Seed production of Tomato and Cole crops

1. Tribhuwan University
Institute of Agriculture and and Animal Science
Paklihawa,Rupandehi
An assignment on………
Seed production of vegetables: Tomato, Cole crops
Submitted to : Submitted by :
Mr. Prakash Ghimire Pooja Aryal(289)
Assistant professor Pragya Poudel(290)
Department of Agronomy Prabina Acharya(291)
IAAS, Paklihawa Pravin Budhathoki(292)
Pushpa Gyawali(293)

2. Cole Crops
All Cole crops except Chinese cabbage have developed from wild cliff Cabbage (B. oleracea var. sylvestris),
known as colewort’s, from which the name Cole is derived. Cole crops includes:
• Cauliflower: Brassica oleraceae var. botrytis
• Cabbage -White Cabbage: Brassica oleraceae var. capitata.
• Red Cabbage: B.oleraceae var. rubra.
• Savoy Cabbage : B.oleraceae var. sabauda
• Broccoli: Brassica oleraceae var. italic
• Khol rabi (Gyath govi): Brassica oleraceae var. caulorapa/ gongylodes
• Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera)
• Chinese Cabbage:
Heading Type: Brassica campestris sub sp. Pekinensis
Non Heading Type: sub sp.chinensis
• Kale/collards: Brassica oleraceae var. acephala
Seed Production of Cauliflower
Breeding behaviors of Cole Crops
• Cole crops are highly cross pollinated. Cauliflower cross pollination occurs as high as 70%, in cabbage
73% and in Broccoli 95%.
• Cole group vegetables are characterized by self-incompatibility (Sporophytic type) and protogyny in
nature.
• Long receptivity of flower duet to protogynous nature of flower
• Brassicas have perfect flowers
• Require insect pollinators for pollination. Bee and Bumble Bee are major pollinating agenets
• Varieties of same species in cole crops cross-pollinate with other varieties of same species.
• So isolation distance is maintained in seed production to maintain genetic purity of seed
• Most of the cole crops except of Broccoli and some varieties of Cauliflower require specific cold treatment
for transformation of vegetative growth stage into reproductive growth stage
• For cabbage, 4-7 0C for 6-8 wks depending up on variety to pass juvenile into reproductive stage.
• Cauliflower is much more subjected to freezing injury than cabbage

3. • Cauliflowers varies from typical annual to biennial
• Biennials are fully dependent on vernalization of curding e.g in Dolpa Snowball variety
• Curd is an early stage of inflorescence development as its formation invariably proceeds floral initiation
• Seeds may be produced in situ or may be transplanted after production of curd.
Methods of Seed Production
A. Insitu Method or Seed to Seed Method
• Plants are allowed to overwinter in their original field/position where they are first planted.
• Spacing for early varieties = 60 c.m×45 c.m and for late varieties = 60 c.m× 60 c.m
• At curd maturity, longitudinal/horizontal half cut of curd surface is made which is called scooping to
induce flowering shoots for those cultivars which have compact curd like in Snowball series.
• It makes easier bolting, early flowering and higher yield
B. Transplanting or Curd to Seed Method Selection of curds :
• Select true to type mature curds bearing plants.
• Selected plants are uprooted
Roguing: is done thoroughly to ensure true to type in curd size, shape and color, compactness, to ensure free
from riceness/fuzziness and to ensure nature of bolting.
Isolation distance: For foundation seed production = 1600 m and for certified seed = 1000 m
Transplanting of curd:
• After removing the outer leaves, plants are immediately transplanted in a new prepared field as in fresh
production.
• The recommended manure and fertilizers are applied. All amount of well rotten FYM/Compost, and 1/3 rd
of N2, full amount/dose of P2O5 and K2O and Borax is applied at the time of transplanting of selected
plants. The remaining 1/3rd of N2 is applied at crop growth stage and remaining 1/3 rdis applied at
commencement of flowering
• Spacing: transplanted in wider spacing of 60c.m× 60 c.m.
Field Inspection and Rouging
a. Before the marketable stage.
b. When curd formation starts
c. When most plants have formed curd
d. During flowering and pod formation stage
Seed Harvesting

4. • Harvest seed pods when they are fully mature.
• As they start to mature, pods will start to dry and turn brown. If over dry, shattering problem occurs
• Thresh out the seeds and after winnowing, the small and unwanted seeds removed.
• Grading of seed is done. Seeds are allowed to dry
• Seeds are stored in air tight container, store seeds in cool and dry place
Seed Yield: Average seed yield of cauliflower is 5-6 quintal per hectare however it depends of variety and
growing condition.
Field and Seed Standard
Details Foundation Seed Certified Seed
Off type % 0.1% 0.2%
Diseased % 0.1% 0.2% for black rot
0.1% 0.5% Alternaria leaf spot
Seed Standard
Pure Seed % 98% 98%
Inert Matter % 2% 2%
Other crop seed(no) 0 0
Weed seed (no) 0 0
Other variety seed 0 0
Germination % 75% 75%
Moisture %= Normal 8% 8%
Air tight container 5% 5%
Seed Production of Cabbage
Floral biology of Cabbage
• Cabbage is a cross-pollinated crop, pollination occurs mainly through bees. Bumble bees are also some
times observed.
• The pollen viability is dependent on temperature, 15-20°C temperature is best forpollen germination.
• Temperature below 10 oC and above 25°C hampers pollen germination (Odland and Noll, 1950).
• The inflorescence is a raceme on which are born four petal, yellow flowers typical of the Brassicaceae.
• The flowering process starts from the bottom of the raceme and moves to the top.
• This often results in racemes on which mature silique are found on the bottom with unopened flower buds
on the top causing an uneven setting and ripening of seed on the plant.
• The flowers are insect pollinated. When hybrid seed is produced, this normally occurs in a 2:2 ratio of
male: female parent rows.

5. • After pollination, elongation of a dry pod called a silique containing 10 to 30 seeds is completed after three
tofour weeks.
• Dehiscence occurs when the two silique valves split from the point of attachment to the plant upward
leaving the exposed seeds attached to the placenta.
Climatic Requirement for Cauli and Cabbage Seed Production
• The place where winter is mild and spring comes earlier
• Rainfall is less or no rainfall during flowering and seed maturity
• Mid Hills (1000 m-1400m) is the best for seed production
• Seed is produced where in the hills, chilling temperature (-3 oC to 8 Oc) is available at head maturity stage
for overwintering which helps in initiation of flower primordial
• Most cabbage are biennial for seed production.
• For vegetative development: Cool regions having fairly moderate rainfall well distributed throughout the
season followed by vernalization requirement.
• Fairly dry and cool summer at flowering and fruiting/reproductive development.
Land Requirement for Cauli and Cabbage Seed Production
• Land is not suitable where same kind of crop or Cole crops was grown within previous two years
• The field should not contain seed borne disease infection beyond the maximum permissible level
• The field should be free from volunteer plant
• Soil should be fertile, sandy loam to clay loan and soil pH 6-6.8.
Isolation distance: For foundation seed production = 1600 m and for certified seed = 1000 m
Methods of Seed Production
A. InsituMethod or Seed to Seed Method
• Plants are allowed to seed in its place of transplanting (original position of first planted)
• Essential requirement of this method if there is high quality foundation seed.
• Field preparation and cultural practices is followed as in fresh production (up to head
production/maturity)
• Time of transplanting is followed as in the head to seed method.
• The recommended manure and fertilizers are applied. All amount of well rotten FYM/Compost, and
1/3 rdof N2, full amount/dose of P2O5 and K2O and Borax is applied at the time of transplanting of
selected plants. The remaining 1/3rd of N2 is applied at crop growth stage and remaining 1/3 rdis applied
at commencement of flowering /bolting stage

6. B. Transplanting or Head to Seed Method
• Crop is grown as same way as in market crop production
• Transplanting is so adjusted so that, full maturity of the head reached before snowfall
Selection of Cabbage Head:
• Select true to type mature head bearing plants.
• Selected plants are uprooted
• is done thoroughly to ensure true to type in head size, shape and color, compactness, to ensure free
from disease and to ensure nature of bolting Head Storage
• True to type head after rouging are immediately stored in trench for overwintering
• A single layer of head is placed in a slant position in trenches of 75 cm deep× 90 cm wide ×3 m long
with roots 5-7 c m deep in the soil.
• The trench is covered with wooden planks, 15 c m earth soil is spread over them
• On both end of trench, small holes are provided for ventilation.
• In cellar storage, temperature 0 o
C, RH 90-95% is maintained for cabbage head storage.
Replanting of Cabbage Head
• Stored plants are reset at the onset of spring.
• Row to Row =90-180 c.m, Plant to Plant =45-90 c.m, but depends on variety and location
• A cross cut of 2.5 c m-5 c m deep is given at across each head to facilitate the emergence of flower stalk.
• Repeated incisions at later dates may be necessaryThe recommended manure and fertilizers are applied.
All amount of well rotten FYM/Compost, and 1/3 rd of N2, full amount/dose of P2O5 and K2O and Borax is
applied at the time of transplanting of selected plants. The remaining 1/3rd of N2 is applied at crop growth
stage and remaining 1/3 rdis applied at commencement of flowering /bolting stage
C. Stump Method
• Head after their formation are deheaded keeping the outer whorl of leaves intact.
• Head are marketed of the selected stumps
• Selected stumps are either kept in situ or transplanted during late autumn or early winter.
• The auxiliary buds of the outer leaves develop and give rise to the flowering stalk
Field Inspection and Rouging:
a. Before the marketable stage of head : Rouging is done during field inspection based on vegetative
characters: leaf shape, size, color, crop growth, disease infestation. True to type characters of the variety are
ensured during field inspection

7. b. Heads have formed or Head stage : Rouging is done during field inspection based on cabbage head
characters: head shape, size, color, weight, compactness, disease infestation. True to type characters of the
variety are ensured during field inspection
c. During flowering and fruiting stage : Rouging is done during field inspection based on flower and fruit
characters: fower shape, size, color, , fruit shape, size and color, number of seeds per fruit, disease
infestation. True to type characters of the variety are ensured during field inspection
Seed Harvesting and Storage :
• Fully matured fruit pod is likely dehice/shattering
• Crop has to be harvested before older pods becomes dry
• Harvesting is started when noticiable proportion of pods have become yellow
• Curing of of crop is done at shaded place
• Harvested pods may be covered with tarpouline
• After curing 4-5 days, when pods show sign of drying/brownish appearance, pods are dried in sun
• It may take few days to few weeks depending on climate.
• Threshing is done with help of wooden sticks,
• Cleaning and grading is done after sieving. The underdeveloped seeds, small and light, shrunken rotten,
splitted seeds are removed during grading
• Seeds are stored in air tight containers under well ventilated, cool and dry place.
Seed Yield:
The yield of 8-10 quintal
Field Standard Details
Details Foundation Seed Certified Seed
Off type % 0.1% 0.2%
Diseased % 0.1% 0.2% for black rot
0.1% 0.5% Alternaria leaf spot
Seed Standard
Pure Seed % 98% 98%
Inert Matter % 2% 2%
Other crop seed(no) 0 0
Weed seed (no) 0 0
Other variety seed 0 0
Germination % 75% 75%
Moisture %= Normal 8% 8%
Air tight container 5% 5%