1) India is committing genocide and atrocities against Kashmiris, including extrajudicial killings, torture, rape and suppression of freedoms. However, major powers have failed to adequately address this due to their own strategic interests with India. 2) The document examines how realpolitik influences the international community's weak response, given India's growing economic and military power as well as its strategic partnership with the US. 3) It argues R2P has been undermined by great power politics and is not being applied to stop India's genocide in Kashmir as it should according to the framework. Major countries are turning a blind eye to human rights abuses for their own interests.

1. POLITICS OF RESPONSIBILITY TO
PROTECT (R2P): GENOCIDE IN
KASHMIR AND REALPOLITIK
PRESENTER: DR. MEHMOOD HUSSAIN
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
AJ&K UNIVERSITY MUZAFFARABAD

2. STRUCTURE
• Introduction
• Research Questions
• Responsibility to Protect (R2P): Theory and Practice
• India’s Atrocity Crimes in IIOJK
• Politics of R2P and Realpolitik
• Indo-US Strategic Partnership
• India’s Rise in Regional and Global Politics
• US Indo Pacific Strategy and India’s Importance
• Indo-China Relations in the New Era
• Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
• Dispute over Jammu & Kashmir is an unfinished agenda of the British colonial
empire.
• It started soon after the British withdrawal from the Sub-Continent and
indulged the newly independent states of India and Pakistan into a protracted
conflict.
• The two states have fought three full-fledged wars and number of low
intensity conflicts.
• India is committing gross human rights violations including genocide, crimes
against humanity, war crimes and ethnic cleansing in the region.
• But the world has failed to adequately address the grievances of the peoples of
Kashmir.
• In August 2019, New Delhi revoked Article 370 and 35A stripping off the
special status of the region, put stringent limitations and executing a
systematic and planned genocide campaign in the IIOJK.

4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
• How and to what extent India is committing the four types of
crimes in Kashmir.
• How realpolitik and national interests are articulating the
response of the international community.

5. RESPONSIBILITY TO PROTECT (R2P): THEORY AND PRACTICE
• The framework was adopted in 2005 World Summit Outcome Document.
• It is built upon three pillars to save civilians from genocide, war crimes, ethnic
cleansing, and crimes against humanity.
• The pillar one emphasizes upon the state responsibility to protect citizens
from the four types of crimes.
• The pillar two is a natural extension of the former that if a state is not
prepared to save citizens, then the international community is morally bound
to help develop the state capabilities to safeguard its population.
• The pillar three articulate that if a state itself involve in genocide, war crimes,
ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity, then the international
community is responsible to protect citizens, and it is mandated “to take the
collective action appropriately and decisively through the guidelines given in
the Chapter VI and VIII of the United Nations Charter”.
• The UN applied the framework in Libya, Yemen, Liberia, South Sudan, Syria,
and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

6. INDIA’S ATROCITY CRIMES IN KASHMIR
• The IIOJK is experiencing the brutal Indian repression involved; torture,
extrajudicial killings, rape, enforced disappearances, arbitrary detentions and
pellet gun violence.
• The Muslim majority population of Kashmir is facing a threat of state-
sponsored genocide and atrocity crimes, which are broadly referred to three
legally defined international crimes; genocide, crimes against humanity and
war crimes.
• Since January 1989, the suppressive forces persecuted around hundred
thousand Kashmiris to change the demography of the region.
• Rape has become a weapon of the Indian security forces to terrorize and
frighten the Kashmiri women. Multiple case of gang rape by the Indian
security forces has been documented.
• Torture is yet another exceptional tool of Indian brutality and explains the
appalling number of people who have been died in custody of the security
forces.

7. CONT.
• To execute a systematic and sustained genocide India has put in place various
laws in the occupied region.
• The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act 1990 (AFSPA),
Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act 1978, Unlawful Activities (Prevention)
Act 1967 are particularly used against the civilians.
• India is unleashing a new agenda of “settler colonialism” in the Jammu and
Kashmir to alter the Muslim identity and population.
• So it implemented new domicile and reorganization law in Kashmir in 2019.
• “August was . . . not a beginning, not a diversion, not a rupture,” but the
extension of seventy years of mass killings, blindings, torturings,
disappearances, and rape, all of which advanced the mission to — physically
and symbolically— “eliminate” the Kashmiri”.

8. HR VIOLATIONS IN IIOJK SINCE 1989
Sr. # Description No's
1 Total Killings 96089
2 Custodial Killings 7244
3 Civilian Arrested 164931
4 Structures Arsoned/Destroyed 110484
5 Women Widowed 22946
6 Children Orphaned 107866
7 Women Gang-raped/Molested 11255
Source: Kashmir Media Service

9. INDIA-US STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP
• The end of cold war triggered a convergence of interests in the Indo-US
relations consequently establishing a strong and sustained strategic
partnership.
• The partnership aims to maintain the US hegemony and contain China.
• In 2005, Indo-US signed a civil nuclear deal and a 10 years defense
cooperation framework.
• The Indo-US strategic partnership further witnessed an accelerated growth
during President Obama and Trump administrations.
• President Obama granted India a special role in his Asia Pacific policy, terming
partnership with India a global partnership.
• The India-US defense cooperation has become a central pillar of this new
found strategic partnership.
• In the post 9/11 era, the India-US inked deals in four crucial areas of defence.
(a) “the General Security of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA); (b) the
Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement

10. CONT.
• (c) the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA)
(d) the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement for Geospatial
Cooperation (BECA)”.
• The 2+2 framework institutionalized the strategic cooperation.
• The foreign and defense ministers of respective states meet annually.
• Defense and naval collaboration is yet another aspect of enhanced
collaboration.
• The forces of the two countries jointly undertook various exercises, including
Shatrujeet involving the US Marine Corps and the Indian Army; Yudh Abbas, an
annual army-to-army exercise; and Balanced Iroquois, a special forces training
exercise, and annual Malabar Exercise.
• Through active cooperation with India, the US is reluctant to criticize New
Delhi over its deliberate human rights abuses in IIOJK.

11. INDIA’S RISE IN REGIONAL AND GLOBAL POLITICS
• Sustained economic growth, abundant human resource equipped with higher
education and technological prowess, and profound military power has made
India a major regional and global power.
• Since 1990s, India embraced the market led economic growth, eradicating the
structural barriers in its economy consequently making it a major emerging
economy.
• The economic strength has helped India to play a bigger role in the regional and
global politics.
• India joined various regional and global organizations to better participate in the
global governance and rule based international order.
• Creating strategic partnerships became as one of the central pillar of Indian
foreign policy to pursue its agenda of great power. As of 2015, India inked strategic
relationships with the 28 countries across the globe
• India is the founding member of BRICS and AIIB, a permanent member of SCO,
ASEAN, SAARC, and many others.
• Except Pakistan, South Asian regional politics is heavily influenced by India. New
Delhi regularly intervene in Nepal, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and Bangladesh.

12. US INDO-PACIFIC STRATEGY AND INDIA’S IMPORTANCE
• Former President Trump rebranded the American Asia Pacific strategy into the
Indo-Pacific giving larger role to India in the region.
• Since 1945, the US has maintained its presence in the region vital for its global
hegemonic position and maritime trade.
• The Chinese rise further increased the importance of the region, so the Trump
administration introduced the Free and Open Indo-Pacific Strategy.
• Free and Open Indo-Pacific aspire for a well-established framework that is durable
to American international order and promising to its long term interests in the
Indo Pacific region.
• India in the new American strategy got a central role to the US Indo-Pacific
strategy and an essential component of Indo-Pacific security architecture and thus
promotes the role and value of India to meet the core challenge of China’s
economic and military robustness.
• Within the QUAD, the Biden administration is carrying out combined strategic
efforts with like-minded democracies such as Japan, Australia, and India for
shaping the fundamental architecture and the defining features of Indo Pacific
grand strategic outlook.
• With a new vision to become a major power, India is entering into bilateral and
multilateral alliances, so welcoming the foreign forces into the Indian Ocean
region.

13. CHINA-INDIA RELATIONS IN THE NEW ERA
• India and China are two ancient Asian civilizations and emerging powers in
the contemporary global order.
• Though both follow different political ideologies, have territorial disputes and
fought a full-fledged war in 1962, but since late 1980s established relations
based on respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity and avoidance of
conflict.
• Despite serious differences on multiple issues, bilateral trade has surpassed
$100 billion per annum.
• Both are founding members of BRICS and AIIB, two major multilateral
institutions proposed and established by the developing South.
• Both share common desire to reform existing global institutions including UN
and WTO.
• Both wants peace and security in the periphery for a sustained economic
growth.
• Though border skirmishes are reported on various occasions, but largely
relations remain peaceful.

14. CONCLUSION
• India is carrying out genocide in the IIOJK.
• Mass murders, illegal detention, gang rape, extra judicial killings, and
unprecedented violence are some manifestations.
• To carry out demographic change, India introduced the Re-Organization Law
in 2019, issued domiciles to Non-Kashmiri’s, increased the legislative
assembly seats for Hindu majority Jammu .
• Except lip servicing, no credible efforts have been made by the UN and major
powers.
• Realpolitik is significantly undermining the ability of the UN to invoke R2P as
major powers share political, economic, military and strategic interests with
India.
• R2P has become a tool of major powers to pursue their nefarious agendas of
Realpolitik and state expansionism having no respect for human rights and
dignity.
• The peoples of Kashmir are exterminating by the Indian forces, but none of the
country has put forward the idea to implement R2P.