immunizing agents

2. Presented by
Mr U Vijay kumar
Bsc 4th year

3. Vaccines Immunuglobulins
Antisera

4.  Vaccination is a method of giving antigen to
stimulate the immune response through active
immunization.
 A vaccine is an Immuno-biological substance
designed to produce specific protection against a
given disease.
 A vaccine is “antigenic” but not “pathogenic”.

5.  Live Attenuated vaccines
 Inactivated (killed vaccines)
 Toxoids
 Polysaccharide and polypeptide (cellular fraction)
vaccines
 Surface antigen (recombinant) vaccines.

6.  Live vaccines are made from live infectious agents
without any amendment.
 The only live vaccine is “Variola” small pox vaccine,
made of live vaccinia cow-pox virus (not variola virus)
which is not pathogenic but antigenic, giving cross
immunity for variola.

7.  Live attenuated vaccines
 Bacterial- BCG, Typhoid(oral), Plague
 Viral- oral polio, measles, mumps, rubella, yellow
fever, influenza – Rickettisal- Epi. Typhus.

8.  Organisms are killed or inactivated by heat or
chemicals but remain antigenic. They are usually
safe but less effective than live attenuated vaccines.
The only absolute contraindication to their
administration is a severe local or general reaction
to a previous dose.

9.  Killed vaccines
 Bacterial- pertusis, typhoid, cholera, – Viral- Rabies,
Hepatitis B, Influenza, Japanes encephalitis –
Combination
 DTP, MMR, DT, Hib-Hep B.

10.  A vaccines can be made of a single or multiple
antigenic components of a microorganisms that are
capable of specific immune response sufficient to
protect from the relevant pathogen infection or
from the clinical manifestation of a disease.

11.  They are prepared by detoxifying the exotoxins of some
bacteria rendering them antigenic but not pathogenic.
Adjuvant (e.g. alum precipitation) is used to increase the
potency of vaccine.
 The antibodies produces in the body as a consequence of
toxoid administration neutralize the toxic moiety produced
during infection rather than act upon the organism itself. In
general toxoids are highly efficacious and safe immunizing
agents.

12.  The human immunoglobulin (Ig) system is composed of 5
major classes (IgG, IgM, IgA,IgD, & IgE) and subclasses
within them.
 The various classes and sub classes of immunoglobulins
represents different functional groups that are required to
meet different types of antigenic challenges.

13.  IgG is the major immunoglobulin of serum, comprising
about 80 % of total serum immunoglobulins.
 Because its relatively smaller molecular weight 150,000,
IgG can diffuse into the interstitial fluid. In other words
IgG is largely extra vascular.
 Anti –bacterial, anti-viral and anti-toxic antibodies are
found exclusively among IgG globulins
 Its half life is about 21 days

14.  IgM: It accounts for about 6% of normal serum
immunoglobulins. It represents antibody that is promptly
formed with exposure to antigen.
 Its presence may be represents there is recent infection.
 IgM antibody has high agglutinating and complement –
fixing ability.
 Its half life is about 7 days.

15.  It constitutes about 13 %of the total serum
immunoglobulins. Anti body activity to a wide
range of viral and bacterial antigens has been
reported in the class .
 Its is mostly found in the body secretions
 Eg: Saliva ,milk, colostrum tears bronchial
secretions, nasal mucosa ,vaginal secretion
 It provides the primary defence mechanism at the
mucosa membranes against local infection

16.  IgE : The serum level of IgE is <0.0005 mg per ml ,And
its half life is 2 days .
 IgE is concentrated in submucosa tissues.
 It is the major antibody responsible for the immediate
allergic anaphylatic reaction

17.  IgD acts as an antigen receptor when present on
the surface of certain B lymphocytes . In serum
it is present only in trace amount
 Its half life 2 days

18.  The term antisera is applied to the material prepared in
animal. Organically passive immunity was achieved by
the administration of antisera or antitoxins prepared from
non- human sources like horse.
 Bacterial- Diphtheria, tetanus, Gas gangrene
 Viral- Rabies.

19.  Immunization schedule should be planned according
to the needs of the community. It must be effective,
feasible and acceptable by the community.
 Every country has its own immunization schedule.
 The WHO launched global immunization program
in 1974, known as Expended program on
Immunization (EPI) to protect all children of the
world against six killer disease.