Black holes and electric cars and internet intrigue you but you don’t know how they work? Interested in Science and Technology but don’t know how to gain knowledge about the domain? That is exactly what we are here for. Quiz Club NITW brings to you, The SciTech Primer - Part 1 to help you get a kickstart about famous and important SciTech topics. The information has been put together in easy to grasp chunks and the focus is on providing the most important information in as few words as possible. Go through the Primer to take a crash course in the ever-growing field of SciTech!

1. The
Sci-Tech
Primer
Part -1

2. An Introduction
• This primer is designed to introduce the reader to the wonderful and
dynamic world of Science and Technology.
• Each slide covers, in brief a particular topic integral to the field of
SciTech.
• Hyperlinks have been provided for some topics, in case you want to
gain further insight on the topic.

3. Albert Einstein
Who hasn’t heard about Albert Einstein?
● Thegreat manwasaGerman-born (14March 1879–18April
1955)theoretical physicist who developed the theory of
relativity, one of the two pillars of modern physics
(alongside quantummechanics).
● Heis bestknown to thegeneral public for his formula
E=mc2,which hasbeendubbed "theworld's most famous
equation".
● Hereceivedthe1921Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services
to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the
law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the
developmentof quantum theory.

4. ● Theyear1905is calledhis ‘Annus Mirabilis’, duetohim publishing 4groundbreakingpaperswhich
revolutionisedmuchof thePhysicsatthat time,atjusttheageof26.
● Einstein in his timewasaJewishIcon,andthushadtoleaveGermany, and settledin theUSA.
Althoughinitially supportiveof USAdevelopingatomicbombs,possibleduetohis own research,
laterin his life hedenounced themanddid all hecould tospreadawareness abouttheir dangers,
andheldseveraltours anddid all hecould topromoteworld peace.
● Hewasalsoofferedthe Presidencyof Israel,whichherefused,citing lackof experience.
● He recognised the change he made in his Theory of Relativity regarding a term known as
‘CosmologicalConstant’tobethe‘biggestblunder’ ofhis life. Hehadaddedthetermto counteract
the expansion of the universe which the theory was naturally predicting. After realising the
universewasactually expanding,heremovedtheterm.
For more info, look up the following links:-
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein
https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0QYTDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
https://newrepublic.com/article/117028/world-beckons

5. Apple
● Apple Inc. is an American multinational technology
companyheadquartered in Cupertino,California, that
designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics,
computer software, and online services.
● Co founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, this
companyis now theworld's most valuable firm, and
themost cash-rich companyin theworld.
● Most famous products include the iPhones, iPads and
Macbook laptops, aswell asthenow discontinued iPod.
For moreinfo:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Inc.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Apple-Inc

6. Aryabhatta
● Aryabhatta -oneof thefirst of themajor
mathematician-astronomers from the classical age of Indian
mathematicsand Indian astronomy. Born in 476CE,Gupta era in
modern dayPatna.
● Main interests weremathematics, astronomy.
● Notable ideas -Creation of idea of Zero, Explanation of lunar
eclipse and solar eclipse, rotation of Earth onits axis, reflection of
light by moon, sinusoidal functions, solution of single variable
quadratic equation, value of π correct to 4decimal places,
diameter of Earth, calculation of thelength of sidereal year.
● For his explicit mention of therelativity of motion, healso
qualifies asamajor early physicist.
For more info:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryabhata

7. Archimedes
● Archimedes -wasaGreek mathematician, physicist, engineer,
inventor, and astronomer. He was born in 287BC in Sicily
Magna Graecia.
● Archimedes anticipated modern calculus and analysis by
applying concepts of infinitesimals and the method of
exhaustion to derive and rigorously prove a range of
geometrical theorems,including thearea of acircle, thesurface
area andvolume of asphere, andtheareaunder aparabola.
● Most famousfor Archimedes principle and his Eureka
moment!
● Also famousfor theArchimedeanscrew, which hehelped
popularise,but didn’t invent.
For more info:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedes
https://www.famousscientists.org/archimedes/

8. Artificial Intelligence
● Artificial intelligence (AI), sometimes called machine intelligence, is intelligence
demonstratedbymachines, in contrastto thenatural intelligence displayed byhumans and
otheranimals.
● Modern machine capabilities generally classified as AI include successfully understanding
human speech, competing at the highest level in strategic gamesystems (such as chess and
Go),autonomously operatingcars, and intelligent routing in contentdelivery networks,etc
● The traditional problems (or goals) of AI research include reasoning, knowledge
representation,planning, learning, natural language processing, perception amongothers
● Tools today classified asAI:-Search and optimization, Probabilistic methods for uncertain
reasoning, Classifiers and statistical learning methods,Artificial neural networks (ANN)
● ANN havebeenwildly successful in performing ahugerangeof tasks, such asComputer
Vision, Natural Language Processing etc.
● Deeplearning is any ANN thatcan learn along chain of causal links. This hasbeenthe
primary waymostsuccessful ANNs work

9. ● Deep Blue versus Garry Kasparov was a pair of six-game chess matches
betweenworld chesschampionGarry KasparovandanIBM
supercomputer called Deep Blue. It conclusively beat the chess
champion, thus bringing AI into social consciousness. Newer iterations
ofsuchprogramshavebeatentheworld’s topplayerofGo andVideo
GamessuchasDOTAandStarCraft
● Today one finds AI in almost all any machines connected to the
internet, and all personal assistants such as Siri, Alexa, Google
Assistant. The launch Of Neuralink by Elon Musk is a stepping
stone towards integrating humanity, and the human brain with
AI.
● The technological singularity is the hypothesis that the invention of
artificial superintelligence (ASI)will abruptly trigger runaway
technological growth, resulting in unfathomable changes to human
civilization.While thescientistshavetermedAIassafeasofnow,asit
appearstobethesamein thenearfuture aswell,severalpeoplesuch as
ElonMusk haveexpressedconcernsregardingthesame,with some even
callingdevelopedAIhumanity’sbiggestchallenge.
● Formoreinfo :- https://www.technologyreview.com/s/513696/deep-
learning/

10. Astronomy
● Astronomy -is anatural science thatstudies celestial
objects andphenomena.
● Itapplies mathematics, physics, and chemistry in an
effort to explain the origin of those objects and
phenomena and their evolution.
● Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars,
galaxies, and comets; the phenomena also includes
supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, quasars,
blazars, pulsars, and cosmic microwave background
radiation.(an accidental discovery!)
● Itis split into observational and theoretical branches.
Observational astronomyis focused onacquiring data
from observations of astronomical bodies and
analyzing it using basic principles of physics.

11. ● Theoreticalastronomyincorporatesthedevelopmentof computeror analyticalmodelstodescribe
astronomicalobjectsandphenomena.
● Itis oneof thefewsciencesin whichamateursstill playanactiverole,especiallyin thediscoveryof
transient events,suchasfinding newcometsor astronomicalbodies.
● Darkmatteranddark energyarethecurrentleading topicsin astronomy,their discoveryandcontroversy
originatedduring thestudyofthegalaxies.
● Somewidely accepted and studiedtheoriesandmodelsin astronomy, now includedin theLambda-CDM
modelaretheBigBang,Cosmicinflation,dark matter,andfundamentaltheoriesof physics.
● The main alternative to the Big Band model of creation is the Steady state theory, which
argues that the density of the expanding universe remains constant.
● Phenomena modeled by theoretical astronomers include: stellar dynamics and evolution; galaxy
formation;large-scaledistribution of matterin theUniverse;origin of cosmicrays;general relativity and
physicalcosmology, including string cosmologyandastroparticle physics.
● Althoughit hasmadetremendous stridesin understanding thenatureof theUniverse,therearesome
important unansweredquestions. Answers tothesemayrequiretheconstruction of newgroundand
space-basedinstruments,and possiblynewdevelopments in theoreticaland experimentalphysics.
For astronomy enthusiasts:
www.nasa.gov
www.space.com

12. BermudaTriangle:
● SectionoftheAtlantic OceanroughlyboundedbyMiami,Bermudaand PuertoRicowheredozensof
shipsandairplaneshavedisappeared.
● AlsoknownasDevil’sTriangle,HurricaneAlley. Thephrase"Bermuda Triangle" was created in 1964
by author Vincent Gaddis in Argosy, a pulp magazine.
● Conspiracy theorists attribute the disappearances to disruptions due to leftover technology from the
lostmythicalislandAtlantisor abductions byaliens.Somebelieveit tobeawormhole.
● Many others have criticised the concept, and given scientific explanations to explain the
phenomenon, such as American author Larry Kusche.
● Notable‘disappearances’includethoseofshipsEllenAustin, USNavy’s USSCyclops, Carroll A.
Deering and airplanes Flight 19,BSAA Star Tiger,BSAAStarAriel etc.
● Thoughthereisnoevidencethatmysteriousdisappearancesoccurwith anygreaterfrequencyin the
BermudaTriangle thanin anyotherlarge, well-travelled area of the ocean
and many natural explanations to the incidents have been offered, there
are some who still think there’s a ‘darkforce’behindthedisappearances.
More Info: www.britannica.com/place/Bermuda-Triangle,
https://www.sciencealert.com/what-s-the-real-science-behind-the-
bermuda-triangle-mystery

13. BigBang:
Most acceptedtheory to explain theorigin and evolution of theuniverse.
First proposedbyGeorgesLemaître.
Statement:
All matter and energy in the universe were contained in an infinitely dense,infinitely hot
point –a ‘singularity’. Suddenly, this ‘singularity’ began expanding and cooling, creating
theuniverse, asweknow it today.Theuniverse still continues to expand.
This happened 13.8billion yearsago;also considered to betheageof theuniverse.
Observational Evidence:
In1929,from analysis of galactic redshifts, Edwin Hubble concluded that galaxies are
drifting apart; this is consistent with thehypothesis of anexpanding universe.
In1964Arno Penziasand Robert Wilson discovered thecosmic background radiation, a
remnant EMR from an early stage of the universe in Big Bang cosmology. They were
awarded Nobel Prize in Physics for this in 1978.

14. Contrary to thepopular belief, there wasno blast when theBig Bang happened.
Spaceand time itself formed after Big Bang,thus there isn’t any meaning to asking the
question, ‘What happened before theBig Bang?’.Itis akin to asking about apositive integer
smaller than1.
End of theuniverse:
● Big Freeze:Dueto continuous expansion, temperature approachesabsolute zero
● Big Rip:Phantom energy force rips apart all thematter to elementarystate.
● Big Crunch: At onepoint, theexpansion of theuniverse comesto acomplete standstill
and theuniverse starts contacting. What happens next is not known.
Further reading:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

16. ● Bitcoin is Cryptocurrency that can besentfrom user-to-userwithout theinvolvement
of intermediaries, invented byaperson or agroup of people using thenameSatoshi
Nakamotoand released in 2009.
● Nakamotodisappeared in 2010,handing over thecontrol to asoftware developer
Gavin Anderson. Anderson decentralised control, sothat bitcoin could continue
existing anonymously.
● Advantages: Greater liquidity, cannot becounterfeited, transactions are easier
to make,transaction feeis lower, lower possibility of identity theft.
● However due to their anonymity, they are being used in illegal transactions. Among
the first major users of bitcoins were black-markets such asSilk Road.This attracted
alot of criticism. Hence, thelegal statusof bitcoins varies from country to country.
● Due to its popularity and the controversies surrounding its usage, ‘bitcoin’ has
becomeabuzzword. References to ‘bitcoin’ and ‘blockchain’ areoften madein songs
and TV shows, mostof themdepicting it in anegativelight.
Further info:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitcoin
Bitcoin

17. ● A region in spacetimewith gravity sointense that
not evenlight canescapefrom it.
● Their existencewasfirst suggested byJohnMichell
andPierre-SimonLaplacein the18th century.
● Thefirst modernsolutionof general relativity that
would characterizeablack hole wasfound byKarl
Schwarzschild in 1916,the interpretation of this
solution however,wasgiven byDavidFinkelsteinin
1958.
● Most black holes are formed bythe death of massive
stars. After the formation, they continue to grow by
absorbing massfrom thesurroundings.
● Black holes areusually located at the centre of the
galaxies.
BlackHole

18. ● Sagittarius A*,asupermassive black hole,is located atthecentre of our galaxy.
● Etymology:Named soafter theBlack Hole of Calcutta, notorious asaprison where
peopleenteredbut never left alive.
● Inpopular culture, ablack hole is theultimate metaphor for an invisible destroyer: a
dark, inescapable force swallowing everything in its path. Black holes have been a
devicein science fiction eversince their prediction.
● On 10 April 2019, the first direct image of a black hole and its vicinity was
published, following observations made by the Event Horizon Telescope in
2017 of the supermassive black hole in Messier 87’s
galactic centre.
• Catching its shadow involved eight
ground-based radio telescopes around the globe,
operating together as if they were one telescope
the size of our entire planet.
For more info: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_holes

19. BlueGene:
● Blue Gene is an IBM project aimed at designing
supercomputers that canreach high range operating
speeds,with low power consumption.
● Theproject createdthree generations of supercomputers,
BlueGene/L,BlueGene/P,and BlueGene/Q.
● BlueGenesystems haveoften led theTOP500and Green500
rankings of the most powerful and most power efficient
supercomputers, respectively. BlueGenesystemshavealso
consistently scoredtop positions in theGraph500list. The
project wasawarded the2009National Medal of
Technology andInnovation.
● The name Blue Gene comes from what it was originally
designedto do,help biologists understand theprocessesof
protein folding and genedevelopment."Blue" is a
traditional moniker that IBM usesfor many of its products.
For more info: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Gene

20. Comets
● A cometis asmall icy body which when passing close to theSun,heatsup and begins to
releasegases.This produces avisible atmosphereor coma(alsocalled atail).
● Cometshavebeenobservedand recorded since ancient timesbymany cultures. Their
appearance is called anapparition.
● Inthepast, bright cometsbrought about panic and hysteria in thepublic, theywere
thoughtto bebad omens.
● A sungrazing comet is a comet that passes extremely close to the Sun at perihelion,
generally within afew million kilometres. Theperihelion is thepoint in theorbit of any
orbiting body thatis nearestto thesun.
● As of July 2018there are6,339cometsthat areknown to us,this number is growing
steadily astheyarediscovered.
● Halley's Cometis ashort-period cometvisible from Earth every75–76years.Itis theonly
known short-period cometthat is regularly visible to thenakedeyeand theonly
naked-eyecometthat might appear twice in ahuman lifetime. Itlast appeared in 1986
and will next appear in mid-2061.

21. ● Caesar's Comethasbeenthebrightest daylight cometin
recorded history. It was not periodic and may have
disintegrated.
● A few unmanned probes havebeensentto comets,such
as the ESA's Rosetta, which was the first ever robotic
spacecraft to land on acomet and NASA's DeepImpact,
which blasted a crater on Comet Tempel 1to study its
interior.
For furtherinfo:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar%27s_Comet

22. Darwin
CharlesRobertDarwin (12February 1809–19April 1882)wasan
English naturalist.
● Hewasborn in Shrewsbury,Shropshire.
● Heis famous for his work onthetheory of evolution.
● His bookOntheOrigin of Species(1859)did two things.
○ First, it providedagreatdealofevidencethat
evolution hastakenplace.
○ Second,it proposedatheorytoexplainhow
evolution works.That theory is natural
selection.

23. ● Darwin spentalmost fiveyearsonboard aRoyal Navy exploring ship, theHMS Beagle.
Hewastheguestnaturalist onthatship.
● Darwin wasthefirst dedicated naturalist to visit theGalapagosIslands, off thewest
coastof Ecuador. There hefound numerous species which werequite similar to those
found in England , but at the same time they had enough distinct character to be
categorised asadifferent species.
● When Darwin got back to England, heedited aseriesof scientific reviews of thevoyage,
and wrote apersonal journal which weknow asTheVoyage of theBeagle.
● In1843Darwin, who already had two children with his wife Emma,bought Down House
in the village of Downe, Kent .As of now the house and all its contents are open for
public.
Further reading:-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin

24. Thomas AlvaEdison
● Thomas Alva Edison (February 11,1847–October 18,1931)wasan
American inventor and businessman, who hasbeendescribed as
America's greatestinventor.
● He is credited with developing many inventions, which include
themotion picture camera, thephonograph, and thelong-lasting,
practical electric light bulb, which all had awidespread impact on
themodern industrialized world.
● He wasoneof the first inventors to apply the principles of mass
production and teamwork to the process of invention. Credited
with establishing thefirst industrial research laboratory.
● In 1876,he established his first laboratory facility in Menlo Park, New Jersey, where
many of his early inventions would be developed, and hence he was often called “The
Wizard of Menlo Park”. Hewasaprolific inventor, holding 1,093USpatentsin his name,
aswell aspatentsin other countries. Hedied in 1931of complications of diabetes.

25. ● Theinvention that first gained him wider notice wasthephonograph in 1877.
● After inventing the first practically useful light bulb, Edison formed the Edison
Electric Light Company in New York City, to provide electricity to the masses. His
methodwasto usetheDCcurrent, and heclashed with theeccentric Nikola Tesla(more
info later), who wasaproponent of AC current. Their companies battle for mainstream
electricity distribution regarding this hasbeenknown asthe“War of theCurrents”.
● Edison was also granted a patent for the motion picture camera or "Kinetograph"
(primarily it washis employeeswho worked onit). Popularised themediumand later
formed afilm company which madeover 1,200films, including thefirst ‘Frankenstein’.
● Heis today seenasperson who oftentook credit for other people (often his employees)
work, althoughhehasn’t everbeencharged of stealing work, and most of thestuff he
did waslegal and bounded bycontracts.
For more info, look up the following links:-
http://invention.si.edu/thomas-edisons-inventive-life
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edison_Pioneers
http://edison.rutgers.edu/list.htm
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Thomas-Edison

26. ElonMusk
● Elon Reeve Musk FRS (born June 28, 1971)is a technology
entrepreneur, investor, and engineer. Heholds SouthAfrican,
Canadian, and U.S.citizenship.
● As of October 2018,hehasanetworth of $22.8billion and is
listed byForbes asthe54th-richest person in theworld.
● InMay 2002,Musk founded SpaceX(more info it its own topic),
an aerospace manufacturer and space transport services
company,of which heis CEOand lead designer.
● He helped fund Tesla, Inc.(more info in its own topic), an
electric vehicle and solar panel manufacturer, in 2003,and
becameits CEOand product architect.
● In 2015,Musk co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit research
companythat aims to promotefriendly artificial intelligence.
● InDecember2016,Musk founded TheBoring Company, an
infrastructure and tunnel-construction company.

27. ● Elon is regularly counted asoneof themost influential people in theworld. According
to him, his basic goal in life is to improve thecondition of human existence.
● Thereason asstated byhim to start SpaceXis to improve chancesof humanity survival
in casesomething catastrophic happens ontheplanet Earth. A similar goal is there for
Tesla, which is alleviate the human dependence on Fossil Fuels. For OpenAI and
Neuralink it is to prevent humanity being taken over byoverpoweredAI, and soon
● Heis often said to bethe‘real life Tony Stark’ dueto his cool charisma, and high tech
plans to help humanity, and thenever-say-neverzeal.
● Elon also oftenfalls in controversy dueto his high twitter usage,and low checks on his
texts.
Some controversies he has fallen into include: Putting up a false tweet saying the
funding for Teslafor secured(which led to him being dropped asCEOof thecompany),
calling aThai rescue driver pedophile, calling out journalists for asking him ‘boring’
ques,etc.
● You maylovehim, or hatehim, but youdefinitely cannot ignore this guy.

28. For more info, look up thefollowing links:-
Basic info:-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elon_Musk
Recent news:-
https://www.google.co.in/search?tbm=nws&q=elon+musk
To know what goeson in his mind:-
https://twitter.com/elonmusk
To see the struggles he has been through and the controversies :-
https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-tesla-life-inside-gigafactory/
His life story in brief:- https://blog.adioma.com/how-elon-musk-started-infographic/
“Iwould like to die onMars, just not onimpact” -Elon Musk

29. Emojis
● Emojiareideograms and smileysused in electronic messagesand web
pages. Emoji exist in various genres, including facial expressions,
common objects, placesand types of weather,and animals. Originally
meaning pictograph, the word emoji comes from Japanese e(絵 ,
"picture") +moji (文字,"character"); theresemblance to theEnglish
words emotion and emoticon is purely coincidental.
● In2015,Oxford Dictionaries named theFacewith Tears of Joy
emoji(right image)theWord of theYear.
● ‘Emoji Dick’, a crowd sourced and crowd funded translation of
Herman Melville's Moby Dick into emojis wasalso started in 2009,as
is now complete aswell.
● Emojis arenow oneof themost dominant wayof communicating
through chat all overtheworld.
● TheEmojimovie(2017)wasamovie about emojis.Regularly counted
among oneof theworst movie of that year.

30. Some emojis’ popularly impliedmeaning:-
*Emojifor maleand female genitalia respectively
*Emojifor thecancer zodiac sign. Also for 69
*Pile Of Poois almost alwaysused humorously. PS:Itis not theicecreamemoji
*Person With Folded Hands, while not meant to explicitly religious, is normally
usedto showprayer or pleading. PS:Itis not the‘high five’ emoji.
*A moon with aface,hiding in shadow.Sometimesperceivedto becreepy,Also
called as‘Molester Moon’, becauseapparently if yousend theMolester Moon emoji
to someonethree times, Molester Moon will send youaseriesof emojis explaining
how hewill kill you.
For more info :-https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emoji
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_with_Tears_of_Joy_emoji
https://beebom.com/all-emoji-meanings/
https://duckduckgo.com/?q=emoji+movie&atb=v62-3 &ia=web
PS:Donot watchThe EmojiMovie to know more about emojis.Only thing you’ll
gain will beaheachache.

31. Facebook
● Facebookis anAmerican online social media and networking service
company. It was launched on 4th February, 2004 by Mark
Zuckerberg, Eduardo Saverin,Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz
and ChrisHughes.
● With morethan 2.2billion monthly active usersit hasanetworth
of nearly$130Billion.
● It was later announced asa member of The Alliance for Affordable
Internet (A4AI)in October 2013on its launch.The coalition includes
Google,Intel and Microsoft. Aimed at making Internet accessmore
affordable
● In April 2012,Facebook acquired Instagram for approximately US$1
billion. In February 2014,they announced acquisition of WhatsApp
for US$19billion. Later it also acquired Oculus VR for US$2Billion.
● Inrecent years, it hasbeencriticised overtheamount of fakenews,
hatespeechand depictions of violence.Thewebsitehas beenbanned
or restricted in Bangladesh, China, Iran and North Korea.

32. ● In Android platform, It was reported that Facebook app has been gathering Android
usersdatafor years.Thedataincluded phone calls and text messageshistory that were
stored to Facebook database.Cambridge Analytica, apolitical dataanalytics firm based
in theUK, procured thedataof 50million Facebookuserswithout their knowledge or
consent and then enlisted that to inform voter-targeting strategies for Donald Trump’s
presidential campaign.
● All of this waspossible becauseof Facebook’s then relatively loose privacy protocols. In
May 2018,several Android users in California filed a class action lawsuit against
Facebookfor invading their privacy byunauthorized access in storing personal contact
datawithout users'consent.Later Mark issuedapublic apologyfor thesame.
For more info: The scandal
It has since been the subject of multiple controversies, involving user privacy issues and
political agenda-based posts.
● OnJuly 262018,it becamethefirst companyto loseover$100billion worth of stock in
oneday.
● OnMay 1,2018,Facebookannounced its plans to launch anew dating service with
privacy featuresetc.

33. Gamma RayBursts
● Gamma Ray Bursts are extremely energetic explosions that
havebeenobservedin distant galaxies. They arethebrightest
electromagnetic eventsknown to occur in theuniverse.
● GammaRayBursts usually occur when highly massivestars
collapse to form neutron stars or black holes.
● Thesources of most GRBsarebillions of light yearsawayfrom
Earth. They occur very rarely and all observed GRBs have
occurred outside theMilky Way Galaxy.
● First detected in 1967by Vela satellites, GRBs are extremely
focusedexplosions, with most of theenergy collimated into a
narrow jet,which maketheir detection extremelydifficult.
● Itis believedthat aGammaRayBurst in theMilky Way Galaxy
will lead to amass extinction onEarth.
More Info:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst

34. ● Founded in 1998,Google LLC is an American multinational company that focuses on
internet-related services and products, including their famous search engine,which is
synonymous with their name,cloud computing, softwareand hardware.
● Founded by Larry Pageand SergeyBrin (and Eric Schmidt, who joined later)while they
were PhD scholars at Stanford University, Google is the most valued internet brand in
the world. Their mission statementis to “organize the world's information and makeit
universally accessibleand useful.”
● IITKharagpur alumnus SundarPichai is theCEOof Google.
● There is an interesting story regarding the usage of the name 'Google’. Originally, the
founders wanted to nametheir website'Googol’(10^100),but atypo resulted in thename
Googlebeing adopted!Their original namewasactually Backrub.

35. ● Google develops the Android Operating System, the most widely used
OSon mobile devices in the world, manufactures smartphone brands
like the Nexus.
● Google's market dominance has led to prominent media
coverage, including criticism of the company over issues such
as aggressive tax avoidance, search neutrality, copyright,
censorship of search results and content, and privacy.
● Further info: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Google

36. GoPro
● GoPro Inc is an American technology company founded in
2002byNick Woodman. Itmanufactures eponymous action
cameras and develops its own mobile apps and videoediting
software.
● The idea of manufacturing cameras that can capture high
quality footage while being extremely mobile came to
Woodman while onasurfing trip to Australia in 2002.Hewas
hoping to getsomehigh quality action photos, but couldn't as
amateurphotographers couldn't comeclose or couldn't afford
high qualityequipment.
● GoPro hasreleased aline of high endcameras including the
HERO,KARMA, KARMA Grip.
● In2014,GoPro waslisted asoneof the“Top 10BestBrand
Channels onYouTube”.
● More info:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GoPro