Instruments and techniques essential for WTP at power plant.

1. LABORATORY
INSTRUMENTS &
TECHNIQUES
By
Phool SinghKUMPAWAT
SMPWTP

2. Laboratory
Instruments refers to the
various tools and equipments used
by the person working in the
Laboratory.
Laboratory is a facility that
provides controlled conditions in
which experiment & measurement
can be performed.

3. Laboratory techniques
are the set of procedures used on
natural science such as
chemistry,Biology,Physics in order
to conduct an Experiment.
It includes the use of Lab.
Equipments from laboratory
glasswares to electrical devices.

4. Common Work Areas
Electronic weighing areas.
pH meter/Conductivity
meter adjustment areas.
refrigerators and freezers
Furnace, ovens,Hot Plates
areas
Hoods
 Chemical fume hoods
(for dispensing organics,
flammables, noxious)

5. Chemicals &
Chemical Storage
• Chemicals must be stored
probably to protect user and
reagents
• Chemical store room/chemical
cabinet for “general safe”
chemicals = green labels
• Flammables cabinet for
alcohols, etc = red labels
• Oxidizers/ cabinet for
bases, acids, peroxides =
yellow and labels
• Toxics cabinet (locked) = blue
labels
• Gloves and goggles

6. Safety Issues
 Gloves and goggles
at every workstation.
 Safety shower,
eyewash
 Fire extinguisher at
several places

7. AT OUR SMP LABORATORY
 pH meter
 Conductivity meter
 Turbidity meter
 Bomb Calorimeter
 Orsat’s Apparatus
 Spectrophotometer
 Flame photometer
 NAS online particle counter (PC 9000)
 Hydrometer

8. pH meter
A pH meter provides a value
as to how acidic or alkaline a
liquid is. The basic principle
of the pH meter is to
measure the concentration of
hydrogen ions. Acids dissolve
in water forming positively
charged hydrogen ions (H+).
The greater this concentration
of hydrogen ions, the stronger
the acid is.
PH meter, electric device
used to measure hydrogen-
ion activity (acidity or
alkalinity) in solution.

9. Conductivity Meter
The conductivity of water is
a measure of the ability of
water to carry an electric
current. Millisiemens or
microsiemens are used as
units for water conductivity.
The water electrical
conductivity depends on the
concentration of ions.
Simply. We can say
conductivity is the
indication of purity of
water.

10. Turbidity Meter
The light beam is scattered by
the suspended particles as
they flow through the medium
sample in the small volume
glass cuvette, and detected by
two photoelectric cells that
are located at 90 degrees
angle to the light source. The
amount of scattered light
determines the turbidity of
the medium.
The results are shown in NTU
(Nephelometric Turbidity
Unit).

11. BOMB
CALORIMETER
A bomb calorimeter is a
type of constant-volume
calorimeter used in
measuring the heat of
combustion of a particular
reaction. ... Electrical energy
is used to ignite the fuel; as
the fuel is burning, it will heat
up the surrounding air, which
expands and escapes through
a tube that leads the air out of
the calorimeter

12. ORSAT’S
APPARATUS
It is used to determine various
gases like CO, CO2, O2 etc.
Typical flue gas analyzers
measure the quantity of carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide and
oxygen by a chemical
absorption principle.
The sequence of absorption
should always be started from
CO2, O2 and CO if the
absorption solutions are
ammoniacal cuprous chloride;
alkaline pyrogalic acid and KOH
were selected as reagent in the
Orsat apparatus analyser.

13. SPECTROPHOTOMETER
A device that measure the
amount of light absorbs by
given sample is called as
spectrophotometer.
Spectrophotometer works
by passing a beam of light
through a sample. The
intensity of passed light can
be measured with the help of
a detector. Spectroscopy is
mainly used to measure the
amount of light absorb by a
sample by measuring the
intensity of light passes
through the given sample.

14. FLAME
PHOTOMETER
flame photometer is a device used in
inorganic chemical analysis to
determine the concentration of certain
metal ions, among them sodium,
potassium, lithium, and calcium.
In principle, it is a controlled flame test
with the intensity of the flame color
quantified by photoelectric circuitry. The
intensity of the colour will depend on
the energy that had been absorbed by
the atoms that was sufficient to
vaporise them. The sample is
introduced to the flame at a constant
rate. Filters select which colours the
photometer detects and exclude the
influence of other ions. Before use, the
device requires calibration with a series
of standard solutions of the ion to be
tested

15. NAS online particle
counter (PC 9000)
The National Aerospace
Standard (NAS) 1638 was
developed in the 1960s to
help control the contamination
levels of hydraulic fluid within
hydraulic components. NAS
1638 became a standard not
only for the aerospace
industry but also throughout
many other industries
ISO 4406:1999 represents the
counts of particles in three
size groups:
>4 microns per 1 mL
>6 microns per 1 mL
>14 microns per 1 mL

16. Hydrometer
Hydrometer is use to check
water content in oil sample-
Principle of Operation :
Amount of hydrogen gas
released from water
molecules present in oil
sample due to its reaction
with sodium reagent;
increases the pressure of the
air-tight chamber. The
pressure increase calibrated
as %age of moisture in oil
thus gives the desired result.

17. ANALYSIS DONE IN WTP
 Water Analysis
 Fuel Analysis
 Oil Analysis
 Flue gases

18. WATER ANALYSIS
 Water analysis-
Determination of
Physical parameters
such as turbidity,
pH, and
conductance of a
water sample.
 Water analysis-
Determination of
Chemical
parameters such as
hardness,
alkalinity,Chloride
etc.

19. HARDNESS
Hardness in water is that characteristic, which “prevents
the lathering of soap”. This is due to presence certain salts of
calcium & magnesium.
Temporary or carbonate hardness: It is caused by the
presence of dissolved bicarbonates of calcium, magnesium.
Permanent or non-carbonate hardness: It is due to the
presence of chlorides and sulphates of calcium, magnesium,
iron, and other heavy metals. Unlike temporary hardness,
permanent hardness is not destroyed on boiling.

20. Alkalinity:
The alkalinity of surface water is due to the carbonate,
bicarbonate and hydroxide content and is often
interpreted in terms of the concentrations of these
constituents. Higher the alkalinity, greater is the capacity
of water to neutralize acids. Conversely, the lower the
alkalinity, the lesser will be the neutralizing capacity.
Alkalinity of sample can be estimated by titration with
standard H2SO4 or HCI solution. Titration to pH 8.3 or
decolourisation of phenolphthalein indicator will indicate
complete neutralization of OH- and 1/2 of CO3
2-, while to
pH 4.5 or sharp change from yellow to orange of methyl
orange indicator will indicate total alkalinity.

21. FUEL ANALYSIS
Proximate analysis parameters include sulfur, moisture,
volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon.
Ultimate analysis, elements present in the coal sample
such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
examined.

22. OIL ANALYSIS
Facility at our SMP Lab.
(1) Water in Oil.
(2) Viscosity in Oil

23. HYDROMETER FOR WATER IN OIL
 Hydrometer is use to
check water content in oil
sample-
 Principle of Operation :
Amount of hydrogen gas
released from water
molecules present in oil
sample due to its reaction
with sodium reagent;
increases the pressure of
the air-tight chamber.
The pressure increase
calibrated as %age of
moisture in oil thus gives
the desired result.

24. VISCOSITY IN OIL
 This is use to check
viscosity of oil-
 A lubricating oil’s
viscosity is typically
measured and
defined in two ways,
either based on its
kinematic viscosity or
its absolute
(dynamic) viscosity
 viscosity is defined as
its resistance to flow
and shear due to
gravity.

25. MUFFLE FURNACE
 MUFFLE FURNACE
 Muffle furnace is (usually)
a front-loading box-
type oven or kilnfor high-
temperature applications
such as fusing glass,
creating enamelcoatings,
ceramics and soldering
and brazing articles. They
are also used in many
research facilities, for
example by chemists in
order to determine what
proportion of a sample is
non-combustible and non-
volatile (i.e., ash).

26. LABORATORY OVEN
 A laboratory oven heats its
contents via the principle
of convection. The heating
element is not located
within the specimen
chamber of the oven, but
in a separate external
envelope. This prevents
radiant heat from affecting
the specimen, but the
resulting temperature of
the oven walls is enough
to heat and dehydrate a
specimenUsed to heat
substances quickly or if >
400oC is needed.
 Do not use with flammable
substances.

27. CHEMICAL BALANCE
 An analytical
balance (often called a
"lab balance") is a class of
balance designed to
measure small mass in
the sub-milligram range.
The measuring pan of an
analytical balance
(0.1 mg or better) is
inside a transparent
enclosure with doors so
that dust does not collect
and so any air currents in
the room do not affect the
balance's operation

28. SIEVE ANALYSIS
 Used to Determine
the particle
composition in their
fraction.

29. Waste Disposal
 Make a neutralizing
solution. ...
 hazardous
waste is recycled
 Label waste with
type/concentration/
date
 The waste may be
liquid, solid, or
sludge and contain
chemicals, heavy
metals or other
toxins.
 Some wastes are
hazardous to
people and the
environment.