This is a presentation for the physical education students studying in BPE ( Integrated Bachelor of Physical education ) BPEd(Bachelor of Physical education) MPEd(Master of Physical education) , MSc coaching , Diploma at various colleges affiliated under University of Calicut , This presentation Covers almost all the topics in their syllabus ,

1. RAJKIRAN A.K
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT

2.  Early man did not posses property.
 Gradually he learnt the methods of agriculture and
started cultivating crops.
 Used animals, equipments and labour etc.
 This possess problem
 This was the scenario that made man evolve a
counting system.
 He had to record several things at a time, for this
memory was not inadequate.
 There for he had to device machine, which could
store, collect, and rearrange the data and
information.
 This is how the computer was born.

3.  Data : The name given to basic facts and
objects such as names and numbers.
Eg: Dates, Numbers, weights, cost, name,
address, codes etc.
 Information : The data has been converted or
organized in to a meaningful result for direct
utilization.
Eg: merit list, printed documents, pay slips,
project reports etc.

4.  Any manipulation on data such as Arithmetic
operations, Classifying, Sorting, Aggregating
and Averaging is called data processing.

5.  15/08/47
: 15th August 1947
 Rs. 150847
:one Lakh fifty thousand eight hundred and
forty seven rupees only.
 150 847
: PB.No. 150 847
 When we manipulate or process data into
usable form, it becomes information.

6.  The word ‘computer’ comes from the word
‘compute’.
 Original objective was to create a fast
calculating machine.
 Definition
“ a computer may be defined as a fast and
accurate electronic data processing device
that is designed to automatically accept,
store and process data and produce output
results under the direction of a stored
program.

7.  Speed
The speed of a computer is usually measured in micro sec.,
nano sec. and pico sec. A modern computer can execute
several millions of instructions per second(MIPS).
 Accuracy
 Calculations in very fast.
High degree of accuracy, By accuracy we mean less errors .
depends on its design. Only man made error can be occur.
 Diligence
Free from, Monotony, Tiredness, Lack of concentration etc.

8.  Versatility
A computer is capable of performing almost any task.
Task can be reduced to a series of logical steps.
 High storage capacity
Can be store large amount of data and information.
It can be retrieved in a micro seconds.
 Reliability
components have very high life and degree of reliability.
computer makes calculations without tiring and never make
mistakes due to boredom or fatigue.

9.  Lack of IQ
Has no super human capabilities.
Don’t have the power to make judgments of their
own.
It cannot identify wrong information or invalid data.
 Lack of Decision Making Power
computer cannot take their on decision.
 No Emotions

10.  Result of a Man’s search for a fast and
accurate calculating machine.
 In the stone age used pebbles for counting.
 Later Abacus come in use .
Abacus seems to be the earliest calculating
machine, which was developed by the
Chinese 3000 years ago. It still used in school
program etc.
 Another manual calculating device was John
Napier’s Bone or Cardboard Multiplication
Calculator.

11.  Calculating machines capable of performing the
elementary arithmetic operations(+,-,/,x) were
appeared in the 16th century. This mechanical
devices constructed from gears, levers, etc.
 1st mechanical adding machine was invented by a
French mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1662(only
for + & – purpose).
 in 1671 it modified by a German Gottfried
Lebnnitz ( capable of x & /).

12. John Napier’s Bone or
Cardboard calculater
Blaise Pascal
Adding
machine

13.  In the year 1822 Charles Babbege known as father of
Computers made a calculating machine called difference
engine.
 In 1842 Babbage came out with his new idea of analytical
engine that was completely automatic.
 It have an average speed of 60 additions/min.
 In 1885 the computometer was designed by the American
Dorr E. Felt was one of the earliest calculators to use
depressible keys for entering data and command, it also
printed its results on paper.
 In 1887 Dr. Herman Hollerith of USA, he introduced the
concept of punched card which was extensively used as
input media in modern digital computer.

14. Charles Babbege’s
Difference Engine.
punched card

15.  Mechanical computer has two serious drawbacks, its
computing speed is limited by the inertia of its
moving parts and the transmission of digital
information by mechanical is quite unreliable.
 In an electronic computer the moving parts are
Electrons.
 Electronic devices such as Vaccum Tube, Electronic
Valve were used for the processing and storage of
digital signals.
 Which speeds far exceeding those of any mechanical
device.

16.  Mark I was fully automatic calculating machine designed by
Howard A Aliken of Hardvard university in collaboration with IBM.
 Punched card method were used.
 Extremely reliable very speed.
 Was very complex design and huge in size 50 feet long and 8
feet high.
 3000 electrical switches were used to control the operations.
 Capable for +,-,x,/ and table reference.
 23decimal digits calculations could be used in this machine.
 It take 0.3 sec for addition and 4.5 sec for multiplication.
 It was basically an electro mechanical device.

17. The Mark I Computer (1937 -44)

18.  The Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator(ENIAC) was the first
fully electronic computer.
 Designed by J.P Eckert and J.W Mauchly at the Moore School of
Engineering ( university of Pennsylvania USA).
 Developed for Military need.
 It was very fast machine.
 Very heavy size 30 tons weight 18000 vaccum tubes.
 ENIAC 5000 times faster than Mark I computer.
 ENIAC posses all features of the modern computers such as CPU,
Memory, Input/Out put.
 Decimal numbers were used.
 ENIAC was the beginning of the First Generation Computers.

19. ENIAC (1943-46)

20.  The Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer (EDVAC) was the first computer
that was designed on stored program concept
developed by Dr.John Von Neumann.
 The stored program concept allows much
faster operation since the computer has rapid
access to both program and data.
 Computer can make logical decisions
internally.

21. EDVAC (1949-52)

22.  All most simultaneous with EDVAC.
 The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator (EDSAC) was developed by a group
of scientists headed by Pro.Maurice Wilkes at
Cambridge University mathematical
Laboratory.
 Calculation done in 1500 micro sec.

23. EDSAC (1947-49)

24.  Universal automatic Computer (UNIVAC) was
the first digital computer.
 It was produced in 1951 by universal
Accounting Company set up by Eckert and
Mauchly.
 This machine used magnetic medium for data
input and out put.

25. UNIVAC (1951)

26.  There are totally five computer generations
known till today.

27.  First Generation computers used Vacuum Tubes basic
elements.
 Stored program concept introduced.
 Programs and their data were located in the same memory.
 Assembly language was used to prepare programs and
was translated into machine language for execution.
 Keyboard were used.
 ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, MARK I, UNIVAC.

28. Advantages Disadvantages
 Vacuum Tubes were the only
electronic component
available during those days.
 Vacuum technology made
possible the advent of
electronic digital computers.
 These computers were the
fastest calculating devices of
their time.
 They could perform
computations in
milliseconds.
 Too bulky in size and hence very
large space required.
 Un reliable.
 Thousands of vacuum tubes that
were used emitted large amount of
heat and burnt out frequently.
 Slow operating speed and
restricted computing capacity.
 High power conception and short
life span.
 Prone of frequent hard ware
failure.
 Commercial production was
difficult and costly.

29.  Began with the advent of transistorized
circuitry.
 magnetic core and magnetic drum storage
devices were widely used in second
Generation.
 Compilers were developed.
 Separate I/O devices were developed.
 IBM became the major computer
manufacturers.
 IBM 1620, IBM 1401, IBM 7094 and UNIVAC
1108 etc.

30. Advantages Disadvantages
 Smaller in size as compared
to First Gen_ computers.
 More reliable.
 Lower power consumption.
 higher operating speed.
 Better portability.
 Reduced manufacturing cost.
 Air conditioning was
required.
 Frequent maintenance
was required.

31.  The ability to fabricate many transistors on a
chip , called IC .
 Technology enabled low cost and faster
processors and memory elements to be built.
 IC memory began to replace magnetic core
memories.
 IBM 360 series , IBM 370, ICL1900 series, etc

32. Advantages Disadvantages
 Smaller in size
 More reliable
 Lower heat generated
 Low maintenance cost
 less power requirement
 Easy for commercial
purposes
 Air conditioning
required in many
conditions.
 Sophisticated
technology requires to
make IC

33.  Very large scale Integration (VLSI) technology
had evolved .
 Microprocessors were invented .
 This made small size in CPU such computers
are called micro computers.
 LAN become the dominant mode of
computing.

34. Advantages Disadvantages
 Smaller in size bcz of single chip.
 More reliable.
 Lower power consumption.
 faster operating .
 Better portability.
 Reduced manufacturing cost.
 General purpose
 Highly sophisticated
technology required
for manufacturing VLSI
chips .

35.  Scientists are now at work
 Parallel processing instead of serial
processing.
 Performs knowledge processing instead of
data.
 Behave like an expert and show artificial
intelligent.

36. A computer do
 Accept the data and instructions as input through
an input unit.
 Store the data and instructions in its memory and
retrieve it .
 Data processing
 Produce result.

37.  Input unit.
 Out put unit.
 Memory unit.
 Central processing unit (CPU).

39.  Analog Computer is a computing device that
works on continuous range of values.
 The results given by the analog computers
will only be approximate since they deal with
quantities that vary continuously.
 It generally deals with physical variables such
as voltage, pressure, temperature, speed, etc.

40.  On the other hand a digital computer
operates on digital data such as numbers. It
uses binary number system in which there are
only two digits 0 and 1. Each one is called a
bit.
 Based on the purpose, Digital computers can
be further classified as,
 General Purpose Computers
 Special Purpose Computers

41.  A hybrid computer combines the desirable
features of analog and digital computers.
 It is mostly used for automatic operations of
complicated physical processes and
machines.
 Now-a-days analog-to-digital and digital-
to-analog converters are used for
transforming the data into suitable form for
either type of computation.

43.  When we talk about types of computers, the first
type that comes to our mind would be Super
computers.
 They are the best in terms of processing
capacity and also the most expensive ones.
These computers can process billions of
instructions per second.
 Normally, they will be used for applications which
require intensive numerical computations such as
stock analysis, weather forecasting etc.

44. Mainframe computers can also process
data at very high speeds vi.e., hundreds of
million instructions per second and they
are also quite expensive.
Normally, they are used in banking,
airlines and railways etc for their
applications.

45.  Mini computers are lower to mainframe
computers in terms of speed and storage
capacity. They are also less expensive
than analog, mainframe computers.
Some of the features of mainframes will not be
available in mini computers. Hence, their
performance also will be less than that of
mainframes.

46.  The invention of microprocessor (single chip
CPU) gave birth to the much cheaper micro
computers. They are further classified into
 Desktop Computers
 Laptop Computers
 Handheld Computers(PDAs)

47.  Today the Desktop computers are the most
popular computer system.
 These desktop computers are also known as
personal computers or simply PCs. They are
usually easier to use and more affordable.
They are normally intended for individual
users for their word processing and other
small application requirements.

48.  Laptop computers are portable computers. They
are lightweight computers with a thin screen.
 They are also called as notebook computers
because of their small size.
 They can operate on batteries and hence are very
popular with travelers.
 The screen folds down onto the keyboard when
not in use.

49.  Handheld computers or Personal Digital
Assistants (PDAs) are pen-based and also
battery-powered.
 They are small and can be carried anywhere.
 They use a pen like stylus and accept
handwritten input directly on the screen.
 They are not as powerful as desktops or
laptops but they are used for scheduling

50.  A computer virus is a type of malware that, when executed, replicates by
inserting copies of itself (possibly modified) into other computer
programs, data files, or the boot sector of the hard drive;
 when this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be
"infected".
 Viruses often perform some type of harmful activity on infected hosts,
such as stealing hard disk space or CPU time, accessing private
information, corrupting data, displaying political or humorous messages
on the user's screen, spamming their contacts, or logging their
keystrokes.
 However, not all viruses carry a destructive payload or attempt to hide
themselves—the defining characteristic of viruses is that they are self-
replicating computer programs which install themselves without the
user's consent.

51.  Presuming you are already familiar with what
a computer virus is, how it spreads, and what
it does, it is time for you to learn that there
are a few different types of computer virus.
 Let’s see what these types are and how each
of these computer viruses behaves.

52.  Since nobody uses floppy disks anymore, these types of computer virus
are left to infect only the master boot records of the hard disk.
 The boot record program loads the operating system in the memory at
startup.
 These viruses replace the boot record and move it to a different part of
the hard disk, or simply overwrite it.
 Once you start your operating system, it loads into memory, along with
the virus.
 Once the virus is in the memory, it is free to do whatever it was
programmed to do.
 To avoid loading the boot record viruses into memory, you must boot
your operating system from another source (another hard drive or a
bootable CD/DVD).

53.  These types of computer virus will infect only
executable files (with extensions like .BIN, .COM,
.EXE, .OVL, .DRV, and .SYS).
 Once executed, these programs load into memory,
along with the virus contained within them.
 Once in the memory, the scenario repeats – the virus
is free to act and infect other files or simply deliver
its payload.
 These viruses are friendlier than boot viruses and can
be removed a lot easier.

54.  These computer viruses are hybrids, derived from
boot viruses and program viruses.
 They infect executable files, just like the program
viruses but, once the executable is executed, it
infects the master boot records.
 The scenario is similar to the boot virus’s one:
once you boot your operating system, the virus is
loaded into the memory, from where it is free to
infect other programs and replicate itself,
ultimately delivering the payload.

55.  These viruses are specialized in avoiding detection
and will use a number of techniques to do so.
 Most of them simply redirect the hard disk head,
forcing it to read another memory sector instead of
their own.
 Some of them also alter the reading of the file size
shown when listing the directory.
 These types of computer virus are very hard to find
by humans, but antivirus software is specially
designed to track them down and erase them.

56.  The polymorphic viruses will always change their
source code from one infection to another.
 Each infection is different, and this makes
detection very hard.
 However, detection is still possible, depending on
the antivirus.

57.  This virus is relatively new and it infects macros
within a template or document. When you open a
word processing document, it activates the virus.
 The virus infects the Normal.dot template, which
is a general file used by all the documents.
 So, whenever you open an uninfected document,
by referring to the Normal.dot file, it gets
infected as well.
 This infection can only spread if infected
documents are opened on another machine.

58.  Most people do not know how to configure
ActiveX and Java controls, unconsciously
leaving a security hole.
 Applets are then allowed to run freely on the
machine, delivering all ActiveX viruses. By
simply turning off some ActiveX and Java
controls in the browser, a user can efficiently
protect their PC from this type of computer
virus.

59.  Every computer has a storage space in the
CPU to execute programs.
 Called Primary storage
 This memory consists of some chips ,
motherboard or a circuit attached with the
motherboard
 Large sized memories are included in the
computer system. This kind of storage space
is called secondary memory

60.  Primary memory is both costly and limited in capacity.
Information cannot be stored permanently for later use .
 RAM
◦ Random Access Memory
 is used for storing programs for execution by the CPU and
also the data accessed and processed by CPU.
 DRAM : Dynamic Random Access Memory
◦ bits are stored as electric charges
 SRAM : Static Random Access Memory
◦ bits are stored as electronic switches

61.  Cache memory : High speed memory on the
processor are called cache memory
 ROM
◦ Read Only Memory
◦ Can only read not modified
 PROM : Programmable Read Only Memory
 Once it is programmed , the information cannot be
changed.
 EPROM : Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory
◦ Can be erased and programmed many times

62.  Secondary storage devices are used to store
large amount of data permanently.
◦ Magnetic tape
◦ Magnetic Disks : Floppy Disk Hard Disk
◦ Optical Disks : CD ROM etc are secondary storages

63.  Set of instructions to perform a desired and
useful work by which the operations of the
computer for the computation and processing
are controlled .
 Two types
1. System Software
2. Application Software

64.  It is set of one or more programs designed to
control the operation of a computer system.
 Two types
1. OS ( Operating System )
2. Language Processors

65. There are many resources in a computer
system like CPU time , memory space , files ,
I/O devices etc .
OS controls these recourses and allots them to
the users or their programs when necessary.
OS accepts the command and do the needful
and gives the result in the form of out put.

66. 1) Process Management
2) Memory Management : allocation & deallocation
3) File Management : organization, storing, naming,
sharing etc
4) Security : authorization
5) Command interpretation

67.  Assembler : translate an Assembly language
in to its equivalent machine language
program.
 Compiler : translate high level language in to
its equivalent machine language program .
 Interpreter : translate statement of a high
level language in to machine language
instructions .

68.  Software developed for specific application is
called application software.
General Purpose of this soft wares are :
1. Word processing
2. Electronic spread sheet
3. Graphics and multi media packages
4. Desk top publishing packages etc