Issues related to reproductive and cloning techniques
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Issues related to reproductive and cloning techniques
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Issues related to reproductive and cloning techniques
- 1. Issues related to reproductive and cloning techniques
- 2. History of cloning 1952 Northern leopard frogs cloned. 1953 Structure of DNA discovered.
- 3. History of cloning 1978 Louise, the first child conceived through in vitro fertilization, was born. 1993 Human embryos were first cloned (artificial embryo twinning) July 5, 1996 Dolly was born. Photo from: www.cnn.com
- 4. Dolly – the first mammal cloned using mature cell • Dolly the Lamb in 1996 • Method: Nuclear transfer • Organization: Roslin Institute at UK and PPL Therapeutics Photo from Ming Pao 18th August 2002
- 5. Example of cloning • Cumulina the Mouse in 1998 • Organization: University of Hawaii Photo from Ming Pao 28th December 2002
- 6. Example of cloning • Cattle in 1998 • Organization: Kinki University at Japan Photo from Ming Pao 28th December 2002
- 7. Example of cloning • Mille, Christa, Alexis, Carrel and Dotcom the Pigs in 2000 • Organization: PPL Therapeutics of UK Photo from Ming Pao 28th December 2002
- 8. Example of cloning • Carbon Copy the Cat in 2002 • Organization: Texas A & M University, USA Photo from Ming Pao 23th January 2003
- 9. Example of cloning • Generation of Prometea, 2003 • Organization: A research laboratory in Italy Photo from Nature No.6949
- 10. Examples of cloning • Cloning of donkey, 2004, USA • Cloning of dog, 2005, Korea • Cloning of rhesus monkey, 2007, Oregon, USA http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20050806/mind/mind3.html http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/science/july-dec07/stemcells_11-15.html
- 11. Two methods of cloning • Embryo cloning - remove a cell from an embryo for developing into a separate embryo. • Adult cell cloning - replace DNA/nucleus from a cell by another.
- 12. How to generate Dolly? Step 1. cells were taken from a donor sheep. Cells were then cultured to switch off their genes and become dormant. Photo from www.bootstrike.com, www.nature.com
- 13. How to generate Dolly? Step 2. Unfertilized egg cell was taken from another sheep. The nucleus was removed, leaving an empty egg. Photo from www.pbs.org. www.nature.com, www.sciam.com
- 14. How to generate Dolly? Step 3. The egg cell without nucleus was fused with the donor cell using a pulse of electricity. A second pulse started the cell division. Photo from www.advancedcell.com. www.nature.com
- 15. How to generate Dolly? Step 4. After 6 days, the resulting embryo was implanted into another sheep (surrogate mother ). Photo from www.pbs.org, www.nature.com
- 16. How to generate Dolly? Step 5. After gestation , the surrogate mother gave birth to Dolly which was identical to the udder cell donor. Photo from www.pbs.org
- 17. Advantages of animal cloning • Can produce animal with a desired trait, for ▫ Protein products, organs • Proliferate endangered animals
- 18. Cloning of endangered animal • Noah the Gaur ( an endangered species) in 2000 • Organization: Advanced Cell Technology, USA Photo from Advanced Cell Technology (www.advancedcell.com)
- 19. Cloning of endangered animal • Cloning of woolly Mammoth • Extinct 10,000 years ago From Mingpao 8/8/2003
- 20. Cloning of transgenic animal • Cloning of a cow containing mad cow disease resistant gene • In Shangdong, China From Mingpao 28/4/2006
- 21. Concerns in Cloning • Technology complicated • Survival rate of cloned embryos low • Overweighing of calves at birth • Breeders may want to keep their animal unique • Breeders may want to create better offspring
- 22. Health of clones From Ming Pao 27-Mar-2001 • Poor development of heart, lung and immune system • Might have genetic disorder
- 23. Photo from MingpaoPhoto from Mingpao Dolly gave birth to a female lamb in 1998, but Dolly later died of premature aging in 2003.
- 24. Company for cloning pets • Genetic Savings & Clone – established in 2000, produced the cloned cat, CC in 2001 • Delivered the first commercially cloned cat, Little Nicky in 2004 for US$50,000 • Company closed in 2006 • A new company BioArts International was established for cloning dogs
- 25. Commercial pet cloning may not be a good investment • Demand not high • Competition from developing countries • Outcome is unpredicted – cloning is not a mature techniques • Pressure from the society
- 26. • Ethical attention is focused upon cloning in the context of the genetic copying of a whole organism. • While the cloning of non-mammals has occurred in research. • Cloned human embryos have been produced, but there are no reliable reports that any have been implanted in a woman’s uterus, let alone developed to birth.
- 27. Cloning Human
- 28. Cloning – two kinds •Reproductive cloning – an embryo is created and implanted into a woman’s womb to bring it to term. •Therapeutic cloning – an embryo is created in order to obtain cells from it.
- 29. “Cloning can occur at the level of DNA, at the level of the single cell, or at the level of the whole organism.” “Cloning to birth has come to be called ‘reproductive cloning” “Cloning embryos whose stem cells may be extracted for possible research or therapeutic use has come to be called ‘therapeutic cloning.”
- 30. Why clone human? • Just an ‘unconventional’ means of reproduction ▫ In vitro fertilization ▫ Surrogate mother ▫ Adoption
- 31. Why clone human? • Study human development • Produce spare parts • Test for genetic defect • Increase chance of pregnancy • Produce two children at the same time
- 32. Why clone human? • Preserve traits and talents • Extension of life in unusual circumstances ▫ One spouse sterile ▫ Homosexual marriage
- 33. Positive points of therapeutic cloning • Cloned embryos provide : ▫ Brain cells for disorders like Parkinson and Alzheimer’s disease ▫ Pancreatic islet cells for diabetes
- 34. Positive points of therapeutic cloning • Cloned embryos provide : ▫ Nerve cells for spinal cord damage ▫ Blood and bone marrow cells for blood cell disorder
- 35. http://dels.nas.edu/bls/stemcells/types-of-stem-cells.shtml Embryonic stem cells Adult stem cells The use of stem cells to generate clones
- 36. 1. Creating an embryo through in vitro fertilization, 2. culturing ES cells derived from it to provide a sufficient population for the tricky task of inserting genes 3. extracting the nucleus of a successfully altered cell to construct a cloned embryo 4. The resulting offspring would have developed from a cell derived from an embryo created with an egg and a sperm, and "improved" in the laboratory.
- 37. Why not perform reproductive cloning? • Eugenic – to maximize certain traits intentionally • Reduce genetic diversity • Use as substitute for organ • Clone may have reduced life expectancy • Clone may be abnormal
- 38. Why not perform reproductive cloning? • Lack of self-identity ▫ Replaceable ▫ Dominated by the ‘father’ or ‘mother’
- 39. Why not perform reproductive cloning? • Upset traditional family relationship ▫ Twin of the cell donor? ▫ Relationship with its brother and sister ▫ Relationship with spouse of the cell donor
- 40. Human Reproductive Technology Bill (2000) • Not allow the followings: ▫ Replace nucleus of an embryo with nucleus of another cell ▫ Clone an embryo ▫ Trading of embryo
- 41. Ethical issues • The ethical issues with reproductive cloning include 1. genetic damage to the clone 2. health risks to the mother 3. very low success rate meaning loss of large numbers of embryos and fetuses 4. psychological harm to the clone 5. complex altered familial relationships, and commodification of human life.
- 42. Human cloning in China • Prohibits surrogate mother • Prohibits reproductive human cloning • Prohibits donation of embryos • Prohibits trading of eggs
- 43. • CLONAID™ was founded in February 1997, by Raël, the leader of the RaelianRaelian MovementMovement, an international religious organization, which claims that a human extraterrestrial race, called the ElohimElohim, used DNA and genetic engineering, to scientifically create all life on Earth
- 44. Recent Development in Human Cloning • Clonaid claimed to give birth to ‘Eve’ on 26 December 2002 • announced a second birth to a Dutch lesbian woman early in January 2003 and a third to a Japanese couple who "cloned their dead son killed in an accident", plus two others in late January
- 45. Recent Development in Human Cloning • Korean Scientists led by Dr. Woo-suk Hwang produced cloned human embryos (Science, Feb. 12, 2004) – later found to be fabricated • American scientist Panayiotis Zavos claimed to have cloned 14 human embryos and transferred 11 of them into the wombs of four women (April, 2009)
- 46. Recent Development in Human Cloning • August 2004 - UK granted the first licence for work toward therapeutic cloning. • Nov. 2004 - Californians passed a $3 billion measure to create an Institute for Regenerative Medicine based on embryonic stem cell research.
Editor's Notes
- 1952 Using nuclear transfer, Philadelphia scientists attempted to clone frogs with the nuclei of early tadpole embryos. The cells began to divide and grow.
- Manually separating a very early embryo into individual cells, and then allowing each cell to divide and develop on its own. The resulting embryos are placed into a surrogate mother, where they are carried to term and delivered. Again, since all the embryos came from the same zygote, they are genetically identical. - in early October 1993, by researchers Robert Stillman and Jerry Hall from George Washington University
- US$50,000 for cloning a cat
- The company was founded as a result of the efforts to clone Lou Hawthorne's favorite family dog, Missy. The Missyplicity project generated enough interest that Lou Hawthorne decided to build a company devoted to dog and cat cloning. The company opened for business in February 2000, funded production of the first cloned cat, CC, in 2001, and launched its pet cloning service in February 2004, operating a "petbank", to which pet owners could send tissue samples for later use in cloning. The company delivered the world's first commercially cloned cat, Little Nicky, in December 2004. Little Nicky was sold to a Texas woman for a reported US$50,000. He is a genetic twin of "Nicky," a 17-year-old Maine Coon cat that had been kept as a pet. As well as their success in cloning cats, the company also made significant advances in dog cloning research, although the technology was not mature enough to sustain the business. The company closed in 2006. Letters to this effect were sent out to clients at the end of September 2006, informing them of this decision and offering to transfer any genetic material to another facility. Cloning of cat, by Genetic Saving and Clone Ltd. USA, 2004- US50,000 http://www.bioarts.com/ http://www.bioarts.com/press_release/ba09_09_09.htm
- http://www.bioarts.com/press_release/ba09_09_09.htm
- Until recently, there was a ban in the USA on the use of embryonic or fetal tissue for therapeutic cloning. On the other hand, adult tissues, including stem cells from adults, can be legally utilized for therapeutic cloning, although there is considerable regulation at both the federal and state levels in order to prevent bioethically questionable phenomena such as organ farms, and medically risky practices such as xenoplantation.
- Started with 242 oocytes and cumulus cells from 16 donors, the group achieved a cloning efficiency of about 25%, similar that seen in cattle (25%) and pigs (26%)
- Californians passed a $3 billion measure yesterday (November 2, 2004) that will create an Institute for Regenerative Medicine based on embryonic stem cell research. Every year uses $300 million. In August 2004, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority in UK has granted the first licence for work toward therapeutic cloning. The licence initially lasts for 1 year will be held by Newcastle Centre for Life. This licence allows scientists to create human embryos by inserting the nuclei from human skin or stem cells into human eggs.