoxins • In majority of cases (80-90%), the source of myotoxins is C. perfringens Type A; others are C. novyi and C. septicum. • Generally, traumatic wounds and surgical procedures are followed by contamination with clostridia and become the site of myonecrosis. • The incubation period is 2 to 4 days. • The most common myotoxin produced by C. perfringens Type A is the alpha toxin which is a lecithinase.
  • 21. • The prevention of gas gangrene lies in debridement of damaged tissue in which the clostridia thrive. • The lesion has serosanguineous discharge with odour and contains gas bubbles. • There is very scanty inflammatory reaction at the site of gas gangrene
  • 22. TETANUS • ‘lock jaw’ is a severe acute neurologic syndrome • caused by tetanus toxin, tetanospasmin, which is a neurotoxic exotoxin elaborated by C. tetani. • The spores of the microorganism present in the soil enter the body through a penetrating wound. • The degenerated microorganisms liberate the tetanus neurotoxin which causes neuronal stimulation and spasm of muscles. • The incubation period of the disease is 1-3 weeks. • The earliest manifestation is lock-jaw or trismus. • Rigidity of muscles of the back causes backward arching or opisthotonos. • Death occurs due to spasm of respiratory and laryngeal muscles.
  • 25. MYCETOMA • Chronic suppurative infection (limb, shoulder) • characterised by draining sinuses (colonies of fungi or bacteria) • Types:  Caused by actinomyces (higher bacteria) also called actinomycetoma comprises about 60%.  ” Eumycetoma caused by true fungi, Madurella mycetomatis or Madurella grisea, comprises the remaining 40%. • The organisms are inoculated directly from soil into bare feet, from carrying of contaminated sacks on the shoulders, and into the hands from infected vegetation.
  • 26. MYCETOMA MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES • After several months of infection, • The affected site, most commonly foot, is swollen -- ‘madura foot’. • The lesions extend deeply into the subcutaneous tissues, along the fascia and eventually invade the bones. • They drain through sinus tracts which discharge purulent material and black grains. • Surrounding tissue shows granulomatous reaction.
  • 27. Madura foot. Brown granule lying in necrotic tissue in the discharging sinus
  • 28. CANDIDIASIS • an opportunistic fungal infection caused most commonly by Candida albicans and occasionally by Candida tropicalis. • Candida species are present as normal flora of the skin and mucocutaneous areas, intestines and vagina. • Various predisposing factors are: impaired immunity, prolonged use of oral contraceptives, long-term antibiotic therapy, corticosteroid therapy, diabetes mellitus, obesity, pregnancy etc.
  • 29. CANDIDIASIS MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES • Candida produces superficial infections of the skin and mucous membranes, or may invade deeper tissues. 1. Oral thrush 2. Candidal vaginitis 3. Cutaneous candidiasis 4. Systemic candidiasis
  • 30. 1. Oral thrush • Commonest form of mucocutaneous candidiasis • Fullfledged lesions consist of creamy white pseudomembrane composed of fungi covering the tongue, soft palate, and buccal mucosa • In severe cases-ulceration 2. Candidal vaginitis • Vaginal candidiasis or monilial vaginitis is characterised clinically by thick, yellow, curdy discharge. • The lesions form pseudomembrane of fungi on the vaginal mucosa. • They are quite pruritic and may extend to involve the vulva (vulvovaginitis) and the perineum.
  • 31. 3. Cutaneous candidiasis • Candidal involvement of nail folds - paronychia and colonisation in the intertriginous areas of the skin, axilla, groin, infra- and inter- mammary, intergluteal folds and interdigital spaces. 4. Systemic candidiasis • Usually a terminal event • The organisms gain entry into the body through an ulcerative lesion on the skin and mucosa or may be introduced • Most commonly encountered in kidneys as ascending pyelonephritis and in heart as candidal endocarditis.
  • 32. Candidiasis of the ulcer in the skin
  • 33. CUTANEOUS SUPERFICIAL MYCOSIS • Dermatophytes cause superficial mycosis of the skin, the important examples - Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton. • These superficial fungi are spread by direct contact or by fomites and infect tissues such as the skin, hair and nails. • Examples ” . Tinea capitis - patchy alopecia affecting the scalp and eyebrows. ” . Tinea barbae is acute folliculitis of the beard. ” . Tinea corporis is dermatitis with erythematous papules. • Diagnosis of dermatophytosis - light microscopic examination of skin scrapings