Fossil fuels are natural fuels formed from the remains of dead plants and animals over millions of years. The three main types are coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Coal forms from dead plant matter and is a solid fossil fuel. Petroleum, or crude oil, forms from dead marine organisms and is a liquid fossil fuel. Natural gas forms in the same way and is composed primarily of methane. Fossil fuels are non-renewable and provide most of the world's energy but also contribute greatly to greenhouse gas emissions and global warming.

2. What are fossil fuels?
 Fossil fuels are natural substances in Earth made up
from the remains of ancient plants and animals over
time.
 Fossil fuels are fuels formed by natural resources
such as anaerobic decomposition of buried dead
organisms.
 Fossil fuels are of great importance because they can
be burned, producing significant amounts of energy

3.  Coal- is a solid fossil fuel
 Petroleum- is a liquid fossil fuel.
 Natural Gas

4.  Hard
 Black
 Rock-like
 Most abundant fossil fuel produced around world
 A nonrenewable energy source because it takes millions of
years to create.
 Energy in coal comes from the energy stored by plants
that lived hundreds of millions of years ago

5.  Coal is formed by carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
and varying amounts of sulphur.
 The dead plants from the swamps are piled up with
sand and mud on top.
 Without water the carbon increases and forms a hard
black substance called coal.
 Process is called "coalification."

6.  Main types of coal - anthracite, bituminous and lignite.
 Anthracite-hardest, more carbon, higher energy content
 Bituminous-In between
 Lignite-softest, low in carbon, high in oxygen content
and hydrogen
 Peat-precursor (a substance from which another
substance is formed) to coal

7.  Electricity from coal is the electric power
made from the energy stored in coal. Carbon,
made from ancient plant material gives coal
most of its energy.
 This energy is released when coal is burned.

9.  Also known as crude oil, it has been used for over
5,000 years.
 The Egyptians used it as medicine for wounds
and to fuel lamps.
 Today we use petroleum products such as
gasoline, jet fuel, home heating oil and kerosene.

10.  Oil was formed from the remains of animals and plants (diatoms)
that lived millions of years ago in a marine (water) environment
before the dinosaurs.
 Oil was formed from plants called plankton. When the plankton
dies, it sinks in the bottom
of the sea and is buried
under layers of sand and
mud. When these players
are mixed it turns into a
hard rock, but when
bacteria ate the plankton,
it turned into ooze and then
into oil.

11.  It works by being ran through an engine burned
and turned into energy for automobiles.
 This is a product that is high in hydrogen and
carbon molecules.
 When the petroleum or gas is put through the
engine it is exposed to a spark. The gas becomes
the energy for the vehicle.

13.  Methane, a gas or compound that has one carbon atom
and four hydrogen atoms. It is lighter than air.
 Natural gas is a mixture of gases and was used more
than 2,000 years ago.
 The Chinese burned the gas to dissolve the salt from salt
water.
 Today, natural gas is used to heat home and produce
electricity.

14.  It is formed from a plant called plankton just like
oil. The plankton died, sank to the bottom, and
sand and mud covered it up.
 Over the years, bacteria and heat pressure turned
the plankton into natural gas.

15.  Natural Gas is a fossil fuel very similar to oil in its
composition. Both fuels are formed from long
dead plants and animals that slowly decomposed.
 Under tons of pressure, some of this decomposing
matter formed into pockets of oil, which are piped
up and refined in petroleum and a vast number of
other products like Paints, Fertilizer, Plastics,
Antifreeze, Dyes, Photographic film, Medicines,
and Explosives.

17.  A refinery is a factory that takes a raw materials
such as crude oil and makes it into petrol other
useful products. It is important because it Breaks
crude oil down into its various components, which
are changed into new products. This is done in a
maze of pipes and vessels in an automated control
room.
 3 basic steps in all refineries:
o Separation (fractional distillation)
o Conversion (cracking and rearranging the
molecules)
o Treatment

18. Fossil fuel energy is a finite resource.
While there are still large supplies of coal, oil, and natural gas,
the demand is increasing as the amount of new supplies being
found is decreasing.
Worldwide energy use has been increasing and is projected to
keep on increasing as shown in this graph, especially the
demand for oil.

19.  Fossil fuels are the largest greenhouse gas emitters in the
world, contributing 3/4 of all carbon, methane and other
greenhouse gas emissions.
 Burning coal, petroleum and other fossil fuels at extremely
high temperatures is the primary means by which electricity is
produced, but also leads to heavy concentrations of pollutants
in our air and water.
 The real problem is that the atmosphere already absorbs a ton
of greenhouse gases naturally, but is trapping up to 25 percent
more of the sun's radiation due to annual increases in
greenhouse gas emissions.
 98 percent of U.S. energy production comes from non-
renewable sources, fossil fuels. The U.S. consumes more than
20 million barrels of oil per day, with more than one million
tons of coal consumed annually as well.

20.  CALORIFIC VALUE OF FUELS
When fuels are burnt, heat is produced. The amount
of heat produced by different types of fuels on burning is
expressed in terms of calorific value.
 Calorific value of a fuel may be defined as the amount of
heat produced on complete burning of 1 gm of fuel. S.I.
unit of calorific value of fuels is kilojoule per gram (KJ/g).
 For example, when one gram of wood is burnt completely
it produces 17 kilojoules heat. Therefore, the calorific
value of wood is 17 KJ/g. in similar manner.
 when 1 gm of kerosene oil is burnt completely it produces
48 kilojoules heat. So, the calorific value of kerosene oil is
48 KJ/g. the calorific value of different types of fuels is
given in following table.

22. 
It becomes clear from table given above that
different fuels have different calorific values, i.e.
different fuels produce different amounts of heat
on burning.
 The calorific value of fuels helps us to decide that
which fuel is good for us.
 This is done by comparing the calorific values of
fuels with each other. Usually, a fuel having
higher calorific value is considered to be a good
fuel.

23.  Hydrogen gas has the highest calorific value of 150 KJ/g
among all the fuels. So, hydrogen gas is considered to be
an extremely good fuel.
 However, hydrogen gas is not used as a fuel in homes
and industries.
The main reasons for this are:
 Hydrogen gas is highly combustible and it burns with
explosion when lighted.
 The storage and transportation of hydrogen gas from one
place to another is very difficult.
 The cost of production of hydrogen gas is very high. So,
it is an expensive fuel.

24.  Almost all the fuels consist of atoms of hydrogen and
carbon.
 Since, the calorific value of fuels depends on the
percentage of hydrogen present in them so the fuels
which have higher percentage of hydrogen will have
higher calorific value as compared to those fuels which
have lower percentage of hydrogen.
 The percentage of hydrogen present in methane is 25%
whereas the percentage of hydrogen present in butane
is 17%.
 Due to this reason, methane has higher calorific value
as compared to butane.