Geology and Cultural Significance of Bhimkund

CONTENT
PETROLOGY AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTER OF
BHIMKUND
SUBJECT
1. INTRO
2. GEOGRAPHY
1. TOPOGRAPHY
2. VEGETATION AND CLIMATE
3. LITHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
4. GEOMORPHOLOGY
5. STRATIGRAPHY
6. METAMORPHISM
7. PETROLOGY
8. MINERALOGY

INTRODUCTION
Bhimkund is a natural water body located in the Mayurbhanj district of
the Indian state of Odisha. It is a sacred spot for the people of the
region and is associated with various mythological and historical
legends.
According to local folklore, the Pandavas from the Hindu epic
Mahabharata had visited this place during their exile and Bhima, one of
the Pandavas, had struck the ground with his mace, creating a deep
depression that later became the Bhimkund.
The water in Bhimkund is believed to have healing properties, and
people come from far and wide to take a dip in its waters, especially
during the Makar Sankranti festival in January.
Bhimkund is also a popular destination for adventure seekers, as it is
surrounded by dense forests and hills, and offers opportunities for
trekking and camping.
Overall, Bhimkund is a unique and significant location in the state of
Odisha, with cultural, historical, and natural significance.
About 40 Kms.from Karanjia, near Booring village in Thakurmunda P.S.
is the sacred pool 'BHIMKUND' in the river Vaitarani. The legend reveals
that Bhima, the second Pandava used to take his bath in this pool when
the Pandavas were passing their incognito life in Birat Nagar, said to be
the present Kaptipada. Here river Vaitarani flows through a gorge in
steps forming a series of picturesque rapids until it settles down in the
pool called "BHIMKUND". It is encircled by precipitous stone wall.

During Makar Festival in the month of January thousands of people
gather here to take their holy dip. The place can also be approached
from Dhenkikote (20 Kms.) on S.H. No 11 connecting Keonjhar and
Panikoili. The place is ideal for picnickers.
The pool Bhimkund in the Vaitarani river is located near the Booring
village of Mayurbhanj. Stone walls surround the pool from each side.
Bhimkund has a mythological importance as it is believed that the
second Pandav 'Bhim' took bath in 'Bhimkund' during their exile.

GEOGRAPHY
TOPOGRAPHY
Bhimkund is a natural water tank located in the Mayurbhanj district of
Odisha, India. It is believed to be a sacred spot by the locals and is
associated with various mythological tales. The topography of
Bhimkund can be described as follows:
Location: Bhimkund is situated in the middle of a dense forest in the
Deuli hills, around 20 km from the town of Baripada in Mayurbhanj
district.
Size: The water tank at Bhimkund is approximately 20 meters deep and
has a diameter of around 50 meters.
Surroundings: The water tank is surrounded by steep hills on three
sides, with dense forests covering the slopes. The fourth side is a flat
area with a small temple dedicated to Lord Shiva.
Water source: The water in Bhimkund is supplied by a perennial spring
located at the bottom of the tank.
Formation: The tank is believed to have been formed by a meteorite
that struck the earth millions of years ago. The impact created a large
depression that later filled with water, forming the tank.

VEGETATION AND CLIMATE
Odisha, India. The region has a tropical monsoon climate, characterized
by hot and humid summers and mild winters with abundant rainfall.
As for vegetation, the area around Bhimkund is covered with dense
forests, consisting of deciduous and semi-evergreen trees, including
sal, teak, bamboo, and a variety of other trees and shrubs. The forests
provide a habitat for a diverse range of wildlife, including tigers,
elephants, deer, and several species of birds and reptiles.
The water in Bhimkund is believed to have medicinal properties and is
surrounded by a dense forest cover. The area is also home to several
indigenous communities who rely on the forest for their livelihood and
practice traditional methods of agriculture and fishing.
Overall, the climate and vegetation of Bhimkund contribute to the
area's unique ecosystem and support its biodiversity and cultural
heritage.

LITHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE
Odisha, India. The region is primarily composed of sedimentary rocks,
including sandstones, siltstones, and shales. These sedimentary rocks
were deposited during the Mesozoic era and have undergone various
tectonic activities over time.
The rocks in the Bhimkund area are characterized by strong bedding
planes and joints, which influence the water flow patterns within the
surrounding aquifers. There are also several faults and fractures in the
region, which have affected the local groundwater flow and aquifer
recharge.
In terms of the geological structure, Bhimkund is situated within the
Eastern Ghats Belt, which is a complex geological structure formed by
the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates. The area is also
characterized by several geological features, including synclines,
anticlines, and thrust faults.
Overall, the lithology and structure of Bhimkund and its surrounding
region play an important role in influencing the hydrology and geology
of the area. They also provide valuable insights into the geological
history of the Eastern Ghats Belt and its tectonic evolution over time.

GEOMORPHOLOGY
Odisha, India, and is surrounded by unique geomorphological features
that make it a significant attraction for tourists and researchers alike.
The geomorphology of Bhimkund is shaped by the complex interplay of
geological, hydrological, and biological processes that have occurred
over millions of years.
The main geomorphological features of Bhimkund are as follows:
Structural Features:
The area surrounding Bhimkund is characterized by several major folds
and faults, including the Mayurbhanj Synclinorium and the Bhimkund
Fault. These structural features have had a significant influence on the
overall shape and form of the landscape in the area.
Weathering and Erosion:
The rocks in the Bhimkund area are predominantly composed of
granites and gneisses, which are susceptible to weathering and erosion
by the action of water and wind. Over time, these processes have
carved out a variety of landforms, including gorges, valleys, and cliffs.
Fluvial Processes:
The main source of water for Bhimkund is the river Baitarani, which
flows through the area and has been responsible for shaping the
landscape through fluvial processes. The river has eroded the rocks and
created deep gorges and channels, which have contributed to the
formation of Bhimkund.

Biological Processes:
The vegetation in the area has also had a significant impact on the
geomorphology of Bhimkund. The roots of trees and plants help to
stabilize the soil and prevent erosion, while also contributing to the
overall biodiversity of the area.
Overall, the geomorphology of Bhimkund is shaped by a complex
interplay of geological, hydrological, and biological processes. The
unique landscape of Bhimkund provides valuable insights into the
geological history of the region and is of great interest to researchers
and tourists alike.
STRATIGRAPHY
Odisha, India. The rocks in the area surrounding Bhimkund belong to
the Archaean Age (more than 2.5 billion years old) and are
predominantly composed of granites and gneisses. The stratigraphy of
Bhimkund is complex and has been influenced by a range of geological
processes over millions of years.
The rocks in the area surrounding Bhimkund can be broadly classified
into three major groups based on their age and composition:
Archaean Granites and Gneisses:
The oldest rocks in the area are the Archaean granites and gneisses,
which date back more than 2.5 billion years. These rocks are

predominantly composed of quartz, feldspar, mica, and amphiboles and
are characterized by alternating bands of light and dark minerals.
Proterozoic Metasediments:
Overlying the Archaean rocks are the Proterozoic metasediments,
which are estimated to be between 2.5 and 1.5 billion years old. These
rocks are predominantly composed of quartzites, phyllites, and schists
and are thought to have been deposited in a shallow marine
environment.
Gondwana Sediments:
The youngest rocks in the area are the Gondwana sediments, which are
estimated to be between 250 and 150 million years old. These rocks are
predominantly composed of sandstones, shales, and coal and are
thought to have been deposited in a continental environment.
The stratigraphy of Bhimkund has been influenced by a range of
geological processes, including sedimentation, metamorphism, and
deformation. The rocks in the area have been subjected to intense
folding and faulting, which has led to the development of complex
structures such as the Mayurbhanj Synclinorium and the Bhimkund
Fault.
Overall, the stratigraphy of Bhimkund is of great interest to geologists
and provides valuable insights into the geological history of the region.

METAMORPHISM
The rocks in the area surrounding Bhimkund, located in the Mayurbhanj
district of Odisha, India, have undergone a range of metamorphic
processes over millions of years. The rocks in the area are
predominantly composed of granites and gneisses that have been
metamorphosed due to the action of heat, pressure, and fluids.
The metamorphic rocks in the Bhimkund area can be broadly classified
into two categories based on their degree of metamorphism:
Low-grade Metamorphic Rocks:
The low-grade metamorphic rocks in the Bhimkund area include
phyllites, schists, and quartzites. These rocks have undergone regional
metamorphism due to the action of heat and pressure during tectonic
movements. The phyllites and schists are derived from the Proterozoic
metasediments, while the quartzites are derived from the Archaean
granites and gneisses.
High-grade Metamorphic Rocks:
The high-grade metamorphic rocks in the Bhimkund area include
gneisses and granulites. These rocks have undergone intense
metamorphism due to the action of high temperatures and pressures
during the Archaean period. The gneisses and granulites are derived
from the Archaean granites and are characterized by bands of light and
dark minerals.

The metamorphic rocks in the Bhimkund area have been subjected to
intense deformation due to tectonic movements, which has led to the
development of complex structures such as folds, faults, and shear
zones. The metamorphism and deformation of the rocks in the area
have led to the development of a wide range of mineral assemblages,
including quartz, feldspar, mica, garnet, and hornblende.
Overall, the metamorphism of the rocks in the Bhimkund area is of
great interest to geologists and provides valuable insights into the
geological history of the region.
PETROLOGY
The rocks in the area surrounding Bhimkund belong to the Archaean
Age (more than 2.5 billion years old) and are predominantly composed
of granites and gneisses. The petrology of Bhimkund is complex and has
been influenced by a range of geological processes over millions of
years.
Archaean Granites:
The Archaean granites in the area are predominantly composed of
quartz, feldspar, and mica, with lesser amounts of amphiboles and
pyroxenes. The granites are characterized by alternating bands of light
and dark minerals and are classified as biotite granites, hornblende-
biotite granites, and garnet-biotite granites based on their mineralogy.
Archaean Gneisses:

The Archaean gneisses in the area are predominantly composed of
quartz, feldspar, mica, and amphiboles. The gneisses are characterized
by alternating bands of light and dark minerals and are classified as
biotite gneisses, hornblende-biotite gneisses, and garnet-biotite
gneisses based on their mineralogy.
Proterozoic Metasediments:
The Proterozoic metasediments in the area are predominantly
composed of quartzites, phyllites, and schists. The quartzites are
composed of quartz grains, while the phyllites and schists are
composed of a mixture of quartz, mica, and clay minerals.
Gondwana Sediments:
The Gondwana sediments in the area are predominantly composed of
sandstones, shales, and coal. The sandstones are composed of quartz
grains, while the shales and coal are composed of a mixture of clay
minerals, organic matter, and quartz.
The rocks in the Bhimkund area have been subjected to a range of
geological processes, including igneous intrusion, regional
metamorphism, deformation, and weathering. These processes have
led to the development of a wide range of mineral assemblages,
including quartz, feldspar, mica, garnet, hornblende, and pyroxene.
Overall, the petrology of Bhimkund is of great interest to geologists and
provides valuable insights into the geological history of the region.

MINERALOGY
The mineralogy of Bhimkund, located in the Mayurbhanj district of
Odisha, India, is complex and diverse, reflecting the variety of rocks and
geological processes that have affected the region over millions of
years. The rocks in the area include granites, gneisses, phyllites, schists,
and quartzites, and have undergone a range of processes, including
igneous intrusion, regional metamorphism, deformation, and
weathering.
The following are some of the common minerals found in the rocks of
Bhimkund:
Quartz:
Quartz is a common mineral found in the rocks
of Bhimkund. It is composed of silicon and
oxygen and has a hexagonal crystal structure.
Quartz can be found in all the rocks in the area,
including granite gneisses, and quartzites
.
Feldspar:
Feldspar is another common mineral found in the rocks of Bhimkund. It
is composed of aluminum, silicon, and oxygen and has a monoclinic or
triclinic crystal structure. Different types of feldspar are present in the
rocks, including potassium feldspar and plagioclase feldspar.

Mica:
Mica is a group of minerals that are
characterized by their sheet-like
structure. The two most common
types of mica found in the rocks of
Bhimkund are muscovite and biotite.
Muscovite is a clear or pale-colored
mineral, while biotite is black or dark brown.
Garnet:
Garnet is a group of minerals that are
characterized by their complex crystal
structure. The most common type of garnet
found in the rocks of Bhimkund is
almandine, which is red or reddish-brown in
color.
Hornblende:
Hornblende is a group of minerals that are
characterized by their dark color and prismatic
crystal structure. It is commonly found in the
gneisses and granites of Bhimkund.
Pyroxene:
Pyroxene is a group of minerals that are
characterized by their dark color and
prismatic crystal structure. It is
commonly found in the gneisses and
granites of Bhimkund.

Overall, the mineralogy of Bhimkund is diverse and reflects the complex
geological history of the region. The presence of these minerals
provides valuable insights into the processes that have affected the
rocks in the area over millions of years.

CONTENT
PETROLOGY AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTEROF
GHATAGAON
SUBJECT
1. INTRO
2. GEOGRAPHY
1. TOPOGRAPHY
4. GEOMORPHOLOGY
5. STRATIGRAPHY
6. PETROLOGY

INTRODUCTION
Ghatagaon is a town located in the
Keonjhar district of the Indian state of
Odisha. It is known for its famous Maa
Tarini temple, which is a popular
pilgrimage site for devotees from
different parts of the country. The
town is surrounded by hills and forests
and is also known for its rich mineral
reserves. The major industries in the
area include mining, agriculture, and
forestry. The nearest airport to
Ghatagaon is in Bhubaneswar, which is
about 220 km away, while the nearest
railway station is in Keonjhar, which is about 37 km away.

GEOGRAPHY
TOPOGRAPHY
Ghatagaon is a small town located in the Keonjhar district of the Indian
state of Odisha. The topography of Ghatagaon is dominated by the
Saranda Hill Range, which is a part of the Eastern Ghats mountain
range. The town is situated at an altitude of around 474 meters (1,555
feet) above sea level.
The region is mostly hilly, with the hills being covered in dense forests.
The forests in the area are a mix of deciduous and evergreen trees, with
species such as Sal, Teak, Bamboo, and Mahua being common. The
Brahmani River, one of the major rivers in Odisha, flows near
Ghatagaon. The river and its tributaries have carved out deep valleys
and gorges in the hills, creating a picturesque landscape.
The climate of Ghatagaon is characterized by hot summers and cool
winters. The monsoon season, which runs from June to September,
brings heavy rainfall to the region. The rainfall contributes to the
growth of the forests and vegetation in the area.
In terms of agriculture, the region is suitable for cultivating crops such
as rice, pulses, and vegetables. The forests in the region also provide a
range of non-timber forest products such as honey, tamarind, and
mahua flowers, which are collected by the local communities.

Overall, the topography of Ghatagaon is characterized by its hilly
terrain, dense forests, and abundant water resources, making it a
scenic and ecologically diverse region.
Ghatagaon, a small town located in the Keonjhar district of the Indian
state of Odisha, has a tropical climate characterized by hot summers,
cool winters, and a monsoon season from June to September. The
region receives heavy rainfall during the monsoon, which contributes to
the growth of vegetation in the area.
The vegetation in Ghatagaon is primarily tropical deciduous forests,
with a mix of evergreen forests. The forests are dominated by tree
species such as Sal, Teak, Bamboo, and Mahua, and a variety of shrubs,
grasses, and climbers. The region is also known for its medicinal plants
and herbs, which are used in traditional medicine.
In addition to forests, the region has agricultural lands where crops
such as rice, pulses, and vegetables are cultivated. The area also has a
range of non-timber forest products such as honey, tamarind, and
mahua flowers, which are collected by the local communities.
The region's vegetation and climate support a
variety of wildlife, including elephants, tigers, leopards, and several
species of deer, as well as various species of birds, reptiles, and
amphibians.
Overall, the vegetation and climate of Ghatagaon create a rich and
diverse ecological system that supports a range of flora and fauna,
making it an important region for conservation and biodiversity.

Ghatagaon is a small town located in the Keonjhar district of the Indian
state of Odisha. The region is dominated by the Saranda Hill Range,
which is a part of the Eastern Ghats mountain range. The lithology and
structure of Ghatagaon are influenced by its location in the Eastern
Ghats.
The Eastern Ghats mountain range is composed of a variety of rocks,
including granite, gneiss, schist, and quartzite. In Ghatagaon, the rocks
that are most commonly found are granite and gneiss. Granite is an
igneous rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies underground.
Gneiss is a metamorphic rock that forms when existing rocks are
subjected to high pressure and temperature.
The rocks in Ghatagaon are also affected by a variety of geological
structures, including folds, faults, and joints. The rocks in the area are
generally folded and faulted, indicating tectonic activity in the region.
The folds and faults have resulted in the creation of a variety of
landforms, including hills, valleys, and ridges.
In addition to the geological structures, the region is also affected by
the Brahmani River and its tributaries, which have carved out deep
valleys and gorges in the hills, creating a picturesque landscape.
Overall, the lithology and structure of Ghatagaon are influenced by its
location in the Eastern Ghats mountain range and the geological
processes that have occurred over millions of years. The rocks and
structures in the region have contributed to the creation of a diverse
landscape with a range of landforms and features.

GEMORPHOLOGY
state of Odisha, is located in the Saranda Hill Range, which is a part of
the Eastern Ghats mountain range. The geomorphology of Ghatagaon is
influenced by its location in the Eastern Ghats, and the geological
processes that have shaped the landscape over millions of years.
The region is characterized by a variety of landforms, including hills,
valleys, ridges, and plateaus. The hills in the area are mostly composed
of granite and gneiss rocks and are heavily forested. The Brahmani
River and its tributaries have carved out deep valleys and gorges in the
hills, creating a scenic landscape.
In addition to hills and valleys, the region also has several plateaus,
which are flat-topped elevated areas of land. The plateaus in the area
are composed of hard rock formations, such as granite, and are
generally covered in sparse vegetation.
The region is also affected by a variety of geological processes,
including erosion, weathering, and mass wasting. The steep slopes and
heavy rainfall in the region result in frequent landslides and soil
erosion, which have contributed to the formation of several deep
gullies and ravines.
The geomorphology of Ghatagaon has significant ecological and
economic implications. The forests in the area provide timber, non-
timber forest products, and habitat for wildlife. The rivers and streams
in the area provide water for irrigation and hydroelectric power
generation.

Overall, the geomorphology of Ghatagaon is characterized by its
diverse landforms, which have been shaped by geological processes
over millions of years. The region's unique landscape has significant
ecological and economic value, making it an important area for
conservation and development.
STRATIGRAPHY
state of Odisha, is located in the Eastern Ghats mountain range. The
stratigraphy of Ghatagaon is influenced by the geological processes that
have occurred over millions of years and the rocks that make up the
region.
The Eastern Ghats mountain range is composed of a variety of rocks,
including granite, gneiss, schist, and quartzite. The rocks in Ghatagaon
are primarily composed of granite and gneiss. Granite is an igneous
rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies underground. Gneiss
is a metamorphic rock that forms when existing rocks are subjected to
high pressure and temperature.
The rocks in Ghatagaon are generally classified as Pre-Cambrian in age,
which means they were formed more than 540 million years ago. The
rocks in the region are generally crystalline and lack fossils, making it
difficult to determine their exact age.
In addition to granite and gneiss, the region also has deposits of iron
ore, bauxite, and manganese ore. These mineral deposits have

significant economic value and have been mined in the area for several
decades.
Overall, the stratigraphy of Ghatagaon is characterized by its ancient
and crystalline rocks, which have been shaped by geological processes
over millions of years. The region's mineral deposits have significant
economic value, making it an important area for mining and industrial
development.
PETROLOGY AND MINERALOGY
The petrology of Ghatagaon, a small town located in the Keonjhar
district of the Indian state of Odisha, is primarily characterized by the
presence of granite and gneiss.
Granite is an igneous rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies
underground. The granite in Ghatagaon is composed of a mixture of
minerals, including quartz, feldspar, and mica. The mineral content and
texture of the granite can vary depending on the specific location
within the region.
Gneiss is a metamorphic rock that forms from the recrystallization of
existing rocks under high pressure and temperature conditions. The
gneiss in Ghatagaon is believed to have formed from the
metamorphism of older rocks that were present in the region. The
gneiss in the region is characterized by its banded texture, which is a
result of the alignment of mineral grains under high pressure
conditions.

In addition to granite and gneiss, the region also has deposits of iron
ore, bauxite, and manganese ore. These mineral deposits have
significant economic value and have been mined in the area for several
decades.
The petrology of Ghatagaon has significant implications for the local
economy, as the mineral deposits in the region have been a major
source of income for many years. In addition, the granite and gneiss in
the region have been used for construction and as a raw material for
the production of various goods.
Overall, the petrology of Ghatagaon is characterized by the presence of
granite and gneiss, which have significant economic value and have
been shaped by geological processes over millions of years.
Mineralogy of Ghatagaon
The mineralogy of Ghatagaon, a small town located in the Keonjhar
district of the Indian state of Odisha, is primarily characterized by the
presence of minerals such as quartz, feldspar, mica, and various metal
ores.
The granite in Ghatagaon is composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica.
Quartz is a mineral that is commonly found in granite and is composed
of silicon and oxygen. Feldspar is a group of minerals that are important
components of many rocks and is composed of aluminum, silicon, and
oxygen. Mica is a mineral that has a layered structure and is composed
of aluminum, potassium, silicon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
The gneiss in Ghatagaon is characterized by its banded texture, which is
a result of the alignment of mineral grains under high pressure
conditions. The minerals present in the gneiss can vary depending on
the specific location within the region. Common minerals found in
gneiss include quartz, feldspar, mica, and garnet.

The region also has significant deposits of iron ore, bauxite, and
manganese ore. These minerals are valuable resources and have been
mined in the area for several decades.
Overall, the mineralogy of Ghatagaon is characterized by the presence
of quartz, feldspar, mica, and various metal ores. The minerals present
in the region have significant economic value and have contributed to
the local economy for many years.

CONTENT
GEOLOGY OF HADAGARH DAM
SUBJECT
1. INTRO
3. GEOGRAPHY
1. TOPOGRAPHY
4. GEOMORPHOLOGY
5. STRATIGRAPHY
6. METAMORPHISM
7. PETROLOGY
8. MINERALOGY
9.ENGINEERING CHARACTER

INTRODUCTION
The Hadagarh Dam is a concrete
gravity dam located in the Keonjhar
district of Odisha state in India. The
dam is constructed on the Salami River, which is a major tributary of
the Brahmani River.
The main purpose of the dam is to provide water for irrigation and to
generate hydroelectric power. The dam has a height of about 39 meters
and a length of 3,400 meters, and it has a capacity of 352 million cubic
meters of water.
The Hadagarh Dam is an important source of water for the local
farmers and provides irrigation for about 21,000 hectares of land in the
area. The hydroelectric power plant at the dam has an installed
capacity of 3.5 MW and generates about 14.9 million units of electricity
per year. The dam

GEOGRAPHY
TOPOGRAPHY
The Hadagarh Dam is located in a hilly region and is surrounded by
dense forests. The dam is constructed on the Hadagarh River, which
originates in the Eastern Ghats and flows through the Keonjhar district
of Odisha state in India.
The topography of the area around the Hadagarh Dam is characterized
by steep slopes and valleys, and the terrain is mostly rocky and rugged.
The dam site is situated at an elevation of about 220 meters above
mean sea level, and the surrounding hills rise up to an altitude of about
800 meters above sea level.
The catchment area of the Hadagarh River, upstream of the dam site, is
spread over an area of about 1,342 square kilometers. The river flows
through a narrow gorge before entering the reservoir formed by the
dam.
Overall, the topography of the Hadagarh Dam region is marked by
rugged hills, steep slopes, and dense forests, which provide a
picturesque backdrop to the dam and make it a popular destination for
tourists.

The vegetation around Hadagarh Dam is predominantly composed of
tropical deciduous forests, which are characterized by trees that shed
their leaves in the dry season. Some of the common tree species found
in the region include sal, teak, mahua, and bamboo. The forests in the
area are also home to a variety of wildlife, including tigers, leopards,
elephants, and various species of deer and primates.
In terms of climate, the Hadagarh Dam region experiences a tropical
monsoon climate, with heavy rainfall during the monsoon season and
relatively dry conditions in the winter months. The monsoon season
lasts from June to September, with the heaviest rainfall occurring in
July and August. The average annual rainfall in the region is around
1,200 mm.
The summer months from March to May are hot and dry, with
temperatures reaching up to 40 degrees Celsius. The winter months
from December to February are relatively cooler, with temperatures
ranging from 10 to 25 degrees Celsius. The best time to visit the
Hadagarh Dam is from October to February when the weather is mild
and pleasant.
Overall, the vegetation and climate around Hadagarh Dam are typical of
the tropical region, characterized by deciduous forests and a monsoon
climate with heavy rainfall during the summer months.

The geological formations around Hadagarh Dam are dominated by
Precambrian rocks of the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, which consist of
metamorphic and igneous rocks. The metamorphic rocks include
schists, gneisses, and granulites, while the igneous rocks are
represented by granites and syenites. These rocks are part of the
Proterozoic terranes of the Indian subcontinent and are believed to
have formed during the Archean and Paleoproterozoic eras.
The Hadagarh Dam itself is constructed on the granite and gneiss rocks
of the area, which provide a stable foundation for the dam structure.
The dam site is situated in a narrow gorge formed by the Hadagarh
River, and the dam is built across the river to create a reservoir. The
reservoir is formed by impounding the flow of the river and the water is
diverted through a penstock to generate hydroelectric power.
In terms of structure, the Hadagarh Dam is a concrete gravity dam,
which means that it relies on its own weight to resist the water
pressure and hold back the reservoir. The dam has a height of about 39
meters and a length of 3,400 meters, and it is designed to withstand
high flood conditions.
Overall, the lithology and structure of Hadagarh Dam are dominated by
Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Eastern Ghats
Mobile Belt, and the dam itself is a concrete gravity structure built
across the Hadagarh River gorge.

GEOMORPHOLOGY
The geomorphology of the Hadagarh Dam region in Odisha is
characterized by a rugged and hilly terrain, with steep slopes and
valleys. The region is located in the Eastern Ghats, which is a chain of
hills and mountains that run parallel to the eastern coast of India.
The Hadagarh River, which the dam is built on, has cut a narrow gorge
through the hills, creating a deep and narrow valley. The surrounding
hills are composed of metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Eastern
Ghats Mobile Belt, and are covered by dense forests.
The Hadagarh Dam itself is a concrete gravity dam built across the
Hadagarh River gorge. The dam has created a reservoir that extends
upstream of the dam site, filling the narrow valley with water. The
reservoir has a surface area of about 32 square kilometers and a
storage capacity of about 352 million cubic meters of water.
The construction of the Hadagarh Dam has altered the natural
geomorphology of the region, as the narrow valley has been filled with
water to create the reservoir. However, the dam has also provided
benefits to the region, such as irrigation water for agriculture and
hydroelectric power generation.
Overall, the geomorphology of the Hadagarh Dam region is
characterized by rugged hills, steep slopes, and a narrow river valley,

with the dam itself serving as a significant alteration of the natural
landscape.
STRATIGRAPHY
The stratigraphy of the Hadagarh Dam region in Odisha is dominated by
Precambrian rocks of the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, which consist of
metamorphic and igneous rocks. The metamorphic rocks in the region
include schists, gneisses, and granulites, while the igneous rocks are
represented by granites and syenites.
The Precambrian rocks of the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt are part of the
Proterozoic terranes of the Indian subcontinent and are believed to
have formed during the Archean and Paleoproterozoic eras. The rocks
have undergone multiple episodes of deformation and metamorphism,
resulting in a complex geological history.
The Hadagarh Dam itself is constructed on the granite and gneiss rocks
of the area, which provide a stable foundation for the dam structure.
The dam site is situated in a narrow gorge formed by the Hadagarh
River, and the dam is built across the river to create a reservoir.
The geological formations around the Hadagarh Dam region have been
extensively studied by geologists, and several geological maps and
reports are available that provide detailed information about the
stratigraphy of the area.
Overall, the stratigraphy of the Hadagarh Dam
region is dominated by Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks of

the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, with the Hadagarh Dam constructed on
the granite and gneiss rocks of the area.
METAMORPHISM
The metamorphism of the rocks in the Hadagarh Dam region of Odisha
is a result of the tectonic activity that occurred during the formation of
the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt. The rocks in the region have undergone
multiple episodes of deformation, which resulted in the formation of
foliation and banding. These rocks have also been subjected to high
temperatures and pressures, resulting in recrystallization and the
formation of new minerals.
The metamorphic rocks in the Hadagarh Dam region include schists,
gneisses, and granulites. Schists are formed from the metamorphism of
sedimentary rocks, such as shale and mudstone. Gneisses are formed
from the metamorphism of igneous or sedimentary rocks, and are
characterized by distinct banding. Granulites are high-grade
metamorphic rocks that are formed under extreme temperature and
pressure conditions.
The metamorphic rocks in the Hadagarh Dam region are believed to
have formed during the Archean and Paleoproterozoic eras, between
3.6 and 2.5 billion years ago. These rocks were subjected to multiple
episodes of deformation and metamorphism during the formation of
the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, resulting in the complex geological
history of the region.
Overall, the metamorphism of the rocks in the Hadagarh Dam region is
a result of the tectonic activity that occurred during the formation of

the Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt,
and has resulted in the
formation ofmetamorphic
rocks such as schists, gneisses,
and granulites.

PETROLOGY
The petrology of the Hadagarh Dam region in Odisha is dominated by
Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Eastern Ghats
Mobile Belt. The region is characterized by the presence of granite,
gneiss, schist, and granulite.
Granite is the most common igneous rock in the region and is
composed primarily of quartz, feldspar, and mica. Gneiss is a
metamorphic rock that is formed from granite or other igneous rocks
through metamorphism, and is characterized by distinct banding. Schist
is another metamorphic rock that is formed from shale or other
sedimentary rocks, and is characterized by a schistosity or foliation
caused by the alignment of minerals. Granulite is a high-grade
metamorphic rock that is formed under extreme temperature and
pressure conditions.
The rocks in the Hadagarh Dam region have undergone multiple
episodes of deformation and metamorphism, resulting in the formation
of banding, schistosity, and other textures. The petrology of the region
has been extensively studied by geologists, and several geological maps
and reports are available that provide detailed information about the
petrology of the area.
The granite and gneiss rocks in the Hadagarh Dam region provide a
stable foundation for the dam structure. The dam is constructed on the
bedrock of the area, which consists of granite and gneiss rocks.

Overall, the petrology of the Hadagarh Dam region is dominated by
Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks, with granite, gneiss,
schist, and granulite being the most common rocks found in the area.
MINERALOGY
The mineralogy of the Hadagarh Dam region in Odisha is dominated by
a variety of minerals that are commonly found in Precambrian
metamorphic and igneous rocks. The mineralogy of the region includes
both primary and secondary minerals.
Primary minerals found in the Hadagarh Dam region include quartz,
feldspar, mica, and amphibole. Quartz is the most abundant mineral in
the region and is found in most of the rocks in the area. Feldspar is also
common, and is often found in granite and gneiss. Mica is another
common mineral in the region and is found in schist and other
metamorphic rocks. Amphibole is less common but is found in some of
the metamorphic rocks in the region.
Secondary minerals found in the Hadagarh Dam region include minerals
that have formed as a result of weathering and alteration of the
primary minerals. These minerals include clay minerals, such as
kaolinite and montmorillonite, and secondary quartz.
The minerals in the Hadagarh Dam region have been extensively
studied by geologists, and several mineralogical reports are available
that provide detailed information about the mineralogy of the area.

Overall, the mineralogy of the Hadagarh Dam region is dominated by a
variety of minerals that are commonly found in Precambrian
metamorphic and igneous rocks, with quartz, feldspar, mica, and
amphibole being the most common primary minerals found in the area.
ENGINEERING CHARACTER
The engineering character of the Hadagarh Dam in Odisha is a result ofits
design and construction, which were based on the geology and
topography of the area. The dam was constructed primarily to store
water for irrigation purposes and to generate hydroelectric power.
The Hadagarh Dam is an earthen embankment dam that is constructedon
the bedrock of the area, which consists of granite and gneiss rocks. The
dam is 42 meters high and 2,917 meters long, with a storage capacity of
332 million cubic meters of water. The dam is designed to withstand
earthquakes of up to magnitude 6 on the Richter scale and has a spillway
capacity of 8,500 cubic meters per second.
The engineering character of the Hadagarh Dam is further enhanced bythe
presence of a hydroelectric power plant, which is located at the base of
the dam. The power plant has a capacity of 240 MW and generates
electricity by harnessing the power of water released from the dam.
Overall, the engineering character of the Hadagarh Dam is a
result of its design and construction, which were based on the geology
and topography of the area. The dam is designed to withstand seismic
activity, and the presence of a hydroelectric power plant enhances its
utility and economic value.

CONTENT
PETROLOGY AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTER OF
AMBHADHARA
SUBJECT
1. INTRO
4. GEOGRAPHY
1. TOPOGRAPHY
4. GEOMORPHOLOGY
5. STRATIGRAPHY
6. METAMORPHISM
7. PETROLOGY
8. MINERALOGY

INTRODUCTION
Sanaghagara waterfall is
actually located in the
Keonjhar district of Odisha,
India, and not in Sundargarh
district as mentioned earlier.
The waterfall is situated near
the Khandadhar hills, which is
a popular tourist destination in the district.
The waterfall is surrounded by dense forests, and the trek to the waterfall is a
popular activity among adventure enthusiasts. The path leading to the
waterfall passes through lush
green forests and offers a
beautiful view of the surrounding
landscape.
Sanaghagara waterfall drops from
a height of about 100 feet,
creating a thunderous sound and a
misty atmosphere around it. The
area around the waterfall is
perfect for a picnic, and visitors
can also take a dip in the cool,
refreshing waters of the waterfall.
Keonjhar district is known for its natural beauty, and Sanaghagara waterfall is
one of the most popular tourist attractions in the district. It is located about
40 kilometers from Keonjhar town and can be easily reached by road.

GEOGRAPHY
TOPOGRAPHY
The topography of the Sanaghagara waterfall is characterized by a steep drop
of water from a height of approximately 100 feet. The water falls from a cliff,
creating a thunderous sound and a misty atmosphere around it. The waterfall
cascades down several tiers, forming a pool at the bottom.
The surrounding area is covered with dense forests, and the trek to the
waterfall is an adventure in itself. The path leading to the waterfall passes
through thick forests and offers a beautiful view of the surrounding landscape.
The area around the waterfall is perfect for a picnic, and visitors can also take
a dip in the cool, refreshing waters of the waterfall.
The topography of the Sanaghagara waterfall and its surrounding areas make
it an ideal destination for nature lovers and adventure enthusiasts. The lush
green forests, cascading waterfalls, and picturesque surroundings offer a
unique and unforgettable experience to visitors.
The vegetation and climate around Sanaghagara waterfall is typical of the
tropical region in which it is located. The waterfall is surrounded by dense
forests that are home to a diverse range of flora and fauna.
The forests around the waterfall are mainly composed of deciduous trees,
including Sal, Mango, Mahua, and Teak. The undergrowth is dominated by
various types of shrubs, ferns, and herbs. The forest also provides habitat to a
variety of wildlife, including monkeys, langurs, deer, and various species of
birds.

The climate around the waterfall is characterized by hot and humid summers
and cool winters. The monsoon season in the region lasts from June to
September, during which time the waterfall is at its most spectacular. The
heavy rainfall during the monsoon season keeps the forests around the
waterfall lush and green, adding to the natural beauty of the area.
The best time to visit Sanaghagara waterfall is from October to February when
the weather is pleasant, and the waterfall is still flowing. The cool winter
months make it ideal for trekking and exploring the surrounding forests. The
summer months from March to May can be hot and humid, making it less
Ideal for outdoor activities.

The Sanaghagara waterfall is located near the Khandadhar hills in the
Keonjhar district of Odisha, India. The rocks and structures around the
waterfall are mainly composed of the Precambrian iron ore deposits that are
characteristic of the region. The geology of the area is complex and has been
shaped by various geological processes over millions of years.
The waterfall is formed as water cascades over a steep cliff made up of rocks
that are primarily composed of iron ore. These rocks are part of the
Singhbhum Craton, which is an ancient rock formation that dates back to the
Precambrian era. The rocks in the area are mainly of metamorphic origin and
have undergone significant deformation over time due to tectonic activity.
The Khandadhar hills, which are located near the Sanaghagara waterfall, are
known for their rich iron ore deposits. The rocks in the region are mainly
composed of banded hematite jasper (BHJ) and occur in the form of banded
iron formations (BIFs).
The structure of the Sanaghagara waterfall is primarily controlled by the
underlying geology of the area. The steep cliff over which the water falls is a
result of differential erosion of the rock layers, which has created a natural
amphitheater-like structure. The waterfall itself is a result of the accumulation
of water in a pool formed by the erosion of the rocks over time.
Overall, the lithology and structure of Sanaghagara waterfall are a result of
the complex geological processes that have shaped the area over millions of
years
GEOMORPHOLOGY
The geomorphology of Sanaghagara waterfall is shaped by the natural
processes that have occurred in the region over thousands of years. The
waterfall is located in the Keonjhar district of Odisha, India, and is part of the
Khandadhar hills.

The area around the waterfall is characterized by a hilly terrain that is
composed of various types of rocks, including iron ore. The waterfall itself is
formed as water cascades over a steep cliff and falls into a pool at the bottom.
The surrounding landscape is covered with dense forests and a variety of
vegetation, including deciduous trees and shrubs.
The waterfall is a result of erosion and weathering processes that have
occurred over a long period of time. The water flowing over the rocks has
eroded the surface, creating a natural amphitheater-like structure. The pool at
the bottom of the waterfall is also a result of erosion, as water has eroded the
rocks to create a depression in the landscape.
The Khandadhar hills, which are located near the waterfall, are part of the
Singhbhum Craton, an ancient rock formation that dates back to the
Precambrian era. The rocks in the region have undergone significant
deformation due to tectonic activity, which has shaped the landscape over
millions of years.
Overall, the geomorphology of Sanaghagara waterfall is a result of the
complex interactions between natural processes, including erosion,
weathering, and tectonic activity, that have shaped the landscape over a long
period of time. The result is a beautiful and unique natural wonder that
attracts visitors from all over the world.
STRATIGRAPHY
The stratigraphy of Sanaghagara waterfall is closely related to the geology of
the region, which is dominated by Precambrian iron ore deposits. The area
around the waterfall is characterized by a variety of rocks, including banded
iron formations (BIFs) and metamorphic rocks.
The rocks in the region have been extensively studied by geologists, who have
identified several distinct stratigraphic units. These units include the
Singhbhum Group, which is the oldest rock formation in the region and
includes the iron ore deposits that are characteristic of the area.

The Singhbhum Group is composed of several distinct lithologies, including
BIFs, quartzites, shales, and phyllites. These rocks have been subjected to
intense tectonic activity over millions of years, resulting in significant
deformation and metamorphism.
The rocks near the Sanaghagara waterfall are mainly composed of BIFs, which
are bands of iron-rich minerals, including hematite and magnetite, alternating
with bands of chert or jasper. These rocks are highly prized for their iron
content and are the primary source of iron ore in the region.
The stratigraphy of the Sanaghagara waterfall is closely related to the complex
geological history of the region. The rocks and formations around the
waterfall are a result of the interplay between tectonic activity, erosion, and
sedimentation over millions of years. As a result, the area is rich in geological
history and provides a unique insight into the natural processes that have
shaped the landscape over time.
METAMORPHISM
The Sanaghagara waterfall is located in the Keonjhar district of Odisha, India,
and is surrounded by rocks that have undergone extensive metamorphism.
Metamorphism is a geological process that involves the alteration of rocks due
to changes in temperature, pressure, and/or chemical environment. In the
case of the Sanaghagara waterfall, the rocks have undergone regional
metamorphism due to tectonic activity.
The rocks in the area are mainly composed of banded iron formations (BIFs),
which are bands of iron-rich minerals alternating with bands of chert or
jasper. The BIFs in the area have undergone extensive metamorphism,
resulting in the formation of various types of metamorphic rocks, including
schists and gneisses.

The metamorphism of the rocks in the area is a result of the intense tectonic
activity that has occurred in the region over millions of years. During this time,
the rocks have been subjected to high temperatures and pressures, causing
them to undergo various forms of metamorphism.
The degree of metamorphism in the rocks near the Sanaghagara waterfall
varies depending on their proximity to the source of tectonic activity. Rocks
closer to the source have undergone more intense metamorphism, resulting
in the formation of high-grade metamorphic rocks such as gneisses. Rocks
farther from the source have undergone lower-grade metamorphism,
resulting in the formation of schists and phyllites.
Overall, the metamorphism of the rocks near the Sanaghagara waterfall is a
result of the complex geological processes that have shaped the region over
millions of years. The result is a unique and diverse collection of metamorphic
rocks that provide insights into the geological history of the area.
PETROLOGY
The petrology of the Sanaghagara waterfall is dominated by the presence of
iron-rich rocks, specifically banded iron formations (BIFs), which are
composed of alternating layers of iron-rich minerals and chert or jasper. These
rocks are highly prized for their iron content and are the primary source of
iron ore in the region.
The BIFs in the area are composed of a variety of minerals, including hematite,
magnetite, quartz, and chert. The minerals in the BIFs have undergone
extensive alteration due to metamorphism, resulting in the formation of
various types of metamorphic rocks, including schists, phyllites, and gneisses.
The metamorphism of the rocks has led to the formation of a variety of
mineral assemblages. For example, in some areas, the BIFs have undergone
intense metamorphism, resulting in the formation of high-grade iron ore
deposits. In other areas, the BIFs have undergone lower-grade
metamorphism, resulting in the formation of iron-rich phyllites and schists.

In addition to the BIFs, there are also other types of rocks present in the area
around the Sanaghagara waterfall. These include quartzites, shales, and
phyllites, which have all undergone significant metamorphism.
Overall, the petrology of the Sanaghagara waterfall is dominated by the
presence of iron-rich rocks, specifically BIFs, which have undergone extensive
metamorphism due to tectonic activity. The result is a diverse collection of
rocks and mineral assemblages that provide insight into the geological history
of the area.
MINERALOGY
The Sanaghagara waterfall is located in an area rich in minerals, including iron,
quartz, and various silicate minerals. The primary mineral of interest in the
area is iron, which is present in the form of hematite and magnetite within the
banded iron formations (BIFs) that dominate the geology of the region.
Hematite is a common mineral in the BIFs of the Sanaghagara waterfall and is
responsible for the characteristic red color of the rocks in the area. Hematite
is an iron oxide mineral and is one of the most important ores of iron. It is
typically found in sedimentary rocks and is often associated with the
formation of BIFs.
Magnetite is another important iron mineral found in the BIFs of the
Sanaghagara waterfall. It is a naturally occurring iron oxide mineral that is
highly magnetic and has a black metallic luster. Magnetite is a valuable source
of iron ore and is often found in association with hematite in BIFs.
In addition to iron minerals, the rocks in the area also contain a variety of
silicate minerals, including quartz, feldspar, and mica. These minerals are
typically present in the form of small grains and crystals within the BIFs and
other metamorphic rocks in the area.

Overall, the mineralogy of the Sanaghagara waterfall is dominated by iron
minerals, specifically hematite and magnetite, which are found within the
banded iron formations that characterize the geology of the region. The
presence of these minerals has played a significant role in the history and
development of the region, as they are the primary source of iron ore in the
area.

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