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NEC Li-Ion vs Lead-acid batteries (12V)
- 2. 2 | P a g e Introdu Lead‐acid batt improvement low energy de and total cost their usefulne density solutio over lead‐acid emerging app utility and ben Lead‐Ac A typical 12 V 12.6 V to 12.8 constructions Flooded B Flooded lead‐ maintained. S must remain i and to preven Sealed Lea There are two material that are often refe constructed to or 3 times as m Gelled Electro avoided. Typic Absorbed Gla batteries, they Advanced Advanced lead battery perfor purity of the l Lithium The term lithi secondary or energy is stor Energy is stor electrodes. Lit shaped as cyli generally sepa Magnesium, o Nickel, and Al chemistry wit amounts of si volume and w shown in Figu ction teries have been ts in design, cons ensity have mad t of ownership in ess and advantag ons. Lithium‐ion d batteries. The plications and in nefits of NEC Ene cid Batter lead‐acid batte 8 V nominal. The has a number o Batteries ‐acid batteries h Standard flooded in an upright po nt leakage. Flood ad‐Acid (SL o types of sealed does not require erred to as Valve o vent retained much per unit ca olyte – The elect cal batteries of t ss Mat (AGM) – y will not leak ac d Lead‐Acid d‐acid usually pe rmance in some ead, its mechan m‐Ion Batt um‐ion refers to rechargeable ce ed using lithium ed by the insert thium‐ion cells c indrical or prism arated into two or others) and lit uminum). These h the anodes m licon. Lithium‐io weight compared re 1. n in service for o struction, and m e them less than n frequent and d ges. Lithium‐ion n batteries are ga benefits of lithiu use cases where ergy Solutions A ries ry is constructed ere are two basic of product variat ave a conventio d batteries are lo sition with valve ded batteries are LA) Batteries d lead‐acid batte e regular mainte e Regulated Lead gas if pressure b apacity as floode rolyte is a jelly a this type may on The electrolyte cid but they can Batteries ertains to variou dimension such ical dimensions teries o a family of che ells, which all sha m‐ions in the cath ion of lithium io consist of anode matic cells. Lithiu groups: Lithium thium metal oxid e materials cons ade in some cas on batteries stor d to lead‐acid or over a century w materials have in n ideal in a grow deep cycling app battery packs h aining increasing um‐ion technolo e lead‐acid batte ALM® lithium‐ion d using six 2 V no c constructions u tions that addres nal liquid electro ow cost and if pr e caps not invert e typically the he s eries. Gelled elec enance and can d‐Acid (VRLA) ba builds up due to ed batteries. and so will not le nly last for 2 or 3 is held between withstand carel us incremental im h as cycle life or or thickness, or mistries used fo are a common tr hode and anode ns in/out of the e and cathode m m‐ion batteries metal phosphat de (Cobalt, Man titute the catho es of carbon wit e the most ener any other chem with broad use ac creased reliabilit wing number of a plications, even u ave emerged in g usage in indust ogy over lead‐aci eries are simply n battery produc ominal (2.10 V t used today, floo ss specific applic olyte with remo roperly maintain ted. This is to ins eaviest lead‐acid ctrolyte and Abs be oriented in a atteries. They do stressful charge eak. Since the ele 3 years in hot clim n the plates abso less treatment a mprovements to discharge perfo by introducing or rait: . aterials are te (Iron, ganese, de th small rgy per mistry as N cross many appl ty and kept initi applications. Add under extreme t recent years as trial, communic id batteries are not practical or ct family versus o 2.14 V) cells co oded (wet) and s cations and requ ovable caps so th ned are not over sure gas venting d battery type fo sorbed Glass Ma any direction wit o not vent gas un e or discharge. T ectrolyte cannot mates, although orbed in a fine b and are less sens o lead‐acid cell c ormance. The im specific element Figure 1 NEC Energy Solut ications and ind al costs low. Ho ditionally, the pe temperature env small size, light ations, motive, a being realized in cost effective. T lead‐acid batter onnected in seri ealed batteries. uirements. he electrolyte ca rly sensitive to h g, access to regu or a given voltag at (AGM). These thout concern fo nder normal ope The major drawb t be diluted, ove h with good care boron‐silicate ma sitive to overcha construction. The provements are ts to enhance pe 1: Energy Densi tions white pape dustries. Over th wever, size, wei erformance, ser vironments furth weight, and hig and military app n a number of ne This paper review ries. ies for a battery Each of these b an be monitored high charging vol lar electrolyte re ge and capacity. batteries use el or electrolyte lea erating condition back is they cost er charging must e they can last fo at. Like gelled el arging. ese are usually i e realized by con erformance or s ity and Specific er, 082016 e years, ight, and rvice life, her limits gh energy plications ew and ws the pack that is battery and ltages. They eplenishing, ectrolyte akage. They ns, but are between 2 t be or 5 years. ectrolyte mproved ntrolling the ervice life. Energy
- 3. NEC Energy Sol Lithium iron p phosphate ce make a batter 3.7 V nominal applications. L and can be or outgassing un Compar Battery Ca Battery capac Amp‐hour, Ah deliver 20 A fo metric for this C‐rate metric cell, vehicle b The realizable capacity. For e 10 Ah, this eq be 5 A for 2 h Batteries are s Nominal capa given battery, Lead‐acid batt capacity varie is, the smaller current increa discharge curr Lithium‐ion ba discharge curr capacity at hig batteries expe Effect to the e The comparis lithium‐ion ba Fig lutions white pa phosphate (LiFeP lls and have a 3. ry pack of 13.2V l cell voltage, an Lithium‐ion batt riented in any di nder normal ope ring ALM® apacity, Am city refers to the h). One Amp‐hou or 1 hour, howe s relationship is allows certain b atteries, to large e capacity of all b example, a 1C ra uates to a disch ours. The time t specified by a na city is the total A , usually provide tery nameplate es greatly with C‐ r the available ca ases. This is calle rent. atteries typically rent. The NEC En gh discharge cur eriences very litt extent of lead‐ac on of the capaci attery is shown i ure 3: Capacity per, 082016 PO4) cells are the .3 V nominal vol nominal. Lithium d hence are mo tery packs, regar rection. There is rating condition ® Lithium mp‐hour (Ah amount of char ur equals 1 ampe ver, in practice, called C‐rate, w battery specificat e grid storage sy batteries varies w ate is the curren arge current of o discharge is of ameplate capaci Amp‐hours (Ah) ed as part of its s capacity is typic ‐rate. The availa apacity and ener ed the Peukert Ef y have nameplat nergy Solutions rrents or C‐rates tle internal resis cid batteries. ity change for a n Figure 3 and F y vs. Discharge R e most common tage. Four cells m metal oxide‐b re difficult to co rdless of cell typ s no issue with e ns. ‐ion and L ) rge contained by ere of current pr the relationship hich describes a tions to be prov ystem are descri with the C‐rate a t that discharge 10 A for 1 hour. ften referred to ity (the markete available when specification. Th cally specified fo able capacity dec rgy. This is due t Effect 1 . The Peuk te capacities spe ALM® lithium‐io s greater than 1C tance growth w high quality 12 V Figure 4. Figure Rate n type of lithium are connected in based chemistrie onfigure for typic e used, are light electrolyte leakag Lead‐Acid y the battery, an rovided for a pe p between curre current (charge ided independe bed using C‐rate at which a batte s the full capacit A 5C rate would as the run time ed nominal capac discharged from is is when the b r a 20 hour disch creases as the di to the increasing ert Coefficient 1 i ecified at 1C or C on battery produ C. This is becaus ith discharge (o V, 35 Ah lead‐ac 3 shows the cap n series to es have a cal 12 V tweight ge or d Batterie nd the typical un eriod of 1 hour. T ent and time for e or discharge) r nt of the physica e. ery is discharged ty of a battery in d be 50 A for 1/5 or discharge tim city) for a partic m 100% State‐of attery is conside harge time (i.e. ischarge current g internal resista is used to calcul C/2 rates, with a uct families exhi e the lithium‐ion r charge) and he cid battery and t pacity degradati Figure 4: Ca es nit of measureme Theoretically, a 2 a given capacity relative to a batt al size of the bat d (or charged) re n 1 hour. For a b 5 hour or 12 min me. cular discharge o f‐Charge (SOC) t ered empty or a a C‐rate of C/20 t increases. The ance of the cells ate how much t capacity that is bit less than 10% n chemistry use ence does not ex he NEC Energy S ion versus C‐rate Figure 2: N ALM® Family apacity Dischar 3 ent is the Ampe 20 Ah battery is y varies. A norma tery’s stated cap ttery. Batteries f lative to its max battery with a ca nutes, and a C/2 or charge time (o o the cut‐off vol t 0% capacity. 0). Lead‐acid batt shorter the disc when the disch the capacity vari nearly indepen % variation from d in the ALM fam xperience the Pe Solutions ALM 1 e, and Figure 4 s NEC Energy Solu of Lithium‐ion B rge Run Time 3 | P a g e re‐hour (or able to alized pacity. The from coin ximum apacity of rate would or C‐rate). ltage for a tery charge time arge es with dent of m nominal mily of eukert 2V35 shows utions Batteries
- 4. 4 | P a g e capacity degra by less than 7 capacity. At a ALM 12V35 re Battery En Battery energ of Wh (Watt‐h different state energy of a ba SOC to the ba Battery Di Depth of Disc charge (SOC) or number of modest cyclin little as 30%. more expensi Effective DOD batteries at o significantly re take into acco The ALM fami discharged to Additionally, t (BMS) that lim battery. Temperat All battery tec degradation d condition. Figure 6 and F capacity/ener C/20 discharg Figure 5: Ene adation versus r % at a very high modest C/2 rate etains its full cap nergy, Watt gy is calculated b hour). Unlike ba es‐of‐charge and attery is the tota ttery cut‐off vol ischarging a harge (DOD) is a is discharged do charge/discharg g requirements There are deep ve than convent D limits are anoth r beyond their s educe its service ount battery der ily of lithium‐ion 100% DOD, wit the ALMs contai mits over‐dischar ture Effects chnologies are s due to temperat Figure 7 show th rgy of the ALM a ge rate at 25 °C, t ergy Performanc run time. The ke h 6C rate. At the e, the lead‐acid pacity. t‐hour (Wh) by multiplying th ttery capacity m d C‐rate. All batt al Watt‐hours av tage or 0% SOC. and Depth o a measure of how own to 30% SOC, ge cycles suppor (for example, a cycle lead acid b tional lead‐acid her significant d pecified DOD dr e life, requiring r ating associated n batteries can b h minimal impac n an internal Ba rge to prevent d on Capacity ubject to perfor ure variations fr he influence of lo and high quality the lead‐acid ba ce vs. Discharge y point is the ca same C‐rate the battery capacity ) and Power e discharge pow measured in Ah, t teries are specifi vailable when th . For a battery w of Discharge w deeply a batte , this would be c rted over the life few hundred cy batteries that ar batteries. erating factor fo ramatically impa replacement soo d with their targe be fully and repe ct on battery life attery Managem amage or abuse y mance or life tim rom a nominal 2 ow temperature lead‐acid batter ttery energy dro e Rate and Time pacity of the AL e 12V35 lead‐aci y is reduced to 7 r (W) wer (Watts) by th the energy spec ed by a namepla e battery is disc with nominal ene watts (W) of p W for 1/5 hou with increasin Lithium‐ion ba independent o power perform the NEC Energ shows the ene is the power d the C‐rate, red C‐rate, the 12 nameplate ca reduced to 74 full energy. e (DOD) ery is discharged considered a 70% e of the battery, ycles over the life e optimized for or determining u acts battery life. oner than the de et DOD operatio eatedly e. ent System e of the me 0 – 25 °C on usable ries. For a ops off N LM 12V35 is relat id battery capac 75% of nameplat he discharge tim ification accoun ate energy (mar charged at a cert ergy of 20 Watt‐ power for a one‐ ur or 12 minutes ng C‐rate. attery available of the discharge mance for a high gy Solutions ALM ergy versus C‐ra discharge of the duced by less th V35 lead‐acid ba pacity. At a mod 4% of nameplate d. For example, i % DOD. For conv are typically ve e of the battery) improved cycle usable capacity i Depending on t esign life specifie on and applicatio Figure NEC Energy Solut tively constant a city is reduced to te capacity. At th me (hours). Energ nts for the chang rketed as nomin tain discharge cu ‐hours, this equa ‐hour period, or s. Like capacity, a energy, like cap e rate or time. Th h quality 12 V, 3 M 12V35 lithium te and discharge ALM 12V35 is re han 10% at a very attery is reduce dest C/2 rate, th e energy, while t if a fully charged ventional lead a ry sensitive to th ), the DOD may life for DOD up n a battery syste he type of batte ed in a data shee on requirements 3: Energy (C/20 tions white pape across the C‐rate o less than 50% n his discharge rat gy is expressed a ge in battery volt al energy). The n urrent (C‐rate) fr ates to a dischar r 5 W for four ho available energy acity, is almost he comparison o 5 Ah lead‐acid b ‐ion battery, in e (run) time. The elatively constan y high 6C rate. A d to less than 50 e lead‐acid batt the ALM 12V35 r d battery to a 10 cid batteries, th he DOD per cycl need to be limit to 80%, but the em. Discharging ery, cycles to 50% et. System desig s. 0) Over Tempera er, 082016 e, reduced nameplate te, the as a unit tage over nominal rom 100% rge of 20 ours, or 100 y decreases of the battery and Figure 5 e key point nt across At the same 0% ery is retains its 00% state of e cycle life, e. For even ted to as se may be g lead‐acid % DOD may gners must ature
- 5. NEC Energy Sol rapidly with u The ALM ener 30 °C in nomin At a C/2 disch capacity, whic decreasing te battery exper the lead‐acid offering 1.6X t as shown in F At temperatu However, imp increasing tem battery servic Charging Lead‐acid batt charge and m Constant Curr battery, the c (trickle charge discharging. T Figure 8. The greater than 1 The charging s 1. Initial cap 2. Remainin (7 – 10 h The absorptio slowly until th 3. Once the minimum This is import by manufactu battery will re dimensioned possible to av Some lead‐ac batteries can Charging A The ALM fami a drop‐in repl float life. lutions white pa sable energy red rgy decreases at nal energy. harge rate, the le ch is described o mperature as sh ience a decrease battery drops fa to 2.3X more av igure 7. res above 25 °C provements in ca mperature. The b ce life rather tha Lead‐Acid B teries require a aximum service rent, Constant V harge voltage ra e) from 13.0 V to The typical lead a total recharge ti 10 hours. sequence is as fo pacity of ~70% is ng ~30% of capa ours). on stage is a requ he battery is effe e lead‐acid batte m. ant as lead‐acid urer. A typical lea equire a recharg with every disch void self‐discharg id batteries, suc speed up the ch ALM Family ily of lithium‐ion acement for equ per, 082016 duced by ~20% a t ~ ½ this rate, w ead‐acid battery on page 3 and sh hown in Figure 7 e in capacity and aster between 0 ailable energy o the usable capa apacity versus h biggest impact f n usable capacit Batteries specific charging life. The metho Voltage (CCCV) ch ange is 14.2 V to o 13.2 V applied acid battery cha ime for lead‐acid ollows: s reached in bulk city is reached i uired period whe ectively charged ery is charged, it batteries have a ad‐acid battery h e every 6 month harge below a sp ge induced wear h as deep cycle harge time, the c y of Lithium n batteries can b uivalent lead‐ac at 0 °C and ~60% with only a ~25% requires a dera hown in Figure 4 7 both the ALM a d usable energy. °C to ‐30 °C, wit over the same te acity and energy igher C‐rate can rom higher tem ty. g sequence to as d that is typicall harging profile. 15.5 V, with a f to keep the bat rging profile is s d batteries is ge k charge stage ( n the absorption ere the charge v . requires a float a self‐discharge, has a self‐discha hs at 20 °C, and e pecified minimu r. types, are const complete charge m‐Ion Batter be charged using id batteries. Lea % at ‐30 °C. reduction at ‐ ting of usable 4. At and lead‐acid . However, th the ALM emperatures is unchanged. occur with peratures is on ssure a full y used is a For a 12 V loat voltage ttery from hown in nerally 5 – 8 hours) n charge stage voltage is held co , maintenance, o , which varies wi arge of 2% per m every 2 months m SOC, it is impo tructed to suppo e routine is still m ies g lead‐acid comp ad‐acid float volt Figu onstant with a ti or trickle charge idely by battery month at 20 °C, a at 40 °C. Since t ortant that the b ort faster chargin measured in hou patible chargers tages may be us Figure ure 7: Energy (C/ imer and the ch e to maintain the type (i.e. floode and 8% per mon the service life o batteries remain ng routines. Wh urs. as described ab ed without impa 8: Lead‐Acid Ba 5 /2) Over Tempe arge current dec e SOC above a s ed, SLA, advance th at 40 °C. This of a lead‐acid bat n as fully charge ile the use of th bove. In this case acting the ALM b attery Charging 5 | P a g e erature creases pecified ed lead) and means the ttery is d as ese e, ALMs are batteries’
- 6. 6 | P a g e For new desig over lead‐acid rate and no se recharge is re The ALM fam 0% to 100% S 3C rate (2 6C rate (1 4C rate (1 9C rate (6 ALM 12V7 https://ww ALM 12V3 https://ww ALM batteries where equipm consumption fast charging c Charging T Lead‐acid batt ambient temp voltage must voltage must lower chargin The amount o manufacture have built‐in a charge rate ba For ALM batte adjustment co disabled. Cha temperature c The ALM char the ALM 12V3 temperature Battery Li Battery End o capacity to a s energy to a lo capacity. For l although appl acceptable be can be mislea scenario. The gns and applicati d batteries. Figu elf‐discharge ind quired. Even if t mily, by model nu OC. 0 min) for the A 0 min) for the A 5 min) for ALM .7 min) for ALM 7s Data Sheet: ww.neces.com/a 35 Data Sheet: ww.neces.com/a s can be charged ment availability for fuel based g capabilities vers Temperatur tery chargers m perature. As the decrease. As the increase. In add g rate and curre of voltage and ch and type of lead adjustments to a ased on tempera eries connected ompensation ve argers should co compensation. rge rate must be 35 are shown in must be conside ife f Life (EOL) is de specified level w oad) is more likel lithium‐ion batte lication requirem efore replaceme ding, here it is u two major facto ions where simp ure 9 shows the g duced wear, no t the ALM SOC fall umber, has the f LM 12V35s LM 12V35i HP 12V7s 12V7s HP assets/12V7s_da assets/NEC_12V d at 30 – 60X fas is critical, such a enerators/charg sus slower charg re Compens ust adjust the ch temperature ris e temperature fa ition, the charge ent when the tem harge rate adjust d‐acid battery. M automatically co ature. Figure 10 to lead‐acid bat rsus temperatur ntain instruction e reduced as the Table 1 to illustr ered carefully fo etermined by the where an acute b ly. For lead‐acid eries, the EOL ca ments are more nt is desired. W used to denote t ors in determinin pler or faster cha general charging trickle or mainte ls to 0%, it can b following charge atasheet.pdf V35_datasheet.p ster rate than eq as recovery from gers to charge up ing lead‐acid ba sation harge voltage wi ses above 20 °C, alls below 20 °C e rate must be a mperature drops tments varies de Most lead‐acid ba ompensate the v is a typical curv ttery chargers, t re is not require ns on how to dis temperature de rate the rate ver r outdoor applic e capacity reduc battery failure (u batteries, EOL is apacity is usually likely to determ hile the term ser he actual useful ng service life ar arging routines a g scheme that is enance charge is be recharged and e rates for pdf quivalent lead‐ac m a power outag p a battery array tteries. ith changes in the charge the charge adjusted to a s below ~20 °C. epending on the attery chargers voltage and ve. he voltage d and should be sable the ecreases below 2 rsus temperatur cations. ction from the Be unable to hold a s usually specifie y lower, such as mine how much c rvice life as used life of a battery re calendar (or fl N Figure Figure 10: Le are needed, the s recommend fo s required. The s d not suffer deg cid batteries. Th ge. For off‐grid s y. Up to 90% fue e e 20 °C. Typical va re. Charging rate eginning of Life charge and deli ed as 80% of BO 60% of BOL cap capacity loss is d by battery sup y in a given appli loat) life and cyc NEC Energy Solut 9: Simple Charg ead‐Acid Battery ALM family offe r ALMs. Due to t shelf life is two y gradation as a re is is a major ben systems, this me el reduction can alues for e versus (BOL) ver OL pacity, pliers ication cle life. tions white pape ge Profile for AL y Charge Voltag ers significant ad the inherent low years at 25 °C be sult. nefit for cycling a eans significantly be realized usin Table 1: ALM Charge Rate vs. er, 082016 LMs e vs. Temperatu dvantages w discharge efore a applications y less fuel ng the ALMs M 12V35 . Temperate ure
- 7. NEC Energy Sol Calendar a Calendar life i whether in ac battery when synonymous w battery. Calen electrochemic exercised stat These lifetime lead‐acid batt BOL capacity. and a lithium‐ for the lead‐a manufacturer Cycle Life Cycle life is th number of cyc usually capaci Cycle Life dep charge (pSOC These parame discharge are lower cycle lif performance. For deep cycli faced with eit The ALM lithiu specified at co survive very lo cell cycling da > 8,000 cycles > 14,000 cycle > 20,000 cycle Unlike lead‐ac operate down Cycle Life Some applicat charging to le different SOC in unstable gr pSOC operatio life. This is du SOC and dept effects greatly The ALM fami which has an different delta cycle life as sh lutions white pa and Float Li s the expected b ctive use or in sto used in a float c with float life, w ndar and float lif cal reactions tha te either on a sh es are expressed tery calendar life The estimated f ‐ion battery, at 2 cid batteries are r. e expected batt cles. The life tim ity fade. For mos pends on many f ), and charge an eters are not alw not always men fe performance t For example, a ing applications ther oversizing th um‐ion batteries ontinuous 1C dis ong under the ri ata collect by NE s to 80% of BOL es to 70% of BOL es to 60% of BOL cid batteries tha n to a 60% BOL c vs. partial S tions require pa ss than 100% SO conditions and rid applications o ons negatively im e to the lead‐ac h of discharge to y reduce battery ily of batteries u extremely high c a SOC cycles and hown in Figure 1 per, 082016 ife battery life dura orage. Float life charge applicatio which assumes co fe are due to agi at happen when elf or energized d in units of time e is defined as th float life for thre 25 °C, are shown e due to the batt tery life duration me is the number st lead‐acid batt actors, including nd discharge rate ways specified on ntioned in relatio than other batte cycle life optimi like off or weak he battery syste s have up to 100 scharge and 1C c gors of such dee C Energy Solutio capacity L capacity L capacity t usually becom capacity extendi SOC rtial State‐of‐Ch OC. These often unsteady charge or PV solar insta mpact cycle life a id batteries not o minimize elect y life, requiring f uses lithium Nan cycle life. Howev d partial SOC app 12. tion based on ti is the expected on. Calendar life onstant float vol ng losses induce a battery is sitti and connected e, usually years. he time to capac ee different lead n in Figure 11. Th tery type, qualit n based on charg r of cycles a batt teries, end of life g: temperature, e. n lead‐acid batte on to cycle life, d ery technologies ized lead‐acid ba grid back up tha em, or planning f 0X greater cycle charge rate cycle ep, fast, and freq ons over many y me nonfunctional ng its useful life arge (pSOC) ope occur during pa e/discharge cycl llations. For lead and reduce the operated within trode corrosion/ frequent replace ophosphate® (L ver, performanc plications still yie me aging effects lifetime of a e is often tage use of a ed by the ng idle in a non‐ to a system. For example, a city fade to 80% d‐acid batteries he differences y, and ge/discharge cyc tery can perform e is when the ca depth of discha ery datasheets. S despite their stro s, even for lead‐a attery operated at often demand for frequent rep life as compared es, with a 100% quent cycling. Th ears. The results l below 80% BOL . eration – i.e. rtial cycling ove es that can occu d‐acid batteries, overall service n their optimum /sulfation. These ement. iFePO4) cells, ce across elds very high s, ‐ cling effects, ind m before it fails t pacity falls belo rge (DOD) per cy Specifically, the ong effect on it. acid batteries th at 30% DOD has d energy to grea placement of bat d to typical lead depth of discha he cycle life for t s at 25 °C are as L capacity, the A r ur , e Lea Fig dependent of tim to meet certain p w 80% BOL. ycle, average an charge and disc Lead‐acid batte hat are optimize s a ~3X greater c ater than 50% DO tteries due to re ‐acid batteries. rge DOD. Lead‐a the ALM shown follows. ALM lithium‐ion Figure 4: Typic d‐Acid and Lithi gure 12: ALM Ce 7 me aging; expres performance cri nd/or partial Stat charge rates and eries, in general, d for cycle life cycle life than at OD, a system de duced lifetime. The ALM cycle l acid batteries ca below is based battery will con cal Float Life: ium‐Ion Batterie ell: Cycle Life vs. 7 | P a g e ssed in the iteria, te‐of‐ d depth of , have much t 80% DOD. esigner is ife is annot upon actual tinue to es . Delta SOC
- 8. 8 | P a g e Temperat All battery tec environment. At high tempe if the average 10 years (25 ° The ALM fami extend useful batteries, but to 60%. For cycle life, acid batteries key factors on discharge rate cycling. There are high applications. F provide good day, every day survive ~3.3 y battery has cy reduced by 1, day cycle app ~2.0 years in t The curves in ALM batteries expectations a would exceed Service Li Service life is t energy or pow includes calen Lead‐acid batt cycling applica often describe battery will la not the batter Calendar life f temperature, ALM calendar capacity, and Even with a d beyond 20 ye charge/discha In ‘float servic twice the serv lead‐acid batt ture Effects chnologies are s eratures, calend e temperature is C) will be reduce ily of lithium‐ion operation to do with 2X – 3X lon the ALM mainta , even as both a n cycle life, in ad e, depth of disch h quality lead‐ac For example, a h cycle life even a y at 25 °C, it is sp years. If the temp ycle life derating 200 x 0.62 = 744 lication battery, this high temper Figure 13 and 1 s. The ALM is cyc are 5X – 10X hig d the typical lead fe the period of tim wer requirement ndar, float, and c teries are optim ations (i.e. cycle e design life to s st, but it is not a ries’ expected se for all batteries i decreasing with r life exceeds 20 will remain usea aily 100% charge ars at 25 °C, and arge cycles, as sh ce’ applications, vice life. In cyclin teries, even over on Calenda ubject to perfor ar, float, and cyc increased from ed to 5 years (35 n batteries has a own to 60% BOL nger calendar lif ains at major adv re reduced with dition to tempe harge (DOD), and cid batteries opt high quality batt at 80% DOD. If it pecified to provi perature is incre g of 0.62. This me 4 cycles. Under a the battery is e rature applicatio 4 show the cycle cle data is at 100 gher than the cyc d‐acid battery cy me a battery is e ts for a specific a cycle life effects ized for either c life). Lead‐acid set expectations a specification. I ervice life. is affected by op h increasing tem years (at 25 °C) able to less than e/discharge cycl d for 10 years wi hown in Figure 1 ALMs have 2X lo ng applications, A r temperature ex r and Cycle mance or life tim cle life are impa 25 °C to 35 °C. U 5 °C). The calend calendar life th . The ALM calen fe, greater than vantage over lea h temperature. T rature, are the d frequency of t timized for cyclin ery of this type is cycled once a ide 1,200 cycles eased to 40 °C th eans the cycle li a once a day eve xpected to survi on. e life performan 0% DOD for 1, 2, cle optimized lea ycle life by an ev expected to mee application, whic . calendar/float or battery data she for how long a n many cases, it perating perature. to 80% BOL n 70% BOL capac e, the ALM serv th 3 daily 100% 13. onger service lif ALM performan xtremes. life me degradation cted. The calend Under this cond dar life is cut in h at exceeds 20 ye ndar life is reduc 10 years can be ad‐ The he ng can a and he fe is ery ive ce of , and 3 cycles pe ad‐acid battery. en greater marg et the ch r eets is city. vice life extends fe than typical le ce is vastly supe N due to tempera dar/float life for ition, a lead‐acid half again for ev ears (at 25 °C) to ed by high temp realized at 35 °C er day. These are If a typical lead gin. ead‐acid batterie erior with 5 – 10 Figure 13: AL Figure 14 NEC Energy Solut ature variations f ALM and lead‐a d battery with a very additional 1 o 80% BOL capac peratures at a si C, or longer if th e plotted at 25 ° ‐acid battery we es. Even at high t 00X the cycle life LM Cycle and Ca : ALM Cycle and tions white pape from a nominal acid batteries ar n expected cale 10 °C increase. city Figure 13, a milar rate to lea he BOL capacity i °C and 40 °C. The ere used, the AL temperatures, A e versus cycle op alendar Life @ 2 d Calendar Life @ er, 082016 20 ‐ 25 °C e cut in half ndar life of nd can ad‐acid is extended e cycle life M battery ALMs have ptimized 25 °C @ 40 °C
- 9. NEC Energy Sol The ALM batt Ownership (TC locations. Specific E To qualify the Energy Densit for the most w Lead‐acid batt available. Lith power capabi Table 2 shows energy is grea The ALM fami Because of th • Pole or w • Roof‐mo • Backup p • Restricte Battery M Lead‐acid batt capabilities an vendor, produ sometime up warranty duri The SOC is ind the power and independent software in so complex to se external abus battery user a lutions white pa ery service life m CO) improveme nergy and E e weight and spa ty) Wh/kg and E widely used chem teries by the nat hium‐ion batterie lities. s a comparison o ater than 3 X hig ily has 30 – 63% e low weight, sm wall mounted sys unted or other r power in raised f ed space cabinet Maintenance teries require ex nd as part of the uct line, and reg to 10 years. The ng the prorated dicated by termi d charging syste monitoring syste ome cases. These et‐up and use, an e conditions, su and system desig per, 082016 may in many cas nts and advanta Energy Dens ace efficiency of nergy Density (V mistries today. ture of their che es are one of the of the ALM 12V7 her than lead‐ac more usable en Table 2: A mall size, and hig stems restricted weigh floor data cente ts and Monito xternal monitori e required terms ion. They are us e terms require s period. The wa nal voltage, but ems. They genera ems aimed at le e tend to be use nd expensive to ch as overcharg gner. ses equal the life ages, particularly sity various battery Volumetric Energ emistry and cons e smallest and li 7 and ALM 12V3 cid batteries as b nergy compared ALM vs. Lead‐Ac gh energy the AL ht environments rs oring: Lithiu ng for SOC and S s and conditions ually 1 – 3 years strict operating c rranties are usu this is often not ally measure the ad‐acid battery ed in mission crit deploy. Howeve ing and short cir etime of support y in remote, hard chemistries and gy Density) Wh/ struction are one ghtest energy st 5 batteries to le benchmarked to to an equivalen cid Battery: Wei LM’s are an exce um‐ion vs. L State‐of‐Health of a product wa s full‐replacemen conditions and c ally invalid if the t accurate across e terminal voltag installations are tical systems suc er, most lead‐ac rcuit. Protection ted products. Th d‐to‐reach and e d technologies, m /l are used. Figur e of the largest a torage solutions ead‐acid batterie o a 2C rate. Even nt lead‐acid batte ight and Specific ellent choice for Lead‐Acid (SOH) in order t arranty. Lead‐ac nt, some with p complicated ma ese are not follo s the batteries’ ge, charge/disch e available and c ch as data cente id batteries do n n and safety coun his can result in s expensive‐to‐ser metrics for Speci re 1 on page 2 sh and heaviest en s, with the benef es of the same n n at C/20 rate, th ery in similar foo c Energy r: to monitor their id battery warra rorated capacity intenance and r owed. life. Sometimes harge, and other consists of senso ers and telecom not provide any ntermeasures ag 9 significant Total rvice application ific Energy (Grav hows the relativ ergy storage sol fit of high energ ominal ratings. T hey are 1.7 time otprint. capacity and en anties and terms y terms for a lon reporting to valid the monitors ar r parameters. M ors, communicat sites. The system built in protecti gainst abuse are 9 | P a g e Cost of ns and vimetric ve ranges lutions gy and The specific s higher. nergy s vary by nger period, date the re built into any ions and m can be ons against e up to the
- 10. 10 | P a g e The ALM fami Management internal failur adjustments a The ALM 12V3 that provide r The SOC and S Determining t or SOH. Use Case ALM 12V Lead‐acid batt • Battery o • Battery t • Region (N • Quality ( • Volumes • Pricing fo Lithium‐ion ba ion battery pr • Higher sy • Less syst • Significan • Faster ch e ily of batteries, t System (BMS) in es or external ab and recovery fro 35 intelligent i‐S remote monitori SOH information the SOC for non e Limitati V35 vs. Le tery performanc optimizations (ge type (SLA, VRLA, North America, E proven vendors / contracts / wa or similarly sized attery first costs rovide significan ystem capacity, em oversizing; f ntly longer servi harge rates enab Figure 15: ALM the ALM 12V7s a n each battery, a buse. It provides om system level Series of lithium‐ ing and control o n, along with oth i‐Series ALMs re ions, Tota ead‐Acid ce and costs vary eneral purpose, pure lead, thin‐ Europe, Asia, ot versus emergin arranty terms an d batteries can v s are usually high t system level co usable energy, a fewer ALMs need ce life, fewer an ble more efficien M 12V35 Constru and ALM 12V35, as shown in Figu s system‐level p faults or abusive ‐ion batteries ar of critical batter her important ba equires external al Cost of y considerably b cycling service, ‐plate lead, othe hers) g suppliers) nd conditions ary 2‐3X based o her than most le ost and perform and power perfo ded than equiva nd less frequent nt system operat uction F , includes EverSa ure 15 and 16. Th rotections for ba e application. e solutions that y status, usage t attery paramete monitoring circ Ownersh based on: float service, pS ers) on these parame ead‐acid batterie ance benefits: ormance alent lead‐acid b battery replacem tions, less gener N Figure 16: BMS a afe™ protection his technology d attery strings an provide integra tracking, SOC, ru ers and status ar cuits since termin hip (TCO): SOC) eters es. However, in a batteries ment, if any, and rator fuel consum NEC Energy Solut and Intelligent S technology as p delivers fully red nd power system ated CAN bus or un time to empt re readily availab nal voltage does : a number of app d associated ser mption (lower O tions white pape Series Block Dia part of the Batte dundant protecti m operation, wit SMBus commun ty, and other par ble, Figure 16. s not reliably ind plications, the A rvicing costs OPEX) er, 082016 agram ery ion from h automatic nications rameters. dicate SOC LM lithium‐
- 11. NEC En Example: A specific exa the ALM lithiu DOD, and disc number of cyc backup with 5 environment. The lead‐acid for balanced f The following • Float life year cale life reduc • C/2 Rate C/20 typ • Safe DOD limit is a Figure 17 a temper designer requires life capac calendar provides weight, v Example: Another exam • System E – 12 V • 5‐hour d • 2 cycles p • 10‐year s • Battery S Analysis 1.) Num – 2 cy 2.) Beg – EOL – 12 V a.) b.) c.) ergy Solutions w Usable Cap mple will be hel um‐ion family. F charge rate. Der cles, and tempe 500 power cycle . battery shown i float and cycle li derating factors capacity deratin endar life of the ction included) capacity deratin ically suggested D limit is the rec function of the 7 shows capacity rature controlled needs to oversi 30 Ah of capacit city, to ensure a life derating is 1 greater than 3.5 volume, and cos Use Case, T mple illustrates a Energy Requirem V nominal, with ischarge (or run per day, 25 °C co service life Selection: Cycling mber cycles expe ycles/day x 365 d inning of Life (B L system energy V, 40 Ah 3 = BOL C/5 or 5 hour (EODV) for a 5 DOD level impa EOL Energy is a white paper, 082 acity pful for compar Figure 17 shows ating factors de rature. The use es over 10 years in this example i fe. s apply: ng is the amoun battery assumin ng is the reducti for lead‐acid ba ommended limi number of cycle y derating from d environment a ze the nameplat ty at the end of full 30 Ah capa 12% for 10 years 5X more capacit t. TCO Analysis comparison in t ment: 300 Wh across t time) and charg ontrolled tempe g & partial SOC ( ected over 10 ye days/year = 730 OL) energy to m = 300 Wh energy 480 Wh runtime deratin hour discharge acts the useable at 80% BOL ener 2016 ing a quality lea an example of t pend on target d case shown in F in a 25 °C temp is a high quality t of capacity (Ah ng float service o on in specified c atteries) t on DOD before es. The maximum 70% to 25% nam and only cycles o te capacity by 3X 10 years require acity after derati s, thus a single b ty on average th s total cost of own the life of the ba ge time. erature (pSOC) optimize ears. cycles/year x 10 meet the EOL ene => Derating Fac g comes from m is 1.75 V. The po e energy, service rgy. At this point d‐acid battery a the effect of cycl discharge time, igure 17 is a 2‐h perature control lead‐acid batter h) lost over the 1 only (no cycle capacity (versus e battery service m DOD is 70% fo meplate capacity on average 20 ti X – 4X to meet s es three 12 V, 40 ng. A single 120 battery can ensu an the 12 V, 40A nership. Conside attery up to End ed 12 V, 40 Ah le 0 years = 7,300 c ergy requiremen ctors (Table 3) = manufacturers Di ower at this cell e life, and numbe t, the battery wi Figur nd ling, hour lled ry 2 10 nameplate) due e life is significan or a cycle life of 5 y, a significant re mes per year. Th system energy re 0Ah lead acid ba 0 Ah battery cou ure the 30 Ah cap Ah lead‐acid bat er the following of Life (EOL) ead‐acid battery 3 cycles nt. Apply manufa 68 Wh to 137 W ischarge Tables voltage is used. er of batteries to ll be at the end e 17: Usable Ca e to a targeted C ntly impacted. Fo 500 cycles. eduction conside his is a common equirements. Fo atteries, for an o ld be used. For pacity over the 1 ttery, eliminating application requ 3 versus ALM 12 acturer derating Wh based on % @ 25 °C 3 . The E . o meet the EOL of its useful life apacity vs. Name C/2 discharge rat or lead‐acid batt ering the battery n challenge wher or example, a sys overall 120Ah be the ALM 12V35 10yr life span. T g capacity overs uirements: 2V35 lithium‐ion g factors. DOD limits End of Discharge system energy o and requires re 11 | P a g e eplate te (versus tery the y is used in re a system stem that eginning of the he ALM izing, extra battery e Voltage of 300 Wh. placement.
- 12. 12 | P a g e – ALM d.) e.) f.) 3.) Serv – 12 V The sho curv – ALM Effe Figu 4.) Num – 12 V the to t DOD It should derating – At 2 This – At 3 is 57 – At 4 This – ALM requ cycl e M 12V35 = BOL e There is no C/5 There are no D EOL Energy for 60% BOL energ vice Life. V, 40 Ah => Depe service life is st rter the service ves are for cond M 12V35 => No D ects of DOD on s ure 13. mber of batterie V, 40 Ah => The size of the DOD he overall system D and matches c be noted that la factors apply. T 20% DOD, a sing s system require 30% DOD, a sing 7% oversized to 40% DOD, a sing s system require M 12V35 => Prov uirement over a ing applications energy 462 Wh = 5 or 5 hour runti DOD limits r this example is gy. endent on the D rongly depende life. The manufa itions where the DOD limits for 2 ervice life are m Table 3: s needed at BOL number of batte limit. The servi m sizing and num closely to the EO arger capacity b he number of cy Table 4: AL le 12 V, 210 Ah s 2 batteries ove le 12 V, 170 Ah the EOL require le 12 V, 100 Ah s 5 batteries ove vides its full 100% 10 year period. and can operat => Derating Fact ime derating. set to 70% BOL DOD limit for 2 c nt on the DOD le acturer provides e number of pSO cycles/day = 14 minimal under th ALM 12V35 vs. L and total numb eries BOL is depe ce life increases mber of batterie OL energy require atteries could b ycles and service LM 12V35 vs. La battery can be u er the 10 year se battery can be u ement. This syste battery can be u er the 10 year se % capacity and o This is because e at 100% DOD tors (Table 3) = 3 energy. The ALM cycles/day = 1.8 evel and cycles p s partial SOC, % D OC cycles and % 4 year Service lif e system condit 12V40Ah Lead‐ ber of batteries ended on the % s as the DOD lim es put into servic ement, while us e used in place o e life remain the rge Capacity Lea used. Using the d ervice life. used. Using the d em requires 4 ba used. Using the d ervice life only one battery the ALM 12V35 with no C/5 rate N 323 Wh M 12V35 is still o 8 – 5.0 year Serv per day. The larg DOD curves agai DOD are known fe. See Table 3 ions. The numbe ‐Acid Battery Us over 10 year ser DOD. This is bec it is decreased. ce. In this examp sing the fewest n of the 12 V, 40 A e same. ad‐Acid Battery derating factors derating factors atteries over the derating factors y is needed at BO 5 (LiFePO4) cells a e penalty. NEC Energy Solut operational and vice Life. See Tab ger the DOD and inst cycles per d n, which is the ca er of cycles/day se Case rvice life. cause the overa These opposing ple, the optimum number of batte Ah. The same DO y Use Case in Table 4 the E in Table 4 the E e 10 year service in Table 4 the E OL, and to meet and pack design tions white pape is fully function ble 3 d number of cyc day and useful lif ase for this exam impacts service ll useable energ g factors create a m energy sizing i eries. OD, C/5 rate, and EOL estimate is 3 EOL estimate is 4 e life. EOL estimate is 3 the 300 Wh EO n are optimized f er, 082016 nal down to cles the fe. The mple. e life, see gy follows a challenge is at a 30% d EOL 363 Wh. 470 Wh, and 361 Wh. L energy for high
- 13. NEC En 5.) Tota – 10 – – Extr – Extr – Incr – Incr The ALM lithiu based on usab can be up to 5 Summar • Lead‐Aci • ALM fam – Gre – Hig – Sign – Hal – Bui • ALM Tota – ALM – Stre NEC Ene NEC Energy So provides fully and power sys This starts ins temperature s power electro redundant FET ALM Family: S • Fast resp • Automat • Easy reco • Fast retry • Voltage p • Pre‐charg ergy Solutions w al Cost of Owner – 15, 12 V 40 Ah ra costs are incu ra costs from a b reased space and reased space, we um‐ion batteries ble energy, lead‐ 50% lower than ry d batteries are t mily of lithium‐io eater usable cap gher power deliv nificantly longer f the weight and lt‐in intelligence al Cost of Owne M service will oft ength of TCO val ergy Solut olutions’ ALM fa redundant prot stem operation, ide with redund sensor monitors onics (FETs as eF Ts are used in th Specific Layers o ponse to direct s tic balancing of b overy from fault y and reconnect present on term ger circuit allow white paper, 082 rship (TCO) over lead‐acid batter rred in replacing battery monitori d weight associa eight, and cost a s are usually hig ‐acid battery de lead‐acid batter the long‐standin n batteries offer acity and energy very r service life, in b d better energy e and monitoring rship (TCO) may ten match the su ue proposition v tions, ALM amily of batterie tection from inte with automatic dant temperatur s are employed a use) disconnect he charging path of Protection hort‐circuits (e‐f batteries at diffe conditions. t from short circ inals for diagnos ws charging and r 2016 r 10 year service ries are needed g lead‐acid batte ng system and/o ated with 3 ‐ 5 le associated with 1 her initial cost t rating factors an ries. g standard in m rs significant adv y both float and es density g y be much lower upported end ap varies by applica M Produc s, ALM 12V7s an ernal failures or c adjustments an e sensors and vo at the battery le charging or disc h. No processor o fuse). erent SOC in seri uits and other p stic purposes ev recovery from un e life. in this system v eries. or manual maint ead‐acid versus a 100 – 210 Ah cap han a 12 V lead‐ nd service life co ost energy stora vantages versus specially cycling r than lead‐acid b pplication produ ation and custom t Family nd ALM 12V35 in external abuse. nd recovery from oltage measurem vel for an additi charging of the b or software is us es and parallel s rotection condit ven when in volt nder‐voltage pro ersus a single AL tenance of lead‐ a single ALM 12V pacity lead acid ‐acid battery of t osts, the total co age and backup lead‐acid in the applications batteries, thoug ct life mer nclude EverSafe It provides syst m system level fa ments that mon ional level of saf battery for even sed in cell mana strings. tions. tage protection m otection event, i LM 12V35, addin ‐acid batteries V35 batteries. the same namep ost of ownership power applicati ese applications. gh ALM first cost ™ battery prote em‐level protec aults or abusive itor cell groups. fety. When a fau n further protect gement or prote modes including smart ng cost. plate rating. How p of lithium‐ion b ons. t may be higher. ction technolog tions for battery application. Next voltage, cu ult condition is d tion. As an extra ection circuits. chargers. 13 | P a g e wever, batteries y that y strings urrent, and etected layer,
- 14. 14 | P a g e The ALM12V3 and control of even if the ba NEC Energy So safety conform NEC Energy So transportation NEC Energy So the latest info Referen 1. Peukert at which 2. NorthSt and the 3. NorthSt and the 4. NorthSt and the 5. NorthSt and the 6. NorthSt and the IMPORTANT: For © 2016 NEC Ener NEC Energy Soluti registered tradem e 35 is available in f critical battery ttery is disabled olutions ALM fam mity, as well as, olutions ALM pr n and safety req olutions provide ormation and da nces t's law, presente h it is discharged tar NSB 40 FT Sil e NSB Telecom A tar NSB 40 FT Bl e NSB Telecom A tar NSB 210 FT B e NSB Telecom A tar NSB 170 FT B e NSB Telecom A tar NSB 100 FT B e NSB Telecom A informational purpo gy Solutions, Inc. All ions, NEC and the NE mark of NEC Energy S intelligent i‐Ser status, usage tr d due to protecti mily of lithium‐io application spec oducts are desig quirements. Proo es a five‐year ma ta sheets. ed by the Germa d. ver Battery, htt Applications Man lue Battery, http Applications Man Blue Battery, ht Applications Man Blue Battery, ht Applications Man Blue Battery, ht Applications Man ses only, NEC Energy rights reserved. EC logo are trademar olutions, Inc. ies with integrat racking, SOC, run on events. on batteries are cific certification gned and tested of of certification aterials and work an scientist W. Pe tp://www.north nual http://www p://www.norths nual http://www ttp://www.north nual http://www ttp://www.north nual http://www ttp://www.north nual http://www y Solutions assumes rks or registered trad ted CAN bus or S n time to empty, designed, manu ns. to IEC 62133, U n is available up kmanship warra eukert in 1897, e starbattery.com w.northstarbatte starbattery.com/ w.northstarbatte hstarbattery.com w.northstarbatte hstarbattery.com w.northstarbatte hstarbattery.com w.northstarbatte no responsibility or l demarks of NEC Corp N SMBus commun , and other para ufactured, and t UN 38.3, and UL on request. anty for its ALM expresses the ca m/downloads/ns ery.com/1.0.1.0/ /downloads/nsb ery.com/1.0.1.0/ m/downloads/ns ery.com/1.0.1.0/ m/downloads/ns ery.com/1.0.1.0/ m/downloads/ns ery.com/1.0.1.0/ liability with regard t poration that are reg NEC Energy Solut nications that pr ameters. Commu tested to ensure 1973 results in r product family. apacity of a batt bsilver/index.ph /188/SES‐544‐01 bblue/index.php /188/SES‐544‐01 sbblue/index.ph /188/SES‐544‐01 sbblue/index.ph /188/SES‐544‐01 sbblue/index.ph /188/SES‐544‐01 to the information co istered in Japan and tions white pape ovide remote m unications may b e international p robust products Visit www.nece tery in terms of t hp 1_Blue_Silver.pd p 1_Blue_Silver.pd hp 1_Blue_Silver.pd hp 1_Blue_Silver.pd hp 1_Blue_Silver.pd ontained herein. other jurisdictions. A er, 082016 monitoring be enabled roduct that meet es.com for the rate df df df df df ALM is a