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The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those
of Corporación Procasur, its donors or programs. The designations employed and the presentation of
material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of Procasur
concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the
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drawings, are the intellectual property of Corporación Procasur. All rights reserved. Removal or alteration
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thereof for commercial use is not permitted without the explicit written authorization of Procasur. All program
names or services of Procasur used in this publication as well as corresponding logos are trademarks or
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part but not exclusively to a warranty of marketability and suitability for a particular purpose as well as a
warranty of non-violation of applicable law.
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This paper provides analytical elements and key aspects to approach the theme “Rural Youth
and Access to Land” and has been structured based on Corporación Procasur’s work in Latin
America; which has led to research and exchange opportunities to delve into strategies and
issues, and challenges faced by rural youth in order to ensure their access to land that is a critical
asset to plan their life strategies and development in rural areas.
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1.
Rural youth,
life strategies
and land tenure.
Currently, the concept of “Rural Youth” take
on different meanings, being both ‘youth’ and
‘rurality’ complex and dynamic concepts,
whose construction depends on socio-cultural,
economic and territorial factors.
“Youth” can be defined around three features:
it is a transitional stage between childhood
and the adult world, is a relational concept
(young-adult) and depends on the context.
In this regard, it is important to recognize
the plurality of youthful experiences as a
succession of cycles in specific contexts, which
are characterized by the condition of semi-
independence and progressive assumption
of roles and responsibilities: residential
independence, labor market participation,
marriage, parenthood.
On the other hand, the concept of “rurality”
has become analytically more complex due
to changes in the rural sector -in a context of
globalization- that break the dichotomy rural-
urban. These changes are understood from the
“new rurality” perspective that in Latin America
is characterized by four major changes: rural
activities outside the farm, increasing flexibility
and feminization of rural work, creation of rural-
urban interactions, and the growing relevance
of international migration and remittances.
Then, youth is understood as a transitional
stage between childhood and adulthood, in
which there is constant interaction between
personal choices and the possibilities available
in a rural context marked by the growing
importance of non-agricultural activities,
flexibility of labor, a broad portfolio of activities
and occupations increasingly linked to urban
areas, among others.
Meanwhile, the concept of “Life Strategies”
refers to understanding how individuals in rural
areas are organizing their lives in a complex
and dynamic environment, leveraging their
assets. Thus, livelihood strategies are the
choices made by individuals or households
to better use their resources and generate
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impact in their lives. Access of individuals or
households to assets is determined by:
1. Social relations that determine their position
in society, based on factors such as social
class, gender, ethnicity, age, religion,
among others.
2. Institutions that build formal rules,
conventions and codes of conduct that rule
and structure interactions.
3. Organizations, groups of individuals that
come together for a common goal and act
in an organized way.
Applying this approach to rural youth, allows
us to better understand how rural youth make
decisions regarding resources, livelihoods and
future plans according to alternatives available
in the environment and expectations related to
their origins and trajectories.
In turn, we understand “Land Tenure” as the
relationship between people, individuals or
groups, legally or customarily defined, and the
land. In other words, land tenure systems are
institutions that establish rules to access, use,
maintain and transfer land. Land tenure and
property rights can be defined through formal
and informal institutions, the former is legally
recognized by state agencies, whose rights are
protected by the legal system. And, informal
institutions work based on custom and culture,
however, informal should not be confused with
insecurity or illegality.
Land tenure allocate land rights to certain
subjects, whether individuals or legal entities,
individually or as groups, and is usually
classified into 4 categories: private, communal,
open access and state.
The security of land tenure means that others
recognize the rights of a person or group of
people, and that there are mechanisms to
protect those rights.
Land rights encompass a diversity of actions
related to it: the right to use, transfer, sell and
control how the land is being used, protection
against expropriation, transfer of rights to
successors, among others.
Currently, land tenure -both through formal and
informal institutions- discourages women and
youth, in a context of increasing concentration
and fragmentation of resources. Specifically,
young women are affected by factors such as:
preference for men when inheriting, privileges
of men in marriage, tendency to favor men in
programs of land distribution and gender bias
in the land market.
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2.
Main mechanisms
of access to land and
difficulties.
Secure access to land is a key productive factor
for life strategies of families and individuals,
who have or seek to have livelihoods based
on natural resources. It is especially important
to generate strategies for sustainable
livelihoods because land ownership allows the
diversification of activities, food sovereignty
and greater resilience.
In this sense, it is possible to identify a number
of mechanisms that are promoting access
to land for rural youth in Latin America and
that are related to the family, the community,
organizations and the market, fulfilling a
strategic role in life projects.
1. Inheritance
Inheritance continues to be the main form of
access to land for rural youth. However, the
inheritance process is late, inter-generational
transfer is from the elderly to the middle-aged.
This extends the economic dependence of
children, even after they have formed their own
families, generating conflicts. Decisions about
inheritance conditions are determined by the
head of the household. In cases where land
is scarce and when there is a heavy reliance
on family labor, families are likely to delay the
decision of delivering assets to children while
parents are still alive.
2. Rights to use the family plot
In families with enough land, it is possible to
see inter-generational transfer as a way of
accessing to land, establishing clearly defined
divisions on the family estate, the young can
decide more independently on the use of
the property while they can promote forms of
capitalization such as savings.
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3. Shared inheritance and co-ownership
Arrangements between heirs for titling in co-
ownership are a strategy used to access land
without having to fragment and subdivide it;
in these cases, clear family arrangements
are needed so the transfer will be in the best
moment of the life cycles of children. From
an economic perspective, the co-ownership
allows joint undertakings for family members,
representing a productive opportunity without
fragmenting the land.
4. Inheritance received in life and land partition
Land partition, which is an inheritance received
in life, establishes the boundaries of plots to be
inherited by children, it is the most important
inheritance practice prior to death. This practice
has been updated since it was commonly used
as dowry in marriage. Likewise, another use
that has been updated at community level is
the segregation of social duties involved in
land ownership, parents may transfer rights or
include the children in the land title, but they
continue complying with community duties on
behalf of the family.
5. Purchasing land on the market
As the possibility of inheritance is increasingly
limited due to the fragmentation of land, land
access for young people is reduced to buying
it in the market. Purchasing land depends on
local market and credit characteristics, but in
general young people have it difficult to access
formal financial mechanisms.
Therefore, young people must deploy a strategy
based on temporary migration that allows them
to work and save, and return with the required
capital to purchase land.
Presently, it is possible to identify a number
of factors that hinder or limit land access and
tenure for young people in Latin America and
that are related with legal, structural, family and
gender issues.
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1. Lack of registries and clearing of land titles
One of the most widespread difficulties to
secure land access is the lack of clarity about
land boundaries and rights, as well as the lack
of registries and the clearing of land titles. The
public registry and the clearing of land titles are
essential tools in order to secure land tenure
and natural resources.
Clearing of land titles is critical to exercise,
among others, property rights, such as selling
the land, using it as collateral and transferring
rights to children. Likewise, the lack of land
titles can inhibit productive investment in the
land. As the process of clearing land titles is
complex and costly, it is difficult to access to it.
The cadaster and public registry are essential
tools to avoid territorial conflicts between the
inhabitants of a territory such as communities,
families, businesses, or others.
2. Land concentration and fragmentation
A phenomenon that has become more
widespread and that is a problem for
inheritance received in life is the increasing
pressure on land and its fragmentation.
Countries in Latin America have a bifurcated
and concentrated ownership structure, in which
purchasing land tends to concentrate it, and
inheritance fragments the land. Peasant families
in different territories are facing a shortage of
land and are fragmenting their plots until they
are no longer productive, limiting inheritance,
which is the main way to access land for young
people.
3.Absence of family planning and access insecurity
The transfer of assets in rural families is often
a source of conflict, inheritance still remain
taboo because there is little dialogue and
planning within families about how it is going
to be done. Traditionally, the decision of who
inherits and when has been made by men in
the household. However, it is noted that this
situation is changing and that there is greater
participation of women and even children in this
decision.
4. Barriers based on gender
Generally, institutions governing land
tenure, whether formal or informal, put at a
disadvantage young people and women,
who have unequal access to land and rights
thereon. Institutions based on customs,
such as inheritance, have traditionally been
conservative and patriarchal, and it is a
widespread practice that the older son has a
better chance of accessing land, excluding
women.
In addition, there are a number of interactions
that influence the livelihoods of youth, which
are related to their position within families,
organizations and communities. The link that is
established with these structures will determine
their eligibility or the difficulties they may face
to achieve assets, such as land.
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At household level, the essential role of
young people in livelihood strategies and
their influence in future projects has been
noted. Family strategies are the most relevant
context where access to certain funds could be
determined, influencing the choices of young
people and therefore their life trajectories. At the
same time, at present, two characteristics from
rural households remain and are maintained,
these are ties of reciprocity and relations of
interdependence.
Young people in the transition to adulthood
require different supports, tangible and
intangible, such as knowledge transfer as well
as production of assets. Therefore, parents play
a critical role in life strategies of young people,
supporting the migration planning, funding
studies, encouraging work and receiving in
return the contribution of youth to the family
economy.
In this regard, inter-generational transfer
is broadly understood, comprising how
parents involve youth in productive activities,
transferring knowledge, supporting the initial
capitalization and transferring assets.
Meanwhile, another factor affecting the
livelihoods of young people is the experience
of parents in agriculture and how they involve
their children in farming. Generally, parents
have a negative perception of farming linked
to hardships and low incomes, advising their
children to seek other livelihoods outside the
plots.
This leads to tensions between autonomy and
control, in relation to household production
decisions and access to assets, as well as at
community level in terms of youth participation
in decision-making within their community
organizations, which determine accessibility to
resources controlled by the community.
In community structures, there is still a
negative gap in relation to women and young
people, who do not participate in community or
productive instances, and are not represented
in the system and in decision making instances.
This situation affects girls and women’
opportunities to access resources managed
by the community, as well as their participation
in organizations and their life strategies. In
this regard, it is a pending challenge for
community organizations to update and deploy
strategies in order to involve women and
youth in their organizational dynamics so they
could have access to information relevant to
the production, access to resources such as
land, water and others that are controlled by
these instances, besides enhancing feelings of
attachment and belonging that are important for
self-identification
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3.
Experiences in Latin
America: programs and
case studies.
The access to assets such as land for rural
young people is essential to ensure positive
impacts on rural development processes
and family farming. In order to understand
lessons learned from the major projects that
have addressed this topic in Latin America,
Corporación Procasur has conducted a
comparative analysis of four identified
programs, following are the recommendations.
Likewise, in order to identify and analyze
local experiences and formal -and informal-
mechanisms of access to land for rural youth,
we present the main results of six case studies
promoted by Corporación Procasur and the
International Land Coalition for land access.
1. Programs of Land Access for Rural Youth
The programs include rural youth as target
population and facilitate their access to land
through rural development programs, and
involve addressing core issues related to the
future of rurality and economic and social
sustainability of rural environments.
In order to obtain lessons learned from
projects that aimed at facilitating access
to land for rural youth in Latin America, the
following four programs were analyzed: the
National Credit Program, Fundiário Nossa
Primeira Terra, Brazil, which is part of the
Brazilian land reform, participative and strongly
subsidized; the project “Innovative Models-
Young Coffee Producers” from the National
Federation of Coffee Producers (Federación
Nacional de Cafeteros, FNC), a public-private
project with great support and profitability
guaranties in Colombia; the program Land
and Implementation Program for Young
Rural Entrepreneurs (Programa de Fondo de
Tierra e Instalación del Joven Emprendedor
Rural), Mexico, that together with the World
Bank emphasizes the economic feasibility of
entrepreneurships; and the projects Youth from
Agricultural Cooperatives (Jóvenes de Uniones
de Cooperativas Agropecuarias), Nicaragua,
result of the concern of peasant organizations
and their children facing future opportunities
and treats.
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Some of the lessons of these programs are in
relation with the following:
• Encourage “inheritance received in life”
of land, facilitating private agreements on
current beneficial use of future inheritances,
through loans to buy land from parents,
or other mechanisms that emerge from
an intergenerational dialogue. These
mechanisms should always be applied
along with others that promote the increase
of land for the poorest youth.
• Train young people so that they could
identify their best implementation options,
acquire skills as entrepreneurs and
establish strategic alliances. Training
must be certified with quality control. The
certification of training is an element that
can be useful in the future of young people.
• Support young people in the analysis
and decision making on ownership
and collective, private and cooperative
work. Support programs to access land
for rural youth should maintain flexible
operating rules, in order that land access
mechanisms, financing and the organization
of beneficiaries could accommodate
different agro-business projects that
emerge from the learning in practice.
• Allocate exceptional human and financial
resources to adequately support youth
enterprises. Professionals highly flexible
and adaptable to local conditions and their
changes are required, specialized in youth
and productive projects.
• Provide maximum support at the stage of
commercialization of products from the
land, through associations and connections
to existing supply chains. Mechanisms
should be created to facilitate the sale of
the production under suitable conditions.
The lack of own experiences makes youth
particularly vulnerable when entering the
market.
• Presence of rural youth in designing and
redesigning ongoing land programs
for rural youth. On the other hand, the
participation of community and peasant
organizations creates more transparency in
the process and legitimize the actions and
provide a framework of social development.
• Implement a gender equity approach
and preferential work supporting young
couples owning land. Made visible female
participation, when working with young
couples, through actions that recognize
the couple as main beneficiary. However,
where there are indigenous peoples
among target communities, it is likely that
a participatory assessment will discover
specific needs for indigenous youth. With
such a diagnosis, it would be possible to
design specific instruments for the needs
and strengths of young people in each
indigenous group.
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2. Case studies: Mechanisms of Access to Land for Rural Youth
Case study
Regional Research Competition
-Corporación Procasur and ILC-
Country Research name Research objective Key points
1. Peru “Heirs of the Land
Reform at Chancay
River Valley”
Analyze from an
historical perspective
the land system and
social differentiation at
the Valley of Chancay,
Department of Lima.
• The focus of analysis was
the land reform of the late
60s, aimed at studying the
relationship of heirs, the youth
of today, with the land, trying
to understand whether social
differentiation that arose under
the hacienda system persists.
• Currently, the land is leased in
the form of rent per agricultural
c a m p a i g n , a l t h o u g h t h e
main activity of the families is
not farming, they directly or
indirectly receive this income.
• There is a negative perception
of agriculture among adults, due
to poor working conditions and
low pay.
• This negative perception is
replicated among youth, and
thus their life projects are away
from agricultural work and the
life in Chancay.
• Regarding self-perception,
young people do not consider
themselves as rural population,
a s t h e y a r e i n c o n s t a n t
movement towards urban areas.
• Young women are no longer
engaged in farming, they are
mainly engaged in service areas
or studies.
• For some young, land is
a strategy of capitalizing
resources.
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2. Colombia “Uncertainties planted
in soil. Practices
and expectations
of young people in
intergenerational and
gender perspective
in a war context.”
The case of Eastern
Antioquia Region.
Corporación
Ambiental Río Verde,
COAM.
Deepen the relationship,
expectations and
perceptions of young
people in relation to
land and territory in a
context that has been
marked by conflict.
• Categories are identified
on life projects of families in
relation to land: “Best stay in
the countryside”, “better leave
town,” “obtain education to
return to the countryside”,
“building families” and “women
in the field”.
• Highlights the importance of
family strategies for life projects
of young people.
• Among family strategies, good
intergenerational transfer
practices have been identified,
regulated by parents through
savings –whether profits
earned or crops-, young people
autonomy and capitalization is
supported.
• There are three sources
of livelihoods: land, rural
e m p l o y m e n t a n d a n i m a l
production.
• Reaffirms the existence of
gender differentiation in terms of
the invisibility of women’s work,
double female working day and
preference for men in access to
inheritance.
• The conditions of agricultural
labor hinder young people
from developing life strategies
associated with the land, which
especially affects women in the
absence of non-farming jobs.
• Currently, young people is
aware of limited choices and
land access.
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3. Bolivia “Young women
access to land in the
highlands of Bolivia”.
Fundación TIERRA.
Analyzes the
participation of young
women in community
management of
land rights in two
communities in the
Bolivian highlands:
Pujsani and Uricachi
Grande.
• The context is the
implementation of the clearing
of land titles policy, whose
purpose is the updating
process of property rights
throughout the national
territory.
• The people of both
communities create life
strategies based on double
residence, they are governed
by customs, and land tenure is
mixed but mostly individual.
• Both communities conduct
a process of internal
reorganization based on
collective agreements that are
subsequently validated by the
National Institute of Agrarian
Reform (INRA), with legal
endorsement.
• Two tools for registration
and community control of
land rights were created: the
communal statute (which
reflects the agreements of the
community) and communal
rights registration (to update
rights).
• The role of formal tools (INRA
Act 1996 and the Constitution)
is recognized, in which the
participation of women in the
reorganization and distribution
of land is guaranteed.
• Three forms of ownership arose
from the process of clearing
land titles (merely man, merely
woman, and man and woman);
co-ownership is the most used
for titling, children can obtain
the rights to the land without
subdividing it.
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• Another innovative practice
to facilitate the transfer of
land to young people was
the segregation of the social
duties involved in ownership,
parents may assume duties
with the community on behalf
of children.
• In general, there are good
practices associated with
updating traditional institutions
to make them more appropriate
to current contexts.
• One of the desires of young
people in relation to land is
to continue being linked to
the community but not living
permanently in it.
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4. Guatemala “Farewell to the
land: life trajectories
and projects of
young people in
rural communities
in Guatemala”.
AVANCSO
Understanding life
trajectories and projects
of rural youth in relation
to five major issues:
family, education,
participation in
community organization
and future projects.
• Land ownership is analyzed
from a historical perspective,
since the colonial legacy, land
reform, the neoliberal model
and economic liberalization in
which the concentration of land
and unequal access to land
persists.
• In the community of Ixcán,
the initial distribution of land
is organized around the
Cooperative Resistencia and
maintains the original titles.
• Land fragmentation by
inheritance persists, favoring
male children.
• It is more feasible for young
people to access land by
purchasing or inheriting but no
longer in their communities.
• Even though the Cooperative
is a rooting referent, the
disengagement of young
people from the land and
agricultural work and life is
evident.
• In general, there is an effort to
combine study expectations
with life in the communities; the
land has a complementary role
of security in their lives.
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5. Argentina “Land titling and its
impact on young
farmers. Two study
cases in the Argentine
Chaco”
–FUNDAPAZ-.
It analyzes the absence
and irregularity of land
titling and the limited
land registration system
as a source of land
tenure conflict in the
region of the Argentine
Chaco.
• The absence of land titles
affects the economic potential of
rural families and future projects
of youth.
• An alliance between territorial
organizations and support
NGOs has been organized
in order to obtain the legal
recognition of property rights.
• There is a need for institutional
change on land tenure, as
consequence of pressure
which requires a new process
of clearing of land titles, in
order to prevent the escalation
of regional conflicts.
• The alliance between regional
organizations and support
N G O s h a s e n a b l e d t h e
redefinition of regulatory
frameworks recognizing rights
through the legal figure of the
holder, although he/she does
not have a title has rights,
such as self-defense of his
possession, claims to justice,
land acquisition.
• Cohabitation agreements
were generated, and land use
planning was worked through
participatory mapping.
• At the same time, political
round-tables were organized.
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6. Nicaragua “ Land redistribution
processes through
inheritance to
rural youth in the
municipalities of
Somotillo and Río
Blanco”
Analyzes land
inheritance processes
based on life
strategies approach
in the municipalities
of Somotillo and Rio
Blanco.
• Life strategies of young people
are categorized according
to the degree of autonomy:
integrated strategies (without
autonomy and linked to their
families), strategies mediated by
parents (parents as facilitators
of resources), strategies for
greater autonomy (establishing
their own development paths).
• It is evident the relevance of
territorial and socio-economic
contexts of families in relation to
the possibilities of inheritance
and its impact on youth paths.
• According to the life strategies
of families and their situation
regarding land, youth strategies
are defined.
• Possible development paths
followed by youth are identified:
the livestock route (with
possibility of inheritance), the
path of intensive family economy
(children are part of the family
project), the route of poverty
(mixed strategy of agricultural
work and employment).
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4.
Recommendations.
The analysis of the situation of rural youth and
their access to land in connection with their life
strategies, realizes the barriers and limitations
experienced, among them lack of transfer
of domestic assets, economic dependence
up to adulthood, the lack of participation in
community forums and subjective and objective
conditions around agriculture.
In this regard, it is possible to identify some
guidelines or key points to be addressed in
order to facilitate land access for rural youth
and enhance their life projects while ensuring
the sustainability of their strategies in rural
areas.
1. Intergenerational transfer as part of the family strategy
The family context of the young is key in
determining his/her life trajectory, the family
strategy and the space given to the young’s
own strategy may limit or expand his/her
opportunities. The family plays a key role in
determining his/her life strategies because
when young people begin to make strategic
decisions, they are living at home with their
parents, who are the main source of support
to access resources, continuing studies and
receiving intangible support.
There are economic factors that inhibit the
intergenerational transfer, but there are
also cultural factors, since actions such as
greater autonomy in terms of land or improved
savings, do not necessarily challenge the
family strategy. It is required a cultural change
in parents, taking into account the changing
rural contexts. In this regard, intergenerational
transfer processes can be performed through
awareness, promoting dialogue spaces in
order to identify and plan strategies to transfer
assets. In this sense, financial incentives may
be considered for intra-family transfer of assets.
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2. Strengthening and inclusion of young people in
community organizations
One of the barriers for the inclusion of young
people in community organizations is the lack
of recognition of the youth as a key sector.
The current young generation postpones
its participation in community structures for
prioritizing professional and study objectives
that assure greater autonomy. In this context,
community organizations must adapt their
institutions to better include young people. The
collective organization is of great relevance to
young people because it can facilitate access
to resources.
3. Improving access to land for rural youth: family
arrangements and initiatives for land acquisition
In general, it is found that rural youth values
strategically access to land as it provides
security to their life strategies, as they have
some knowledge about how to work the land,
it represents a resource that allows capitalizing
and investing, or it can generate incomes
through leasing.
Meanwhile, rural development projects along
with the promotion of awareness regarding
intergenerational transfer, and the importance
of planning and promoting family agreements,
should provide the required legal support
to facilitate the land transfer and its secure
access.
This requires public policies, enabling rural
youth to acquire land, facilitating financial
mechanisms adapted to their reality, such as
the creation of a land fund or specific credits
for said purpose. The State should explore
possibilities for policies that facilitate access
to land for youth to serve as an incentive for
them to return to their territories and lead rural
development processes.
21. América Latina y el Caribe
Heriberto Covarrubias 21 Of. 705
Ñuñoa, casilla 599.
Santiago, Chile.
Tel: +56 2 23416367
http://americalatina.procasur.org
África
Shelter Afrique Building, 2nd Floor,
Mamlaka Road, off Nyerere Road. P.O.
Box 25965 - 00100 Nairobi, Kenia.
Tel: +254 20 2716036
http://africa.procasur.org
Asia y Pacífico
209/34 Moo 10, Chiang Mai-Hangdong
Road, T. Padad, A.Muang, Chiang Mai
50000 Tailandia.
Tel: +66 53272362
http://asia.procasur.org
Procasur Corporation is a global organization specialized in harvesting and scaling-up homegrown innovations. The organization’s
mission is to foster local knowledge exchange to end rural poverty. By sharing innovations through customized local knowledge-
management tools and methodologies,the organization connects global institutions with local talents,providing the structured learning
platforms necessary to spread innovation. Procasur has facilitated learning opportunities in over 30 countries in Africa,Asia, and Latin
America and the Caribbean,affecting the lives and livelihoods of thousands of rural talents across the globe.To learn more,visit www.
procasur.org
