from economy point of view

1. MICRO AND SMALL HYDRO
ENERGY SYSTEMS
SUBMITTED BY
PARAMJIT SINGH

2. Economic of Small Micro/Hydro
Power Plants
• Introduction
• Economic evolution
• Financial aspects of Micro Hydro Plants

3. Cost benefit ratio and Annual
Return
• 1) Operation and maintenance charges as 1% of
total cost.
• 2) Annual depreciation calculated as per Indian
Electricity Act, 1948.
• 3) Interest rate @ 8% of total cost and
• 4) 0.5% generation reserves fund on total cost.

4. The Annual total cost fixed charge worked out to
Rupees 30.802 Lacs.The net energy generatio
after deduction of 1%Transmission losses and
friction losses work out to3.3116 MKWH. Hence
cost per unit generation work out to 93.0 paisa
per unit

5. Measures to reduce the costs
1. The number of units should be limited to
2-3 to save the cost of Civil Engineering,
cost of building, cost of Hydro-Mechanical
equipments, duplication of control system,
cabling etc.
2. Instead of going for full Kaplan one can
use semi Kaplan where guide vanes are
fixed and variation in water is obtained
from runner blade operation. So simpler
version of water level controllers can be
used.

6. C. Reduction in time and civil work
consideration
• a) Installation of prepackaged Turbine, pre
assembled at the workshop to reduce time
and cost of assembly at site.
• b) Use of siphons penstocks.

7. Conclusion
• Though it is observed that the Cost/ KW is
high as compared to Large Hydro Projects
and Micro/Pico Hydro Plant supplies
power to very limited locality, a village can
have its own micro Hydro Power Plant
(HPP). The Panchayat can build, operate
and maintain the HPP and village houses
can consume the electricity

8. Pumps as Turbines
A pump-as-turbine (PAT) microhydro plant is
just what it sounds like—the turbine is actually
the impeller of a centrifugal pump “running
backward” and the generator is simply the
pump’s induction motor. PAT installations have
been running reliably and efficiently for years.
Utilities around the world also use the concept in
massive pumped-storage installations. For
village and household scales, the technology
was pioneered by Arthur Williams in his book
Pumps as Turbines

9. Pumps as turbines
Advantages
Low price, high availability.
Disadvantages
Limited efficiency
Steep efficiency characterictics
Poor or none regulation capabilities

10. Conclusion
Application of pumps in turbine operation instead
of single or double regulated hydraulic turbines
may be economically justified in case of stable
hydrological conditions, low capacities and
discharges.

13. Main research directions
 identifying home manufactured impeller pumps
suitable for energy generation purposes
 determining performance characteristics for
specified series of types and establishing
general relationships between bep parameters
in both modes of operation
 low-cost modifications of the flow part
geometry aimed at enhancing performance
characteristics in turbine mode of operation

14. Pumps as turbines
- typical application fields
 oil and chemical industry
- decompression processes for gas/liquid
separation
and washing/clearing chemical media
- hydrocarbon synthesis
 micro hydropower plants

15. CONCLUSION
1. The experience cumulated so far shows that pumps in turbine operation
may be sometimes a reasonable option for the purposes of hydraulic
energy recovery in industrial installations and electrical energy generation
in some micro hydropower plants.
2. While the simplified formulae used to assess bep parameters in turbining
regime basing on the pump mode performance data may be considered a
great help when planning a new installation, their limited validity should
be always kept in mind.
3. Therefore it is highly desirable to encourage pump manufacturers to test
at least some of the offered machines also in turbine mode of operation.
Providing access to pump versions modified for the purpose of possible use
in turbine mode of operation may further widen their markets and
contribute to better utilization of available SHP potential.
4. The success of the energy recovery unit described in the previous section
shows open possibilities for more rational energy economics even in case
of some critical industrial installations.