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Genomics in Crop improvement
- 1. D E P A R T M E N T O F P L A N T B R E E D I N G A N D G E N E T I C S J A W A H A R L A L N E H R U K R I S H I V I S H W A V I D Y A L A Y A 2 2 / 0 7 / 2 0 2 0 J A B A L P U R
- 2. A SPECIFIC SEQUENCE OF NUCLEOTIDE IN DNA OR RNA THAT IS LOCATED ON CHROMOSOME AND IS A FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF INHERITANCE CONTROLLING THE EXPRESSION OF TRAIT HAPLOID SET OF CHROMOSOME INCLUDE BOTH CODING AND NON CODING DNA AS WELL AS MITOCHONDRIAL DNA AND CHLOROPLAST STUDY OF THE WHOLE GENOME OF ORGANISM AND INCORPORATED ELEMENTS FROM GENETICS
- 3. 1871 FRIEDRICH MIESCHER PUBLISHES HIS PAPER IDENTIFYING THE PRESENCE OF ‘NUCLEIN’AND ASSOCIATED PROTEINS, IN THE CELL NUCLEUS. 1904 WALTER SUTTON AND THEODOR BOVERI PROPOSE THE CHROMOSOME THEORY OF HEREDITY AFTER 1910 ALBRECHT KOSSEL IS AWARDED THE FIRST NOBEL PRIZE IN PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINE FOR DISCOVERY OF THE FIVE NUCLEOTIDE BASES. 1950 ERWIN CHARGAFF FINDS THAT CONCENTRATIONS OF THYMINE AND ADENINE, AND CYTOSINE AND GUANINE, ARE ALWAYS FOUND IN EQUAL AMOUNTS IN SAMPLES OF DNA. 1952 THE HERSHEY-CHASE EXPERIMENTS ARE CARRIED OUT TO DEMONSTRATE THAT DNA, RATHER THAN PROTEIN, CARRIES OUR GENETIC INFORMATION. TIMELINE: HISTORY OF GENOMICS
- 4. 1953 JAMES WATSON AND FRANCIS CRICK, WITH CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ROSALIND FRANKLIN AND MAURICE WILKINS, DISCOVER THE DOUBLE HELIX STRUCTURE OF DNA. 1961 MARSHALL NIRENBERG, HAR GOBIND KHORANA AND COLLEAGUES, CRACK THE ‘CODE FOR LIFE’. THEY IDENTIFY HOW THE LETTERS IN DNA ARE READ IN BLOCKS OF THREE CALLED A “CODON”. EACH CODON SPECIFIES AN AMINO ACID WHICH IS ADDED TO THE PROTEIN DURING SYNTHESIS. 1968 MARSHALL NIRENBERG, HAR GOBIND KHORANA AND ROBERT HOLLEY SHARE THE 1968 NOBEL PRIZE FOR PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE FORMER FOR CRACKING THE GENETIC CODE, AND HOLLEY’S WORK SEQUENCING THE FIRST tRNA MOLECULE. 1977 FREDERICK SANGER DEVELOPS A DNA SEQUENCING TECHNIQUE WHICH HE AND HIS TEAM USE TO SEQUENCE THE FIRST FULL GENOME – THAT OF A VIRUS CALLED PHIX174. 1980 FRED SANGER SHARES THE NOBEL PRIZE FOR CHEMISTRY WITH WALLY GILBERT AND PAUL BERG, FOR PIONEERING DNA SEQUENCING METHODS. TIMELINE: HISTORY OF GENOMICS
- 5. 1983 THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR) IS DEVELOPED – A TECHNIQUE USED FOR AMPLIFYING DNA – BY DR KARY MULLIS AT THE CETUS CORPORATION IN CALIFORNIA, USA. 1985 ALEC JEFFREYS DEVELOPS A METHOD FOR DNA PROFILING. A DNA PROFILE IS PRODUCED BY COUNTING THE NUMBER OF SHORT REPEATING SEQUENCES OF DNA SEQUENCE FOUND AT TEN SPECIFIC REGIONS OF THE GENOME. 1990 HUMAN GENOME PROJECT IS LAUNCHED. THE PROJECT AIMS TO SEQUENCE ALL 3 BILLION LETTERS OF A HUMAN GENOME IN 15 YEARS. 1995 THE FIRST BACTERIUM GENOME SEQUENCE IS COMPLETED (HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA). 1996 AN INTERNATIONAL TEAM COMPLETE SEQUENCING THE GENOME OF YEAST, SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE. TIMELINE: HISTORY OF GENOMICS
- 6. 1998 JOHN SULSTON AND BOB WATERSTON PUBLISH THE GENOME OF THE NEMATODE WORM, C. ELEGANS. 1999 CHROMOSOME 22 IS THE FIRST HUMAN CHROMOSOME TO BE SEQUENCED AS PART OF THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT. ENSEMBL GENOME BROWSER LAUNCHED. 2001 FIRST DRAFT OF THE HUMAN GENOME SEQUENCE RELEASED. 2002 THE MOUSE IS THE FIRST MAMMAL TO HAVE ITS FULL GENOME SEQUENCE COMPLETED. THE MOUSE GENOME IS 14 PER CENT SMALLER THAN THE HUMAN GENOME, BUT OVER 95 PER CENT OF THE MOUSE GENOME IS SIMILAR TO OURS. 2002 THE INTERNATIONAL HAPMAP PROJECT IS LAUNCHED, WHICH AIMS TO PRODUCE A ‘CATALOGUE’ OF COMMON HUMAN GENETIC VARIATIONS AND WHERE THEY ARE FOUND IN THE GENOME. TIMELINE: HISTORY OF GENOMICS
- 7. 2003 HUMAN GENOME PROJECT IS COMPLETED AND CONFIRMS HUMANS HAVE APPROXIMATELY 20,000–25,000 GENES. THE HUMAN GENOME IS SEQUENCED TO 99.99 PER CENT ACCURACY. 2003 THE ENCODE PROJECT IS LAUNCHED BY THE NATIONAL HUMAN GENOME RESEARCH INSTITUTE AND AIMS TO IDENTIFY AND CHARACTERISE ALL THE GENES IN THE HUMAN GENOME. 2008 NEXT-GENERATION SEQUENCING PLATFORMS RESULT IN DRAMATIC DROP IN SEQUENCING COSTS. 2013 THE U.S. SUPREME COURT RULES THAT NATURALLY OCCURRING DNA CANNOT BE PATENTED. 2014 CRISPR/CAS9 GENOME EDITING IN PLANT TIMELINE: HISTORY OF GENOMICS
- 8. WELCOMELETS EXPLORE GENOMICS A NEW ERA OF GENETICS about Types Branches Application Tools Crop Improvement
- 9. about Types Branches Application Tools Crop Improvement GENOMICS T. Roderick, 1986 •The study of structure and function of whole of the hereditary material contains in a genome of a living organism. •Genomics involves the study of all genes at the DNA mRNA and proteome level as well as cellular or tissue level. •The ultimate objective is to obtain DNA sequences of complete genome and to understand the function of each of those genes.
- 10. about Types Branches Application Tools Crop Improvement FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS STRUCTURAL GENOMICS COMPARATIVE GENOMICS EPIGENOMICS THE CHARACTERIZA TION OF GENES AND THEIR mRNA AND PROTEIN PRODUCTS. THE DISSECTION OF THE ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES OF GENES AND CHROMOSOME. THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE GENES AND PROTEINS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES. DNA METHYLATION PATTERNS, IMPRINTING AND DNA PACKAGING.
- 11. about Types Branches Application Tools Crop Improvement RNA SEQUENCING TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION G E N O M I C S •DNA SEQUENCING •GENETIC MAPPING •GENETIC PROFILING •DNA RECOMBINANT TECHNOLOGY TRANSCRIPTOMICS . PROTEOMICS . PHENOMICS . INOMICS METABOLOMICS . PROTEIN IDENTIFICATION ,QUANTIFICATION POST TRANSLATION MODIFICATION METABOLITE PROFILES, INTERMEDIATE, HORMONES AND SIGNALING MOLECULE ELEMENT PROFILING, BIOCHEMICAL REGULATION, ELEMENT INTERACTION HORMONES AND SIGNALING MOLECULE EVALUATION OF TRAITS LINK BETWEEN GENETIC, EPIGENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
- 13. about Types Branches Application Tools Crop Improvement MICROARRAY A microscopic DNA chip attached to solid surface used to measure the expression of 1000 sub-gene simultaneously. MASS SPECTROMETRY Analysis of oligonucleotides PCR In-vitro Amplification of specific DNA or RNA sequence SEQUENCER Sequence and analyze whole genomes. ELECTROPHORESIS SYSTEM Isolate DNA templates ONLINE SOFTWARE'S Data storage and analysis Ex- BLAST FASTA MUMmer DIALIGN
- 14. about history timeline teamsTools Crop Improvement HERBICIDE TOLERANCE Glyphosate tolerance in tomato, tobacco, soybean, cotton etc. PATHOGEN RESISTANCE PEST RESISTANCE CHILLING RESISTANCEFERTILITY RESTORATIONQUALITY IMPROVEMENT Coat protein gene from TMV has been transferred to tobacco. Insecticidal BT gene has been isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis bacteria and transferred to plant like cotton, tomato, tobacco Delayed ripening through decreasing ethylene production Hybrid seed production of Brassica napus Gene Glycerol-1-phosphateacyl- tranceferace enzyme from arabidopsis into tobacco
- 15. 2000 ARABIDOPSIS RICE MAIZE SORGHUM CUCUMBER 2010 SOYBEAN APPLE PEACH ORANGE CHICKPEA 2009 2011 2002 TIMELINE: GENOME SEQUENCING IN PLANTS 2013 2012 BARLEY TOMATO WATERMELON MUSKMELON BANANA CABBAGE COCOA POTATO
- 16. RESEARCH WORK IN DIFFERENT CROPS AN EMERGING SCIENCE PADDY CHILI WHEAT BARLEY CHICKPEA MAIZE
- 23. 0 1 0 2 0 3 •HIGH TECHNICAL SKILL •EXPANSIVE AND LABORIOUS TECHNIQUE •LIMITED GENE AVAILABILITY •LACK OF PROPER MARKERS •SOME ANNOTATED OPEN READING FRAMES ARE SUBSEQUENTLY FOUND NOT TO ENCODED PROTEIN LIMITATIONS •POST TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS THAT INFLUENCE THE PROTEIN FUNCTION AND CELLULAR LOCALIZATION OFTEN CANNOT BE PREDICTED FROM THE SEQUENCE
- 24. 01 02 TISSUE CULTURE FREE TRANSFORMATION IMPROVED VARIETIES FOR WORLD AGRICULTURE TISSUE CULTURE FREE TRANSFORMATION03 04 F U T U R E A S P E C T NON GMO GENOMICS BREEDING 3-D MODELLING OF PLANT USING GENOTYPES
- 25. THANK YOU