A fracture means that a bone is broken or cracked. A fracture is a structural break in the normal continuity of bone

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Prepared by:
Arpana Bhusal
BNS
FRACTURE

2. DEFINITION
A fracture means that a bone is broken or
cracked.
A fracture is a structural break in the normal
continuity of bone.
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3. CAUSES
Direct force:
When the bone breaks at the place where
force is applied . Example , severe blow.
Indirect force:
When a bone breaks at another place and not
where the force was applied. Example , fall.
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4. Cont…..
Force of muscular action:
Voilent condition of group of muscles may pull
pieces of bone away from the point where the
muscle is attached . Example , fracture of knee.
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5. Cont…….
 Force of ligement:
Twisting of a joint can cause its ligament to
pull so hard at the joint that causes fracture.
Example fracture of lower leg bone.
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6. Types of fracture
 Simple fracture:
 It break of the bone into two clean margin.
 Compound and complicated fracture:
 It break of the bone in more than one part
and teaming of the body of the body part.
Eg blood vessels, muscle nd other parts of
organ.
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7. Cont…..
Green stick fracture:
It break of the bone on only one side.
Open fracture:
It extends through the skin and membrane.
Closed fracture:
The broken ends of the bone do not cut open the
skin and show on the out side.
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8. Cont…..
Transverse fracture:
The fracture is straight across the bone.
Spiral fracture:
A fracture twisting around the shaft of the bone.
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9. Cont…..
Pathologic fracture:
It is a fracture which is occurred due to disease
condition. Such as cancer and osteoporosis.
Complete fracture:
Fracture line involves entire cross- section of
the bone , and bone fragements are usually
displaced.
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10. Cont…..
Incomplete fracture :
Fracture involves only a portion of the cross-
section of the bone . One side breaks; the other
usually just bends.
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11. Sing and symptoms of fracture
• Acute pain
• Loss of function
• Deformity
• Shortening of the extermity
• Abnormal mobility 11

12. Cont……
• Swelling
• Tenderness
• Localized edema
• Numbness
• Injured muscle, blood vessels, nerves.
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13. diagnosis
• History collection
• Physical examination
• X-ray
o Anterior
o Posterior and
o Lateral view
• CT Scan
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14. Management
• EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT:
Check circulation , breathing and airway of the
patient and also maintain it .
Check vital sign.
Immediately after injury , immobilize the body
part while the patient have to move.
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15. Cont….
We should splint the fracture.
To support the fracture site.
In an upper extermities injury , the arm may be
bandaged to the chest or an injured forearm may
be placed in a sling.
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16. Cont…..
Cover the wound of an open fracture with a
sterile dressing to prevent contaminating of
deeper tissue.
Medical management:
The general aim of early fracture management is
to control bleeding , provide pain relief , prevent
further injury etc.
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17. Types of treatment
Cast immobilization:
A plaster or cast is the most common type of
fracture because most broken bones can heal
successfully.
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18. Cont…..
Functional cast:
A fracture allow limited or controlled
movement of nearby joints. This treatment is
desirable for some but not all fracture.
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19. Cont….
Traction :
Traction is usually used to bones by a gentle,
steady pulling action. The pulling force may be
transmitted to the bone through skin tapes or a
metal pin through a bone.
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20. Cont……
External fixation:
In this type of treatment , pins , are placed into
the broken bone above and below the fracture
sites.
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21. Cont……
Internal fixation:
In this type of treatment , an Orthopedist must
perform surgery on the bone. During this
operation , the bone fragment are first
repositioned into their normal alignment by
attaching metal plates.
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22. complication
Loss of muscle strength.
Infection
Shock
Bone problem.
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