1. AIRPORT MANAGEMENT ii
LESSON LEARN
MRO
ATC
AIRPORT MANAGER
Student’s Name
AmideeAzizan
Matric Number
KPMC102217
Assignment Title
Lesson Learn,MRO,ATC,Airport Manager Concern
Lecturer’s Name
MR Valli
Date
30.12.2011
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2. Table of contents
Introduction…………………………………………………………………….….2
Contents
1. Lesson Learn……………………………………………………………………
1.1. Airport Terminal…………………………………………………………...3
1.2. Airport Management……………………………………………………....7
1.3. Airport Ground Access…………………………………………………....10
2. MRO……………………………………………………………………………..
2.1. What Is MRO……………………………………………………………..12
2.2. What It‟s Mean…………………………………………………………....13
2.3. How Airport Play A Role…………………………………………………14
3. Air Traffic Controller….…….…………………………………………………...
3.1. What Is ATC………………………………………………………………18
3.2. What They Do……………………………………………………………..19
3.3. How They Do……………………………………………………………...20
3.4. What Are The System Assisting ATC(NAVAIDS)……………………..22
4. As Airport Manager What Are Your Concern…………………………………
4.1. Terminal Area……………………………………………………………..30
4.2. Landside…………………………………………………………………...32
4.3. Airside……………………………………………………………………..35
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………...39
Bibliography………………………………………………………………………40
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3. INTRODUCTION
The effective management of the facilities that exist on and around an
airport‟s airfield is vital to the safety and efficiency of aircraft operations.
Because of this, airport operations management represents many of the
defining issues concerning airport planners and managers.
Any airport‟s in the industry aim is to provide high quality terminal
facilities, management and operation. WHY??
To handle the passengers traffic flows effectively.
To provide a quality experience for customers, because terminals
provide the first and last impressions for visitors to the airport.
To become a HUB
In this assignment I will touch some of the airport management, operation
and component that together make the aviation industry in the world enormous and
continuously growth.
This is with an objective of giving you an insight operational and actual
appearance in the industry.
Likewise, this will supplement the various theories and simultaneously
understanding and application.
ENJOY READING
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4. Airport Terminal
1. Embark/Disembark
An airport terminal is a building at an airport where passengers transfer between ground
transportation and the facilities that allow them to board and disembark from aircraft.The
terminals are the „front door‟ to the Airport and serve as the public interface between the
airside and landside elements.
2. Ticketing Services
Within the terminal, passengers purchase tickets, transfer their luggage, and go through
security. The buildings that provide access to the airplanes (via gates) are typically called
concourses. However, the terms "terminal" and "concourse" are sometimes used
interchangeably, depending on the configuration of the airport.
3. Multiple Connected Terminal
Some larger airports have one terminal that is connected to multiple concourses via
walkways, sky-bridges, or underground tunnels (such as Denver International Airport). Some
larger airports have more than one terminal, each with one or more concourses (such as New
York's La Guardia Airport). Still other larger airports have multiple terminals each of which
incorporates the functions of a concourse (such as Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport).
4. Airport terminal designs
This terminal configuration evolved during the 1950s when gate concourses were added to
the simple terminal building designs. A concourse is actually defined as an open space where
paths meet. Passengers are usually processed at the simple terminal location and then routed
down a "pier" where aircraft are parked in the "finger" slots or gates for boarding.
4.1 Pier Finger Terminals
Piers offer high aircraft capacity and simplicity of design, but often result in a long distance
from the check-in counter to the gate (this way called as Contact Pier).
4.2 Pier Satellite Terminal
This configuration involves a single terminal where all the ticketing and passenger
processing takes place. Connected to this are numerous concourses that lead to one or more
satellite structures. At the end of each concourse the aircraft are parked in a cluster. These
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5. increases the distance a passenger must walk to get from one terminal to another or one gate
to another.
4.3 Transporter Terminal
This concept is currently in use at Dulles International Airport and Tampa International
Airport. In this concept passengers are transported to and from the building to the parked
airplane. The mobile lounge can also be used as holding rooms for waiting passengers at gate
positions. Airplanes are parked at gates placed along parallel rows. Several sets of parallel
parking rows can be created as increased traffic deems such expansion necessary. This design
has excellent expansion capabilities and can maintain the pace with increased airport usage.
With this concept, aircraft can be parked remotely from the terminal buildings thus
increasing the amount of aircraft enplaning and deplaning passengers. Airplane taxiing time
to and from the runway is decreased as well as the amount of aircraft engine noise around the
terminal.
4.4 Semicircular Terminal
Key Considerations:
1. Proximity to Runways and Taxiways
2. Accessibility and Road Access
3. Room for Expansion
4. Availability of Services and Utilities
5. Impact on the Environment
Balance Between:
1. Utilization of Facility
2. Facility Investment
3. Operational efficiency
4. Architectural
Advantages:
1. Short distance
2. Low cost construction
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6. 5. Function of Terminal buildings
Passenger terminals serve the needs of differenttypes of users by:
Processing check-in, security, and border controls, aircraft boarding and disembarking,
Baggage handling for travelers, providing for passengers waiting for flight or transferring
between flights, providing passenger and airport visitor facilities, including food and
beverage, toilets, shopping.
To process passengers (ticket check, customs clearance, immigration control)
To provide various facilities for passenger (shopping, toilets, eating, meeting
& greeting, business & conference).
To organize passengers before journey by plane.
To facilitate a change of transfer mode (ex: from train to plane, from car to
plane, etc.).
6. Parts of Terminal Building
A terminal building could be made for passengers, cargo and for any other specific
purposes. It comprises the basic physical parts as
Front side of the Terminal
Visitors Area and Check-in Area
Shop retails
Security Hold Area & Baggage Make Up area
Passengers Meet and Greet area
Airlines offices, counters for Tour and Travel agencies counters for Taxi
services
Lounges of Business class or Executive Class passengers
7. Passenger’s Movement
Check-in
Airport Check-in are service counters found at commercial airports handling
commercial air travel. The check-in is normally handled by an airline or a
handling agent working on behalf of an airline. Passengers usually hand over
any baggage they do not wish or are not allowed to carry-on to the aircraft's
cabin and receive a boarding pass before they can proceed to board their
aircraft.
Immigration Duties Responsible
Monitor persons who leave or enter the country,
Checking for appropriate documentation,
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7. Arresting people wanted by international arrest warrants.
Block the entry of dangerous people to the country.
8. Safety & Security
Security Checks
Confirming the identity of travelers, Checking a photo ID &
transports.
Body Screening using Metal Detector Gate
Baggage scanning using X-ray machine
Custom Duties Responsible
The processing of people, carriers, cargo, and mail into and out of
the country.(including animals & hazardous items)
The proper collection of taxes, fees, penalties for imported items.
The prohibition of narcotics and illegal drugs.
9. Baggage Handling System
Functions : To process and move the passenger‟s baggage
From the check in area to the departure area or
From the arrival gate to the baggage-claim area
Automatic Methodsof Moving Bags
DCV – Destination Coded Vehicles
Automatic Scanner - scan the labels
on the baggage
Conveyors- Like a local „roads‟
10. Key factors to build an ATTRACTIVE & EFFECTIVE airport terminal
Ambiance (atmosphere of place)
Cleanliness
Unique Architectural
Good and adequate signage
Less walking distance for passengers
Excellent retail stores/Branded stores
Becoming mini township
Many activities for passengers
Pleasing & good waiting environment
Accurate information
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8. Excellent customer service
Efficient public transportation
High security level, safe from any threat potential
Airport Management
1. INTRODUCTION TO AIRPORT
An airport is a facility where passengers connect from ground transportation to air
transportation.The world's first airport was built in 1928 at Croydon near London
(England). It was the main airport for London till it was closed down in 1959, after the
World War II. It is now open as a visitor center for aviation.
By the end of this section, student will be able to:
Describe about airports
Explain several different types of airports
Describe the function of Airports
2. Airlines
Airlines include scheduled airlines and non-scheduled airlines
Airlines can be domestic, international or foreign
Airlines can be passenger carriers, cargo/freight carriers or both passenger and
cargo carriers
Most airlines carry both passengers and freight
Airlines can be owned by government, government owned companies, private
companies or companies jointly owned by government and private entities
Airlines can be owned by one agency but can be managed by another entity.
3. Air Traffic Services
Air traffic services help in navigating aircraft while landing, taking off, flying in
the air, over-flying any country, taxing on the ground and parking
They provide a discipline in the air and also on the ground and maintain safety
4. Regulation And Policies
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), an agency of the United
Nations, codifies the principles and techniques of international air navigation and fosters
the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly
growth. The Headquarters are located in the Quartier International of Montreal,
Canada.The ICAO Council adopted and recommended practice air navigation,
infrastructure, flight inspection to prevent interference, border crossing procedure, air
classification, and traffic control mostly about rule of airspace that been signed and agree
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9. by 52 state on Chicago Convention on 1944 that established rules of airspace, aircraft
registration and safety.The Convention also support eighteen annexes that are amend
regularly by ICAO.
5. Aerodromes
A defined area on land or water (including any buildings, installations and equipment)
intended to be used either wholly or in part for the arrival, departure and surface
movement of aircraft.
6. Types of Airport
6.1
International Airports
An international airport has direct service to many other airports.
Handle scheduled commercial airlines both for passengers and cargo.
Many international airports also serve as "HUBS", or places where nondirect flights may land and passengers switch planes.
Such airports are usually larger, and often feature longer runways and
facilities to accommodate the large aircraft.
6.2
Domestic Airports
A domestic airport is an airport which handles only domestic flights or
flights within the same country.
Domestic airports don't have customs and immigration facilities and are
therefore incapable of handling flights to or from a foreign airport.
These airports normally have short runways which are sufficient to handle
short/medium haul aircraft.
6.3
Regional Airports
A regional airport is an airport serving traffic within a relatively small or
lightly populated geographical area.
A regional airport usually does not have customs and immigration
facilities to process traffic between countries.
Aircraft using these airports tend to be smaller business jets or private
aircraft (general aviation).
7. Airport Ownerships
Most of the world‟s airports are owned by government bodies who then lease the
airport to private corporations who oversee the airport‟s operation.
For example, In Malaysia, airport are authorized by Malaysia Airport Holding
Berhad (MAHB).
MAHB responsible is to focus on the operations, management and maintenance of
Malaysia airports.
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10. MAHB is the operator and manager of Malaysia's 39 airports. The core activities
include the management, operation and maintenance as well as development of airports, with
primary importance being placed on the operational efficiency, safety and security of
passengers, cargo and aircraft operations.
8. How are airports managed
There are several divisions to manage each sub organizations at an airport.
These divisions including
Airport operation services (security, fire & rescue & maintenance)
Airport planning and development (engineering)
Airport financial (revenues, business)
The primary objective of each division is to ensure the operational efficiency,
safety and security of passengers, cargo and aircraft operations.
9. Landside Services
Facilities associated with the movement of passengers and baggage away from
aircraft areas.
Airport facilities devoted to service passengers in to and inside the terminal areas.
For Passengers operations
Example : Terminal building , car parking and ground access.
10. Airside Services
Facilities associated with the movement of the airplanes on the airports surface.
All facilities considered beyond the passenger security areas.
For Aircraft operations
Example: Runway, Taxiway, Apron, Maintenance Hangar
Airport Structure
Airspace :
Space area surrounding an airport for aircraft maneuver (after takeoff, before landing)
Airfield/Airside (Aerodromes) :For Aircraft Operations
Area including building, installations &equipment‟s for aircraft take-off, landing &
surface movement.
Landside : For Passenger Operations
Area to accommodate the passengers (terminal building) & passenger‟s vehicles (parking
facilities)
Airport Ground Access Systems:
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11. Area to accommodate the vehicles to/from the surrounding city area & between the
various buildings around the airport (Cars, buses, taxis, railways)
Airport Ground Access
1. Ground Transportation
As airports play a key role in the competitiveness of the global trade, there is a need for a
greater federal role in airport ground access.Air cargo is also a key element of trade in the
international marketplace. As cargo volumes continue to grow significantly each year, no
federal focus hasbeen placed on the fact that the nation‟s airport ground access system
isprimarily designed for passenger traffic. More attention needs to be paid to the goods
movement component of airports
2. Purpose
For all public and private fleets that provide passenger transportation services out of
commercial airports operating in the South Coast Air Quality Management (District), this
rule requires passenger car, light-duty truck, medium-duty transit vehicle, and heavy-duty
transit vehicle fleet operators to acquire cleaner burning or alternative-fueled vehicles to
reduce air toxic and criteria pollutant emissions when procuring or leasing these vehicles in
the District unless otherwise exempt.
3. Airport Fleet Operator
Airport Fleet Operator is a person who owns, leases, or operates vehicles at commercial
airports located in the District for the express purpose of transporting passengers. A person is
a public agency that is responsible for airport transportation operation; or any private
individual firm, association, franchise, cooperative, organization, partnership,
business trust corporation, company, contractor, user, or owner that operates at commercial
airports and provides transportation services including taxicab, limousine, passenger shuttles,
and courtesy shuttle transportation such as those provided by private vehicle leasing and
rental agencies and hotels, or transports passengers to and from commercial airports and/or
granted approval by the commercial airport authority to pick up passengers within the
jurisdictional boundaries of a commercial airport.
4. Ground Access Operations
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12. Ground access operations Operator must be familiar with the road access an intersection at
the airport. Also the management of vehicles.
5. Examples Type of Vehicles At The Airport
Passengers Cars, Private Car,Taxis,Limozine,Rental Car,Shuttle Bus,Patrol Car,Tow
Truck,Tractor, Rail,Train,ERL,
6. Tugs and Tractor
The tugs tractors at an airport have several purposes and represent the essential part of
ground support services. They are used to move any equipment that can not move itself.
This includes bag carts, mobile air conditioning units, air starters, lavatory carts, and
other equipment.
7. Transporter
The transporters are cargo platforms constructed so that beside loading and unloading can
transport cargo. Depending on the type and load capacity the containers could be
transported, and the same is valid for greater transporters and palettes.
8. Airport Shuttle Bus
An airport bus, or airport shuttle bus or airport shuttle is a bus or coach used to transport
people to/from, or within airports. These vehicles will usually be equipped with larger
luggage space
9. Passengers Boarding Stairs
Passenger boarding stairs, sometimes referred to as 'air-stairs', 'boarding ramps' or
'aircraft steps', provide a mobile means to traverse between aircraft doors and the ground.
Because larger aircraft have door sills 5 to 20 feet high, stairs facilitate safe boarding and
debarking. While smaller units are generally moved by being towed or pushed, larger
units are self-powered.
10. Airport Limo
Airport Limo Malaysia achieved its first decade as the sole provider of taxi and limousine
services from KLIA to destinations in Peninsular Malaysia and from anywhere in
Peninsular Malaysia to KLIA.
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13. MRO
What is MRO
Maintenance, repair, and operations (MRO) ormaintenance, repair, and overhaul
involve fixing any sort of mechanical or electrical device should it become out of order or broken
(known as repair, unscheduled or casualty maintenance). It also includes performing routine
actions which keep the device in working order (known as scheduled maintenance) or prevents
trouble from arising (preventive maintenance). MRO may be defined as, "All actions which have
the objective of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it can perform its required
function. The actions include the combination of all technical and corresponding administrative,
managerial, and supervision actions."
Any activity such as tests, measurements, replacements, adjustments and repairs
intended to retain or restore a functional unit in or to a specified compartment and in this
scenario „Aircraft‟ it called MRO.
For all action taken to retain material in a serviceable condition or to restore it to
serviceability includes inspection, testing, servicing, and classification as to serviceability,
repair, rebuilding, and reclamation it also called MRO.
Aircraft maintenance is the overhaul, repair, inspection or modification of an aircraft or
aircraft component. Maintenance includes the installation or removal of a component from an
aircraft or aircraft subassembly, but does not include elementary work, such as removing and
replacing tires, inspection plates, spark plugs, checking cylinder compression, servicing, such as
refueling, washing windows.
Any work done on an aircraft or aircraft component as part of the manufacturing process,
prior to issue of a certificate of airworthiness or other certification document.
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14. What it’s mean
Generally speaking, there are two types of maintenance in use:
Preventive maintenance, where equipment is maintained before break down occurs. This type
of maintenance has many different variations and is subject of various researches to determine
best and most efficient way to maintain equipment. Recent studies have shown that Preventive
maintenance is effective in preventing age related failures of the equipment. For random failure
patterns which amount to 80% of the failure patterns, condition monitoring proves to be
effective. Corrective maintenance, where equipment is maintained after break down. This
maintenance is often most expensive because worn equipment can damage other parts and cause
multiple damage
Maintenance types
Preventive maintenance
Preventive maintenance is maintenance performed in an attempt to avoid failures,
unnecessary production loss and safety violations. As equipment cannot be maintained at all
times, some way is needed to decide when it is proper to perform maintenance. Normally, this is
done by deciding some inspection/maintenance intervals, and sticking to this interval more or
less affected by what you find during these activities. The result of this is that most of the
maintenance performed is unnecessary;[citation needed] it even adds substantial wear to the
equipment. Also, you have no guarantee that the equipment will continue to work even if you are
maintaining it according to the maintenance plan. The effectiveness of a preventive maintenance
schedule depends on theanalysis which it was based on, and the ground rules used for costeffectively
Corrective maintenance
Corrective maintenance is probably the most commonly used approach, but it is easy to
see its limitations. When equipment fails, it often leads to downtime in production. In most cases
this is costly business. Also, if the equipment needs to be replaced, the cost of replacing it alone
can be substantial. It is also important to consider health, safety and environment (HSE) issues
related to malfunctioning equipment.
Corrective maintenance can be defined as the maintenance which is required when an
item has failed or worn out, to bring it back to working order. Corrective maintenance is carried
out on all items where the consequences of failure or wearing out are not significant and the cost
of this maintenance is not greater than preventive maintenance.
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15. How airport play a role in MRO maintenance
Maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) services play an invaluablerole in assuring that
commercial airliners remain safe, durable and profitable. As new companies enter the aircraft
maintenance business and others change or expand their value propositions, MRO providers will
be compelled to become more collaborative, more open and more competitive. To position
themselves for the future, these organizations must be prepared to take on new roles and heighten
their value by working more closely with others
Maintaining commercial aircraft: An attractive and growing opportunity
Today‟s US$40.1 billion maintenance market for commercial aircraft is large and
growing– attracting new companies and changing the roles of existing ones. The market is
expanding.Today‟s MRO market is split between North America and Western Europe. Over the
next 20 years, the center of gravity of the world‟s airline fleet will tilt toward the Asia-Pacific
region: almost 40 percent of air traffic will be to, from or within those areas. The largest MRO
growth will be seen in Asia (+US$5.6 billion).
The aircraft maintenance supply chain currently holds an inventory of about US$44
billion and supports an active global fleet of nearly 17,000 aircraft. This has resulted in
approximately US$2.5 million in inventory available to each active aircraft.These factors have
made aircraft maintenance one of airlines‟ biggest costs – averaging 13 percent of their total
expenditures. (Fuel and labor are other big expenses.).Airlines spend an average of US$870 in
direct maintenance costs for every flight hour (Those numbers depending on the type of aircraft,
its age and its condition).
It’s no surprise that financial indicators point to commercial aircraft maintenance
(MRO) as an attractive opportunity and play a big role in Airport.
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16. Aircraft MRO has several segments
The attractiveness of the aircraft maintenance business is underscored by the number of
new companies entering the field, and the fact that existing MROs are shifting and expanding
their roles, as the rest of this paper describes.
Aircraft MRO is commonly segmented into fourmain service groupings:
1. Line maintenance, which diagnoses and corrects troubles on the aircraft and carries out
minor and major aircraft checks and repairs, is very labor-intensive.
2. Component maintenance, which repairscomponents such as wheels, brakes andinterior
components, is also primed toprosper – from around US$8 billion today toover US$11
billion by 2017
3. Engine maintenance, which includesdismantling, inspecting, assembling andtesting
aircraft engines, is the largest MROsegment.11 Engine maintenance makes upabout 35
percent of maintenance spend,and is expected to increase.
4. Heavy maintenance, which encompassesstructural modifications, landing
repair,engine changes and regular calendarchecks, is also expected to grow.
gear
These four groupings vary enough to be viewed as fundamentally different businesses.
They each require a different set of skills and services, and little independent maintenance
Companies specialize in all.
Therefore give a lot of job opportunity and play a big role in Airport and Aviation
Sector and industry.
Outsourcing: Extending the roles of MRO businesses
Today, airlines‟ role in maintenance is changing as they outsource more maintenance
activities. An increasing number of low-cost carriers (LCCs) are leading this trend. However,
some airlines have seen MRO as a business opportunity and have set up their MRO operations
on a commercial basis. The business model expand.
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17. Dynamics of the aircraft maintenance business
While the dynamics of the MRO business have been changing for many years, the pace
seems to be accelerating. Six forces are driving the change:
Increased focus of OEMs on MRO: Aircraft and engine OEMs, such as Boeing
and Rolls-Royce, are putting additional focus onthe maintenance business and are
startingto offer “total care” solutions. OEMs are also in a special position to
leverage thesense and respond data from electronic monitors on aircraft and
perhaps even takecontrol of the scheduling of aircraft maintenance.
Outsourcing MRO: As airlines outsourcemore maintenance work and focus on
theircore business, opportunities open up fornew companies to compete in the
MROspace – increasing competition, expandingthe potential for improving
service anddriving down costs. Low-cost carriers areleading the way in
outsourcing MRO.
Globalization: Low-cost labor locationssuch as India, Latin America and China
are now set up for MRO service centers.Already, Asia is seeing net inflows in
labor-intensive airframe heavy-maintenance MRO activities.
PMA parts: The FAA‟s Parts Manufacturer Approval (PMA) process allows
non-OEMs to reverse-engineer OEM parts and sellthem at a significant
discount.Also, the recent entry of Pratt & Whitney into thePMA market
underscores how PMA parts increase competition.
Prognostics and Health Management(PHM): PHM enables aircraft
maintenanceto be proactive – rather than reactive – by monitoring and assessing
the health of apart or component in real-time, predicting failure and determining
appropriate actions.
New technology trends: Several technologytrends are further changing the
structureof MRO by requiring that service suppliershave the skills to keep up with
theseadvances.
o Green engines provide more fuel efficiencyand lower emissions than
Conventional engines.
o Composite materials are becomingcommon in new aircraft.
o More electronic functionality: Electronicsystems continue to replace
mechanicalsystems.
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18. Future scenarios for aircraft spare-parts in airports
Different companies can perform different roles. Key questions for the future of the MRO
industry include:
Who controls the sense data from aircraft?
Who schedules the aircraft maintenance?
Who controls the service centers?
Who makes and distributes spare parts?
Who controls the technicians?
Who controls the service delivery network?
As the new MRO system develops, companies and airports in commercial aircraft
maintenance will be taking on more roles and will collaborate more with other
companies to share those responsibilities.
This is how airport play a role in MRO maintenance
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19. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROLLER
What is ATC
Air Traffic Controller (ATC) jobs mainly is controlling each flight from departure to
arrival is integral to maintain safety because there‟s so many airplane in the system they need to
be separated and need to be control.To separate all aircraft in the air, and this is achieved by
applying the prescribed separation standards. As such standard separation must be maintained at
all times. It‟s a complex world simply clearing airplane to the runway may involve several
steps.Air traffic controller help in navigating aircraft while landing, taking off, flying in the air,
over-flying any country, taxing on the ground and parking. They provide a discipline in the air
and also on the ground and maintain safety. The services are provided by using modern
equipment including radars.
This is for safety, expeditious, orderly and requirement By ICAOalso AuditbyICAO,
IATA depends on Factor country‟s rating and image. The controlling is within FIR and areas of
responsibility areaerodrome, control zone, TMA, airways.
The control given is subject to airspace classification, ATC equipment available,
tower/aerodrome, approach, director, instrument letdown/talk down, area, advisory and FIS.
It‟s given during promulgated opening hours and upon request outside opening hours. It
did not given all the time because of economic reasons and lack of facilities - lighting,
NAVAIDS
How is it given are by, visual, procedural, radar, instrument letdowns, SIDS STARS,
advisory and traffic info.
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20. What They Do
Major Functions is to ensure the safety and smooth operation of the runway/s and
taxiways in an airport and the circuit flights at the airport vicinity. All these using own eyes. To
advise aircraft pilots of runway in use. Depending on the wind condition and as requested by
aircraft pilot depending on the nearest to approach of aircraft landing. All this at the discretion of
the ATC
To provide aerodrome control service. To separate all traffic using runways for takeoff
and landing. To provide Surface movement control. To increase flow efficiency of air traffic at
airports so can avoid the flight delay.ATC providing safe operating conditions for aircraft and
passengers. Control the airport operating services and the airspace within a 5 to 10 km radius of
the airport. Deal with airport operations staff for the airport surfaces and equipment maintenance
(snow removal, ice control, airport lighting, etc).Deal with airport emergency plans (aircraft
crash, bomb threat, hi-jacking, etc.).
Every aircraft that flies follows a similar flight pattern that begins before takeoff and ends
after landing. This pattern is called a flight profile. A typical commercial flight profile has 7
phases. Each phase of a typical flight profile is monitored by an air traffic control facility with its
own group of controllers. Each of these controllers follows specific rules and procedures while
directing flights through designated airways. They monitor the flight using special equipment
and decision support tools (computers) that ensure a safe and efficient flight.
Function of ATC is to organize and expedite the flow of traffic, to issue to information
and clearances to aircraft under its control, to maintain separation and prevent collisions, to
provide information and other support for pilots when able.
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21. How they Do
7 Flight Profile
Step 1- Preflight: Pilot files the flight plan & send to the Tower controller. Tower inform pilot
the weather information. Flight checks, push-back from the gate & taxi to the runway.
Step 2- Take-off: Tower controller gives pilot clearance for take-off, aircraft powers up & takeoff.
Step 3- Departure: Aircraft climbs to a define altitude Tower controller pass their
communication with pilot to the Departure Controller. Pilot receives clearance for routing.
Step 4- En-route: Communication with the pilot then pass to the Air Route Controller. Air route
controller instructing pilot to the specific altitude and heading.
Step 5- Descent: Near airport Approach Controller instructing pilot to descent & change
heading.
Step 6- Approach: Pilot receives approach clearance & the then communication with pilot is
passed to the Tower Controller.
Step 7- Landing: Local controller at tower gives clearance for landing. Ground controller
directs the pilot across the taxiways to its destination gate at the terminal.
Definitions of the Flight Profile
Preflight
The pilot receives the most recent weather information and a flight plan has been filed.
Prior to takeoff, the pilot performs the flight check routine, pushes back the aircraft from the
terminal's gate, and taxis out to the designated takeoff runway.
Takeoff
The pilot receives permission from Local Control (the Tower) to takeoff. The aircraft
powers up and begins its takeoff roll.
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22. Departure
Upon lift off, the pilot is instructed to change radio frequencies to receive new flight
instructions from Departure Control in the TRACON. The pilot is instructed to follow a predetermined, preferred routing that will take the aircraft up and away from the departure airport
onto its route. The pilot is then issued further altitude and routing clearance. The controller
monitors the target (the aircraft) and its track (flight path) on the radar scope. As the aircraft
reaches the edge of the TRACON airspace, the Departure Controller performs an electronic
transfer of the flight to the controller in the next airspace.
En Route
The pilot receives instructions as to what altitude and heading to maintain, as well as to
which radio frequency to tune. This portion of the flight can be as short as a few minutes or as
long as many hours.
Descent
As the aircraft nears its destination airport, the pilot is instructed to change radio
frequencies and contact Descent Control for instructions. The pilot is instructed to descend and
change heading. After receiving these instructions, the aircraft descends and maneuvers to the
destination airport.
Approach
The pilot has received an approach clearance to the destination airport from the Approach
Controller working in the TRACON. The flight has been placed in line with other aircraft
preparing to land at the same airport. The pilot flies a specified flight procedure in order to get in
line for the designated landing runway. The pilot receives instructions from the Approach
Controller to change radio frequency and contact Local Control (in the airport's control tower)
for landing clearance. The aircraft is electronically handed off from TRACON to the Tower.
Landing
The pilot receives clearance from the Local Controller in the airport's control tower to
land on a designated runway. Upon touching down, the flight is then handed off to Ground
Control. The Ground Controller directs the pilot across the taxiways to its destination gate at the
terminal.
21

23. What Are The System Assisting ATC (NAVAIDS)
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
NDB (Non Directional Beacon)
• ADF (Automatic Direction Finder)
• VOR (VHF Omni-directional Range)
• DME (Distance Measuring Equipment)
• ILS (Instrument Landing System)
• TCAS (Traffic Collision Avoiding System)
• GPS (Global Positioning System)
22

24. Non Directional Beacon (NDB)
Older types of radio navigation system
Radio transmitter at a known location, used as an aviation or marine
navigational aid
Not included directional information.
Must be used together with ADF-Automatic Direction Finder that
located inside the aircraft’s
Signals follow the curvature of the earth, so they can be received at
much greater distances at lower altitudes, a major advantage over VOR
Equipment is installed at en-route areas as well as on the airports to
provide navigational guidance to the pilot.
23

25. AUTOMATIC DIRECTION
FINDER(ADF)
Operate in a low or medium frequency band of 200 to 415 kHz.
It is used for identifying positions, receiving low and medium frequency voice
communications, homing, tracking, and for navigation on instrument approach
procedures
Major advantage over VOR navigation in the reception is not limited to line of sight
distance
The ADF can receives on both AM radio station and NDB (Non-Directional Beacon)
Widely used today
24

26. VOR (VHF Omni-directional Range)
Broadcasts a VHF radio composite signal including the station's identifier, voice (if
equipped), and navigation signal. The identifier is Morse code.
Located along air routes and airport to ensure continuity of guidance.
When military tactical air navigation (TACAN) equipment is installed with the
VOR, it is known as a VORTAC.
Primary navigational aid (NAVAID) used by civil aviation in the National Airspace
System (NAS).
25

27. DISTANCE MEASURING
EQUIPMENT
Transponder-based radio navigation technology that measures distance by timing
the propagation delay of VHF or UHF radio signals.
Provide continuous and accurate indication of the slant range distance (expressed in
nautical miles) of an equipped ground reference point
Composed of a UHF transmitter/receiver (interrogator) in the aircraft and a UHF
receiver/transmitter (transponder) on the ground.
Also can be co-located with an ILS glide slope or localizer where it provides an
accurate distance function.
26

28. INSTRUMENT LANDING SYSTEM
Ground-based instrument approach system that provides precision guidance to an
aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a combination of radio signals
and, in many cases, to enable a safe landing
Guide the pilot during the approach and landing.It is very helpful when visibility is
limited and the pilot cannot see the airport and runway.To provide an aircraft with
a precision final approach.
Consists of Ground Installations and Airborne Equipments
Ground Installations – Localizer, Glide path, Marker Beacons
Airborne Equipments - ILS indicator , Localizer and Glide Path
27

29. TRAFFIC COLISION AVOIDANCE
SYSTEM
Designed to reduce the incidence of mid-air collisions between aircraft.
Warns pilots of the presence of other transponder-equipped aircraft which
may present a threat of mid-air collision
Consists of hardware and software that together provide a set of electronic
eyes so the pilot can "see" the traffic situation in the vicinity of the aircraft
28

30. Global Positioning System
Official name are Navigational Satellite Timing And Ranging Global Positioning
System (NAVSTAR GPS)
Provides accurate reliable location and time information in all weather and at all
times and anywhere on or near the Earth when and where there is an unobstructed
line of sight to four or more GPS satellites
Freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver
Provides three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) plus the time
USERS :
Aircraft Navigation,Civilian(individual),Military Railroad System,Marine ,Weather
Prediction, Automobile ,Sports(sky diving)
29

31. Airport Manager
As Airport Manager What Are Your Concern
An Airport Manager administers and supervises the business of the airport, including
budgeting, terminal operations, contract and grant administration, marketing and promotion,
public information, ground transportation, and other matters of concern pertaining to the safe and
efficient operation of the facility. Whether large or small, there are a huge variety of functions at
an airport besides planes taking off and landing, Terminal, Landside and Airside. In This section
I‟m going to discuss about airport Manager concern on Terminal ,Landside and Airside
Terminal Area
A terminal building could be made for passengers, cargo and for any other specific
purposes. A PTB (Passengers Terminal Building) comprises the basic physical parts as
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
09.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Front side of the PTB or the verandah
Visitors Area
Check-in Area
SHA or Security Hold Area (sterile area)
BMA (Baggage Make Up area)
BBA (Baggage Brake Up area)
Passengers Meet and Greet area
Airlines offices
Office of the regulatory agencies
Lounges of Business class or Executive Class passengers
Check-in counters
Frisking booths and XBIS machines
Various concessionaires
Counters for Tour and Travel agencies
counters for Taxi services
Terminal building is the main building where passengers embark and disembark aircrafts.
The terminals are the ‘front door’ to the Airport and serve as the public interface between the airside
and landside elements.This Include Check in counters,Departure lounge,Arrival lounge,Custom check,
Immigration check,Baggage conveyor belt,Driveway to drop and pick passengers,Health quarantine
Animal & plant quarantine ,Baggage collection lounge,Baggage disposal conveyor,Security office
Information panel displays,Baggage x ray machines,Human metal detectors ,Toilets ,Retail shops
Other facilities ,Public PA system ,CCTV,Passengers aerobridges ,Departure secured rooms.
30

32. Where to Locate ATerminal, Key Considerations:
1. Proximity to Runways and Taxiways
2. Accessibility and Road Access
3. Room for Expansion
4. Availability of Services and Utilities
5. Impact on the Environment
Terminal Design – Key Considerations
Balance Between:
Utilization of Facility
Facility Investment
Operational efficiency
Architectural
Passenger terminals serve the needs of differenttypes of users by:
Processing check-in, security, border controls,
Aircraft boarding and disembarking, and
Baggage handling for travelers;
Providing for passengers waiting for flight or transferring between flights
Providing passenger and airport visitor facilities, including food and beverage, toilets,shopping
& other activities.
Any airport’s aim is to provide high quality terminal facilitiesbecause:
To handle the passengers traffic flows effectively.
To provide a quality experience for customers, because terminals provide the first and last
impressions for visitors to the airport.
To become a HUB
To ensure that terminal areas must serves and meets all the criteria that passengers demand
Key factors to build an ATTRACTIVE & EFFECTIVE airport terminal building are:
Easy Access from road or rail
Efficient Baggage Delivery
Full range of services
Convenient parking, ground transportation
Clean building
Simple procedures that are not confusing
Safe & Secure Environment
31

33. Airside
The airside installations, operation and its effective management are vital for
every airport. It basically includes
01.
02.
03.
04.
05.
06.
07.
08.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Runway
Taxiway
Holding bays
Apron
Bays/stands
Runway lights
Runway markings
Navigational aids or NAVAIDS as
NDB (Non directional beacon)
DVOR
DME
Localizer
Glide Path
Outer marker
A Runway is the basic requirement of an airport. The pavement where aircrafts land, roll and
take off is called a runway. Regulations regarding the management and planning of runway is governed
by ICAO SARP Annex-14. As per the guidelines the runway is properly painted with various markings and
equipped with visual and instrumental aids.
Runway lighting is extremely important for night time aircraft operation or in poor visibility
weather conditions. There are three kind of light arrangements in and around the runway.
•
Approach lighting systems
•
Visual glide slope indicators
•
Runway end identifiers
The major function of taxiways is to provide access for aircraft to travel to and from the runways
to other areas of the airport. Taxiways are identified as
•
Parallel taxiways
•
Entrance taxiways
•
Bypass taxiways
•
Exit taxiways
A parallel taxiway is aligned parallel to an adjacent runway. Exit and Entrance taxiways are
typically oriented perpendicular to the runway or the parallel taxiway. Entrance taxiways are located
near the departure end of runways; exit taxiways are located at various points along the runway to
allow landing aircraft to efficiently exit the runway after landing. By pass taxiways are located at areas of
congestion at busy airports. They allow aircraft bypass other aircraft parked on the parallel or entrance
taxiways in order to reach the runway for take-off.
Taxiway markings: The taxiway centerline is a single continuous yellow line, 6 to 12 inches in
width. Taxiway edge marking is continuous markings consisting of a continuous double yellow line, with
each line being 6 inches in width spaced 6 inches apart.
32

34. Taxiway lighting: Many airports are equipped with taxiway lighting to facilitate the movement
of aircraft on the airfield at night or in poor visibility conditions. Taxiway lighting includes taxiway edge
lights, taxiway centerlines lights, clearance bar lights, runway guard lights and stop bar lights. These light
emit blue light. Clearance bar lights are installed at holding positions on taxiways in order to increase
the conspicuity of the holding position in low visibility conditions. Clearance bars consists of three inpavement steady burning yellow lights. Runway Guard lights are installed at intersections of runways
and taxiways. They are either a pair of elevated flashing yellow lights installed on either side of the
taxiway or a row of in-pavement yellow lights installed across the entire runway, at the runway holding
position marking. Stop bar lights are used to confirm instructions form air traffic controller’s clearance
to enter or cross an active runway in low-visibility conditions.
NAVIGATIONAL AIDS
•
NDB (Non Directional Beacon)
•
ADF (Automatic Direction Finder)
•
VOR (VHF Omni-directional Range)
•
DME (Distance Measuring Equipment)
•
ILS (Instrument Landing System)
Many general aviation-type airplanes are equipped with automatic direction finder (ADF)
radio receiving equipment. To navigate using the ADF, the pilot tunes the receiving equipment to
a ground station known as a NONDIRECTIONAL RADIOBEACON (NDB). The NDB stations
normally operate in a low or medium frequency band of 200 to 415 kHz.
One of the older types of radio navigation is the automatic direction finder (ADF) or nondirectional beacon (NDB). The ADF receiver, a "backup" system for the VHF equipment, can be
used when line-of-sight transmission becomes unreliable or when there is no VOR equipment on
the ground or in the aircraft. It is used as a means of identifying positions, receiving low and
medium frequency voice communications, homing, tracking, and for navigation on instrument
approach procedures
ADF (Automatic Direction Finder) is the radio signals in the low to medium frequency
band of 190 Khz. to 1750 Khz. It was widely used today. It has the major advantage over VOR
navigation in the reception is not limited to line of sight distance. The ADF signals follow the
curvature of the earth. The maximum of distance is depend on the power of the beacon. The
ADF can receives on both AM radio station and NDB (Non-Directional Beacon). Commercial
AM radio stations broadcast on 540 to 1620 Khz. Non-Directional Beacon operate in the
frequency band of 190 to 535 Khz.
33

35. A non-directional (radio) beacon (NDB) is a radio transmitter at a known location, used
as an aviation or marine navigational aid. NDB signals follow the curvature of the earth, so they
can be received at much greater distances at lower altitudes, a major advantage over VOR.
Non Directional Beacon (NDB) is used in conjunction with Automatic Direction Finder
(ADF) in the cockpit.
The NDB equipment is installed at en-route areas as well as on the airports to provide
navigational guidance to the pilot. It must be used together with ADF-Automatic Direction
Finder
VOR, short for VHF omnidirectional radio range, is a type of radio navigation system
for aircraft. A VOR ground station broadcasts a VHF radio composite signal including the
station's identifier, voice (if equipped), and navigation signal. The identifier is morse code.
VOR is the primary navigational aid (NAVAID) used by civil aviation in the National
Airspace System (NAS).
VOR ground installations are strategically located along air routes and airport to ensure
continuity of guidance.
When military tactical air navigation (TACAN) equipment is installed with the VOR, it is
known as a VORTAC.
Distance measuring equipment (DME) is a transponder-based radio navigation
technology that measures distance by timing the propagation delay of VHF or UHF radio signals.
The DME system is to provide continuous and accurate indication of the slant range
distance (expressed in nautical miles) of an equipped ground reference point (i,e ground DME
facility).
The DME system is composed of a UHF transmitter/receiver (interrogator) in the aircraft
and a UHF receiver/transmitter (transponder) on the ground.
A low-power DME can also be co-located with an ILS glide slope or localizer where it
provides an accurate distance function.
An instrument landing system (ILS) is a ground-based instrument approach system that
provides precision guidance to an aircraft approaching and landing on a runway, using a
combination of radio signals and, in many cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe
landing .The first scheduled passenger airliner to land using ILS was in 1938.
To guide the pilot during the approach and landing. It is very helpful when visibility is
limited and the pilot cannot see the airport and runway. To provide an aircraft with a precision
final approach.
34

36. ILS consists of Ground Installations and Airborne Equipments
•
There are 3 equipments for Ground Installations, which are:
1.
2.
Ground Glide path (GP) Antenna – To provide vertical navigation
3.
•
Ground Localizer (LLZ) Antenna – To provide horizontal navigation
Marker Beacons – To enable the pilot cross check the aircraft‟s height.
There are 2 equipments for Airborne Equipments, which are:
1.
LLZ and GP antennas located on the aircraft nose.
2.
ILS indicator inside the cockpit
Landside
Landside Services is For Passengers operations facilities associated with the Movement
ofpassengers and Baggage.
35

37. Passenger’s Movement
Check-in
Airport Check-in are service counters found at commercial airports handling commercial
air travel. The check-in is normally handled by an airline or a handling agent working on behalf
of an airline. Passengers usually hand over any baggage they do not wish or are not allowed to
carry-on to the aircraft's cabin and receive a boarding pass before they can proceed to board their
aircraft
Immigration Duties
Immigration responsible for:
Monitor persons who leave or enter the country,
Checking for appropriate documentation,
Arresting people wanted by international arrest warrants.
Block the entry of dangerous people to the country
Security Checks
One of the most important security measures at an airport is confirming the identity of
travelers. This is done by checking a photo ID, such as a driver's license. If you are travelling
internationally, you need to present your passport
Flow Chart of Passenger Disembarking
36

38. Custom Duties
The processing of people, carriers, cargo, and mail into and out of the country.(including
animals & hazardous items)
The proper collection of taxes, fees, penalties for imported items.
The prohibition of narcotics and illegal drugs.
BAGGAGE HANDLING
Goals of the system
Deliver each bag individually – including transfers – automatically from
check-in or the unloading of the aircraft to the outward bound aircraft or
baggage claim
Maximum delivery times:
Wide body aircraft – 30 minutes
Narrow body aircraft – 20 minutes
Designed to allow transport of baggage anywhere within the airport to or from the main
terminal within 10 minutes
Must move the baggage at a rate => the rate at which travelers move
Deliver over 1000 bags per minute
Baggage Handling Principles
Minimize the number of handling operations
Baggage handling system consistent with the aircraft movement characteristics (type of
passenger, size of aircraft, frequency of flights).
Avoid turns & level changes.
Ensure that the conveyor belt slopes do not exceed 15 deg.
Avoid baggage flow crossing passenger flows, aircraft flows, & air freight flows.
Place baggage sorting areas nearby to the apron.
Security Considerations In Terminal Design
1. Building design separates airside from groundside
2. Security Screening Requirements
3. Baggage Screening Requirements
4. Terminal Surveillance
5. Separation of Domestic from International Passengers
37

39. Airport Ground Access Plans
Key Considerations:
Entry and Exit Road System
Parking – for passengers, staff, car rentals, shuttle buses, taxis, etc
Curbside drop-off pickup
Public Transit
Rail Systems
Baggage Handling Process
DCVs
Metal cart with wheels on the bottom and a plastic tub on top (mounted on a pivot) that tilts
into three positions for automatically loading, carrying and unloading baggage
Ride on a metal track like a roller coaster
Travel up to 24 mph
Slow to 4.5 mph for loading and 8.5 mph for unloading
Photo-electric sensors trigger laser scanner when DCV is present and associate the bag with the
DCV
Located every 150 to 200 feet of track
Data from scanners is transmitted to a computer that translates it by using a look up table to
match the flight number with the appropriate gate
38

40. CONCLUSION
T
his Assignmentis some example for a person that in Aviation Professionals Field can
manage to ensure you are up to date with Management in aviation profession .
Therefore this are not that detail, but nevertheless can give you some idea what is Airport
Operations. This scrapbook are from my point of view.
Hope You Enjoy reading
Happy Landing
39

41. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. For Books:
Author(s) Year
AMC
KPMC
KPMC
MAS
2010
2011
2011
2003
Title
City Publisher
Airport Management
Last Semester Notes
Last Semester Assignment & Presentation
Previous Job Experience
2. For Educated Person and Other Periodicals:
Name(s)
Zulianabt Ismail (AMC)
Mejar Maya Marimuthu
Mr. Valli
KL
KL
KL
KL
AMC
KPMC
KPMC
MAS
Position
Lecturer
Lecturer
Lecturer
40