Renewable Energy Systems are the need of our today's era.

1. RENEWABLE ENERGY
SYSTEMS
Miss. Poonam A. Desai,
Assistant Professor
Electrical Engineering Department

2. Energy Resources and
Utilization

3. CONTENTS

4. Energy Conservation & Forms of Energy
● Meaning of Energy Conservation
● Forms of Energy:
1. Kinetic
2. Potential
3. Heat
4. Chemical
5. Radiant
6. Electrical
7. Nuclear

8. The Law of Conservation of Energy
In 1905, Albert Einstein said that mass and energy can be converted into each
other.
He showed that if matter is destroyed, energy is created, and if energy is
destroyed mass is created.
E = mC^2

9. The Law of Conservation of Energy
Energy can be neither created nor destroyed by ordinary means.
It can only be converted from one form to another.
If energy seems to disappear, then scientists look for it – leading to many
important discoveries.

10. ENERGY RESERVES OF INDIA
1. COAL
2. OIL : Reserves, Production, Oil & gas discovery, Refineries
3. NATURAL GAS
A. National Grid for Gas Distribution
B. Gas Conservation

18. Hydroelectric Power Potential
Water gains potential energy just before it spills over the top of a dam or flows down a hill. The potential energy is converted
into kinetic energy as water flows downhill. The water can be used to turn the blades of a turbine to generate electricity,
which is distributed to the power plant's customers.
The hydropower potential of India is around 1,45,000 MW and at 60% load factor, it can meet the demand of around 85,
000 MW.
China produces the most electricity from hydroelectric power, some 856.4 billion kilowatt hours a year – more than double
the amount produced by Brazil, in second place. The top three is completed by Canada, which produces 376.7 billion
kilowatt hours a year.
Three Gorges project in China on Yang-Yang river is the largest power station in the world having installed capacity of around
22,500 MW.

19. A hydroelectric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across a large river to create a reservoir, and a station where the process of
energy conversion to electricity takes place.
The first step in the generation of energy in a hydropower plant is the collection of run-off of seasonal rain and snow in lakes, streams and
rivers, during the hydrological cycle. The run-off flows to dams downstream. The water falls through a dam, into the hydropower plant and
turns a large wheel called a turbine. The turbine converts the energy of falling water into mechanical energy to drive the generator After this
process has taken place electricity is transferred to the communities through transmission lines and the water is released back into the
lakes, streams or rivers. This is entirely not harmful, because no pollutants are added to the water while it flows through the hydropower
plant.
Micro:
upto 100 KW
Mini:
101KW to 2 MW
Small:
2 MW to 25 MW
Mega:
Hydro projects with installed capacity >= 500 MW
Thermal Projects with installed capacity >=1500 MW

20. Indian Hydroelectric Power Potential
Tehri Hydropower Complex – 2,400MW
Topping the list of hydroelectric power plants in India is the Tehri Dam in Uttarakhand, the highest hydroelectric power
project in the country.
INDIA is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro potential assessed to be about 84,000 MW at 60% load factor
(1,48,701 MW installed capacity). In addition, 6782 MW in terms of installed capacity from Small, Mini, and Micro Hydel schemes
have been assessed. Also, 56 sites for pumped storage schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have been
identified. However, only 27.51 % of the potential has been harnessed so far.

21. As per assessment made by CEA, India is endowed with economically exploitable hydro-power potential to the tune of 1,48,700 MW of installed
capacity. The basin wise assessed potential is as under
Basin/Rivers Probable Installed Capacity (MW)
Indus Basin
33,832
Ganga Basin
20,711
Central Indian River system
4,152
Western Flowing Rivers of southern India
9,430
Eastern Flowing Rivers of southern India
14,511
Brahmaputra Basin
66,065
Total
1,48,701

22. In addition, 56 number of pumped storage projects have also been identified with probable installed capacity of 94,000 MW. In
addition to this, hydro-potential from small, mini & micro schemes has been estimated as 6,782 MW from 1,512 sites. Thus, in
totality India is endowed with hydro-potential of about 2,50,000 MW. However, exploitation of hydro-potential has not been up to
the desired level due to various constraints confronting the sector.

24. CORRECTIVE MEASURES
In 1998, Government of India announced "Policy on Hydro Power Development" under which impetus is given to development of
hydropower in the country.
This was a welcome step towards effective utilization of our water resources in the direction of hydropower development. During
October 2001, Central Electricity Authority (CEA) came out with a ranking study which prioritized and ranked the future
executable projects.
As per the study, 399 hydro schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 1,06,910 MW were ranked in A,B & C categories
depending upon their inter-se attractiveness. During May 2003, Govt. of India launched 50,000 MW hydro initiative in which
preparation of Pre Feasibility Reports of 162 Projects totalling to 50,000 MW was taken up by CEA through various agencies.
The PFRs for all these projects have already been prepared and projects with low tariff (first year tariff less than Rs.2.50/kWh)
have been identified for preparation of DPR.
https://mnre.gov.in/small-hydro/current-status

25. India’s Power scene
Coal:
1. FBC Technology
2. CFBC
3. IGCC
Natural Gas: Gas based generating Plants
Nuclear Power Programme

26. Impact on Environment
● An environmental impact is defined as any change to the environment,
whether adverse or beneficial, resulting from a facility’s activities, products, or
services.
● In other words it is the effect that people's actions have on the environment.
● For example, when volatile organic compounds are released into the
environment, the effect or impact is pollution in the form of smog, in this case
being negative.
● It can go the other way, as a person picking up litter can have a beneficial
impact on the local environment.

27. Impact on Environment
● The list of issues surrounding our environment go on, but there are three major ones that
affect the majority of them overall: global warming and climate change; water pollution
and ocean acidification; and loss of biodiversity
● Humans impact the physical environment in many ways: overpopulation, pollution,
burning fossil fuels, and deforestation. Changes like these have triggered climate change,
soil erosion, poor air quality, and undrinkable water.
● Global warming is arguably the greatest cause of impact on the environment. The largest of
causes emanating through CO₂ levels from respiration to more detrimental causes like
burning fossil fuels and deforestation.
● The loss of ecosystems is caused mainly by changes in land and sea use, exploitation,
climate change, pollution and the introduction of invasive species. Some things have a
direct impact on nature, like the dumping of waste into the ocean

28. Negative Impacts
● The primary impacts of concern in an energy dependent society often come as a result of
our energy use.
● Burning hydrocarbons like coal and oil to provide us with useful energy results in the
emission of carbon dioxide and other pollutants.
● Other activities causing harm include improper waste disposal to bodies of water and soil,
accidental spills of chemicals, increased demand for resources as populations increase
(especially due to consumerism), and much more.
The impacts that these have on the environment have become clear and include:
● Climate change including Global warming
● Acid rain, photochemical smog and other forms of pollution
● Ocean acidification
● Displacement/extinction of wildlife
● Resource depletion - forests, water, food
● and more

29. Renewable Energy Sources
● Solar, wind, oil and gas will increase up to 2050.
● Wind will dominate after 2020 and finally wind and hydroelectric will be exceeded by the
solar energy.
● Although geothermal capacity more than triples in the projection, combined with
biomass capacity they account in 2050 for only 4% of renewable electricity generation.

30. Renewable Energy Potential in India
● India ranks 3rd in renewable energy country attractive index in 2021.
● India in the world ranks 2nd in Biogas & 5th in Wind.
● The country has set an ambitious target to achieve a capacity of 175 GW
worth of renewable energy by the end of 2022, which expands to 450 GW
by 2030. This is the world's largest expansion plan is in renewable energy.
● India has an estimated renewable energy potential of about 900 GW from
sources like Wind – 102 GW, Bio-energy – 25 GW, Small Hydro – 20 GW
and Solar power – 750 GW.
● Renewable energy enjoys 15.90% shares in total installed capacity in India.

31. The benefit of assessing technical potential is that it establishes an upper-boundary estimate of
development potential. There are multiple types of potential—resource, technical, economic, and
market—as shown in the graphic with key assumptions.

32. Renewable Energy Technical Potential
The renewable energy technical potential of a technology is its achievable energy generation given system
performance, topographic, environmental, and land-use constraints.

33. Renewable Energy Economic Potential
Economic potential, one measure of renewable energy generation potential, is the subset of the technical
potential where the cost required to generate electricity is less than the revenue available.

34. Energy Parameters
To conserve fuel, it is necessary to adopt measures for maximizing economic
development with minimum energy consumption.
1. Energy Intensity
2. Energy-GDP Elasticity

35. Energy Intensity
● Energy intensity is a measure of the energy inefficiency of an economy.
● It is calculated as units of energy per unit of GDP.
● High energy intensities indicate a high price or cost of converting energy into GDP.
● Low energy intensity indicates a lower price or cost of converting energy into GDP.
● The ‘energy intensity’ is defined as energy consumption per unit of GNP (Gross National
● Product)

36. Energy-GDP Elasticity
● There is a percent-wise growth in energy requirement per GDP.
● The ‘energy–GDP elasticity’ is defined as the percentage growth in energy
requirement for 1% growth in GDP.
● The lower the value of elasticity, the higher is the overall efficiency.
● The value of elasticity for the developed countries ranges from 0.8 to 1.0,
whereas for India it is around 1.2.
● There is a scope for improvement in the efficiency of energy use.

37. Co-generation
● Cogeneration is a very efficient technology to generate electricity and heat. It is also
called Combined Heat and Power (CHP) as cogeneration produces heat and electricity
simultaneously.
● The technology offers the following benefits for both its users and our society: Increased
energy efficiency.
● These include hospitals, nursing homes, universities and a wide range of industrial
sectors that involve energy intensive processes.
● Cement, pulp and paper, iron and steel are some of these industrial sectors.

38. Principle of Co-generation
● Cogeneration is also known as combined heat and power and it is the most efficient way of utilizing
fuel. It uses one single source of energy to produce two different forms of energy (one is heat/
thermal energy and the other one is electrical or mechanical energy).
● Cogeneration of heat and electricity can be dealt with in two ways:
(i) Topping cycle
(ii) Bottoming cycle

43. Rational Use of Energy
● Technological and social progress in developed countries has increased energy
consumption beyond limits. The richest 10% of the world’s population consume a very large
quantity of energy compared to that used by the remainder of the 90% population, thus
leading to an ecologically imbalance. The level of industrial production and consumption of
energy are linked with irreversible environmental risks and damages.
● An action plan for ‘economical and rational use of energy’ needs to be enforced to check
climatic degradation.
● In Europe, “German Federal Govt.” implemented an environmental policy, and imposed an
ecological tax on mineral oil products and electricity consumption to induce people for
economical use of energy.
● It resulted in 11% rise in their GDP between 1990–2000 with 5% reduction in energy
consumption.
● A new concept was coined: ‘decoupling of economic growth and energy consumption’. This
has also created awareness to use green energy, i.e., solar, wind, and fuel cell.

44. Energy Efficiency & Energy Conservation
● Energy conservation can be said to be the cheapest form of new source of
energy. It actually minimizes wastage of energy without affecting productivity
and human comfort.
● Energy efficiency and energy conservation involve all sectors of economy.
● Motors and drive systems in industry and agriculture sectors consume major
chunks of energy.
● It is advisable to use energy- efficient and correct-capacity (not oversized)
motors.
● Considerable reduction in energy consumption is also possible by reducing
high lighting levels in domestic, commercial and industrial installations.

45. New Technologies
1. Hydrogen Energy Systems
2. Fuel Cells
3. Biofuels

46. ll energy comes from renewable energy sources like wind, solar, waves, hydro and biomass. The energy is either used
directly as electricity or stored in hydrogen for use in transportation or to create electricity when the sun is not shinning or
the wind is not blowing.
The renewable energy is stored in hydrogen by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen by use of electricity. This process
is called electrolysis.
Other productions methods will also be used to create hydrogen from fossil fuels. After the production hydrogen functions
as an energy carrier that can be used to supply energy wherever it is needed.
A fuel cell is used to convert the hydrogen into energy again. In the fuel cell hydrogen and oxygen (air) reacts and creates
water as the only emission. The reaction creates electricity and heat that can be used in various applications. As fuel cells
are very scalable they can be used in all applications that needs energy, ranging from mobile cell phones, cars, busses and
even as large heat and power plants.
Fuel cell as a technology will be the next energy innovation step that will bring progress and prosperity to our societies, with
as great an impact, as the steam engine and the combustion engine have had.

48. Hydrogen Energy Systems
A hydrogen energy system consists of hydrogen production, transportation/storage, utilization, and so on. Technology
for efficiently transporting and storing hydrogen with a low energy density is especially important.

49. Fuel Cell
A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of a fuel (often hydrogen) and an oxidizing agent
(often oxygen) into electricity through a pair of redox reactions.
Fuel cells can produce electricity continuously for as long as fuel and oxygen are supplied.

51. Biofuel
Biofuel, any fuel that is derived from biomass—that is, plant or algae material or animal waste. Since such feedstock
material can be replenished readily, biofuel is considered to be a source of renewable energy, unlike fossil fuels such as
petroleum, coal, and natural gas.
Various Types of Biofuel
● Wood. This is the most basic form of fuel that is derived from organic matter. ...
● Biogas. This is the gaseous form of biofuels. ...
● Biodiesel. This biofuel is liquid in nature. ...
● Ethanol. ...
● Methanol. ...
● Butanol.
● Bioethanol made from sugarcane, sugar beet, and algae.
● Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil, animal fats and algal lipid and from nonedible crops.
● Bio methanol made from organic waste agricultural waste.

53. Distributed Energy Systems
● Distributed energy system (DES) is a term which encompasses a diverse array of energy generation,
storage, monitoring and control solutions.
● Now through DES, owners of large plants and factories can find additional sources of energy and reduce
their overall cost of energy consumption.
● Distributed generation, also distributed energy, on-site generation (OSG),or district/decentralized
energy, is electrical generation and storage performed by a variety of small, grid-connected or distribution
system-connected devices referred to as distributed energy resources (DER).
● The concept of distributed generation refers to the use of small generators directly connected to the distribution network or
the local network of consumers. Among the current generation sources stand out wind power, photovoltaic, hydroelectric,
and diesel. Thermal power plants and biomass have also been employed in DG, but on a smaller scale.

54. Distribution System with Distributed Generation.

56. In the residential sector, common distributed generation systems include:
● Solar photovoltaic panels
● Small wind turbines
● Natural-gas-fired fuel cells
● Emergency backup generators, usually fueled by gasoline or diesel fuel
In the commercial and industrial sectors, distributed generation can include resources such as:
● Combined heat and power systems CHP
● Solar photovoltaic panels
● Wind
● Hydropower
● Biomass combustion or cofiring
● Municipal solid waste incineration
● Fuel cells fired by natural gas or biomass
● Reciprocating combustion engines, including backup generators, which are may be fueled by oil

58. Distributed generation can benefit the environment if its use reduces the amount of electricity that
must be generated at centralized power plants, in turn can reduce the environmental impacts of
centralized generation.
● Existing cost-effective distributed generation technologies can be used to generate electricity at
homes and businesses using renewable energy resources such as solar and wind.
● Distributed generation can harness energy that might otherwise be wasted—for example, through a
combined heat and power system.
● By using local energy sources, distributed generation reduces or eliminates the “line loss” (wasted
energy) that happens during transmission and distribution in the electricity delivery system.

59. Distributed generation can also lead to negative environmental impacts:
● Distributed generation systems require a “footprint” (they take up space), and because they
are located closer to the end-user, some distributed generation systems might be unpleasant
to the eye or cause land-use concerns.
● Distributed generation technologies that involve combustion—particularly burning fossil
fuels—can produce many of the same types of impacts as larger fossil-fuel-fired power
plants, such as air pollution. These impacts may be smaller in scale than the impacts from a
large power plant, but may also be closer to populated areas.
● Some distributed generation technologies, such as waste incineration, biomass combustion,
and combined heat and power, may require water for steam generation or cooling.
● Distributed generation systems that use combustion may be less efficient than centralized
power plants due to efficiencies of scale.

61. Dispersed Generation
Dispersed generation is a concept where smaller, highly efficient power plants would be
built along the existing grid, close to the end-user customer. It is similar in concept to the
move from large central computers to desktop computers on a network.
Distributed generation entails using many small generators of 2-50MW output, situated at
numerous strategic points throughout cities and towns, so that each provides power to a
small number of consumers nearby and dispersed generation refers to use of even smaller
generating units, of less than 500kW

62. Dispersed generation refers to use of still smaller generating units, of less than 500 kW output and often sized
to serve individual homes or businesses. These units are small enough to fit into garages or, like central
air-conditioners, on a pad behind a house. Micro gas turbines, fuel cells, diesel, and small wind and solar PV
generators make up this category.
Distributed generation (DG) entails using many small generators, of 2-50 MW output, situated at numerous
strategic points throughout cities and towns, so that each provides power to a small number of consumers
nearby. While these small generators might be solar or wind turbine units, generating units in this category are
most often highly efficient gas turbines in small combined cycle plants, because these are the most
economical choices. Although small compared to traditional central station generators, such 2-500 MW
generating units are large, both physically and electrically compared to the needs of individual energy
consumers, producing power for between 50 and 400 homes.

63. Advantages of Dispersed Generation
● Increased electric system reliability.
● An emergency supply of power.
● Reduction of peak power requirements.
● Offsets to investments in generation, transmission, or
distribution facilities that would otherwise be recovered
through rates.

66. THANK YOU