Electronic Paper is also called Electronic ink DisplayUnlike conventional backlit flat panel displays which emit light, E-paper displays reflect light like ordinary paper.It can be described as an easily transportable electronic display device that looks like real paper and can be rewritten millions of times.
2. Outlines
Introduction
History
What is e-paper
Features of e-paper
Construction of e-paper
• Front plane
• Back plane
how does will it make letter appear
Technologies used
• Gyricon
• Electro phoresis
• Electro wetting
• Electro fluidity
3. Comparison between e-paper and LCD
Merits
Demerits
Future approaches
Application
Conclusion
References
4. Introduction
E-paper also known as Electronic Paper or Electronic ink
Display.
Unlike conventional backlit flat panel displays which emit light, E-
paper displays reflect light like ordinary paper, theoretically
making it more comfortable to read, and giving the surface a
wider viewing angle compared to conventional displays.
extremely light and flexible.
5. History
Developed in 1970’s by Nick Sheridon at Palo Alto
Research centre.
The first electronic paper was called GYRICON.
A Japanese company Soken demonstrated a wall with
electronic wall paper using this technology in 2008 at
an exhibition.
An example of this is the USB drive with
e-ink Implemented capacity meter of
available memory.
6. What is e paper?
It is an electronic paper display that possesses:
A paper like high contrast appearance
Ultra low power consumption
Thin and light
Gives the viewer the experience of reading from paper.
Electronic ink is the major component used in this
technology in the displays.
It can be described as an easily transportable
electronic display device that looks like real paper and
can be re-written millions of times
8. Construction of E-paper
It has two different parts.
Front plane.
Back plane.
The front plane consist of E-ink.
The back plane consist of electronic circuits.
Back plane is made up of organic thin film transistor
arrays which provide voltage needed by the E-Paper.
To form an E-ink electronic display the ink is printed onto
a plastic film that is laminated to a layer of circuitry.
9. The front plane consist of E-ink.
E-ink is made up of millions of tiny
microcapsules.
Microcapsules have diameter of the order of
100 microns.
Each microcapsule contains positively
charged white particles and negatively
charged black particles suspended in a clear
fluid .
When a positive or negative electric field is
applied, corresponding particles move to the
top of the microcapsule where they become
visible to the viewer. This makes the surface
appear white or black at that spot.
Front plane
E-ink 2-pigment system
15. Gyricon
It was the first electronic paper and was developed in 1970’s.
Consists of polyethylene spheres having diameter between 75-106
micrometers.
Each sphere is a janus particle composed of negatively charged
black plastic on one side and positively charged white plastic on the
other (each bead is thus a dipole).
These spheres are embedded in transparent silicone made
sheet, with each sphere suspended in a bubble of oil so that they
can rotate freely.
The polarity of the voltage applied to each pair of electrodes then
determines whether the white or black side is face-up, thus giving
the pixel a white or black appearance.
16.
17. Electrophoretic Technology
The use of electrophoretic technology is done.
2 screen layers of width (10-100) micrometer.
Tiny capsules between the layers.
These capsules are called titania capsules.
Each capsule is about 5 micron wide and there are thousands of,
present between the layers.
titania
capsule
18. Electrophoretic display
Each E-ink capsule contains an oily solution containing black dye
(the electronic ink), with numerous white titanium dioxide particles
suspended within these capsules are dispersed in a hydrocarbon oil
in which dark-colored dye and charging agents are also added.
Capsule diameter is 40 micrometer.
Gap between the two conducting plates is of the order of 100
micrometers and the mixture is placed between these plates.
When a voltage is applied across the two plates, the particles will
migrate electrophoretically to the plate bearing the opposite charge
from that on the particles.
19. When the particles are located at the front (viewing) side of the
display, it appears white, because light is scattered back to the
viewer by the high refractive -index titania particles.
When the particles are located at the rear side of the display, it
appears dark, because the incident light is absorbed by the
colored dye.
20. Electrowetting
Based on the phenomenon of Electrowetting effect.
based on controlling the shape of a confined water/oil interface
by an applied voltage.
With no voltage applied, the (coloured) oil forms a flat film
between the water and a hydrophobic (water-repellent) insulating
coating of an electrode, resulting in a coloured pixel.
When a voltage is applied between the electrode and the water,
the interfacial tension between the water and the coating
changes. As a result the stacked state is no longer stable,
causing the water to move the oil aside.
L-liquid
I-insulator
S-substrate
21.
22. Electro-fluidic Display
Electrofluidic displays are the variation of electrowetting
displays.
Electrofluidic displays place an aqueous pigment
dispersion inside a tiny reservoir.
The reservoir comprises of<5-10% of the viewable pixel
area and therefore the pigment is substantially hidden from
view.
Voltage is used to electromechanically pull the pigment out
of the reservoir and spread it as a film directly behind the
viewing substrate.
As a result, the display takes on colour and brightness
similar to that of conventional pigments printed on paper.
23.
24. Comparison of e-paper & LCD
Electronic Ink
Display
Liquid Crystal
Display
Wide viewing angle Best image only from one
position
Readable in sunlight Can be difficult to see in
sunlight
Requires less power Requires more power
Plastic or glass Glass only
Light Weight Power supply and glass
make LCDs relatively
heavy
Thin (~1 mm) Thick (~7 mm)
Uses bistable display does not use bistable
display
25. Merits of E-paper
Paper-like Readability
Sunlight and non-uniform light visibility
Viewing angle~180 degrees
They are persistent without power, drawing current only when
they change, which means low power consumption therefore
batteries can be smaller and last longer.
An electronic ink display module is thinner, lighter weight, and
more robust than conventional LCD's.
Electronic Paper is highly flexible and it is able to be twisted or
bended into different curvatures. The Electronic Paper can be
applied to different shapes of products, without being limited to
being bonded to flat display panels.
26. They are inherently bi-stable for extended periods of time.
Simple Manufacturing Process
The manufacturing process is carried out using a roll- to-roll method,
similar to printing paper, by injecting dielectric fluid and charged
particles into the layer of capsules, and then sealing the top layer.
The production is performed continuously at high speed.
Batteries can be smaller and last longer
Inexpensive
They are completely reflective requiring no
backlight
27. Demerits of E-paper
Electronic paper technologies have a very low refresh
rate compared to other low-power display
technologies, such as LCD.
An example of this limit is that a document cannot be
smoothly zoomed without either extreme blurring
during the transition or a very slow zoom.
A shadow of an image may be visible after refreshing
parts of the screen. Such shadows are termed "ghost
images", and the effect is termed "ghosting“.
Because of ghosting the entire screen white and
black when loading a new image.
28. Very low switching speed i.e., very slow response to
any change
Problems in extreme weather conditions or
temperatures, humidity.
It is unrecyclable
29. Future approaches
Implementation of video on it- not yet.
Full colour implementation- not yet
Flexibility of e-paper so that it can be rolled and folded-
not yet.
Develop it such that it will reflect infra red rays and the
documents can be read by using night vision camera
only and so that it can be used by military and security
purposes too.
30. Applications
Wristwatches
e-Book reader
eg: Amazon kindle.
Electronic Shelf Label
In a large department store or supermarket,
e- paper can be used for labelling the shelves
and price tagging.
Smart Card Display
Some credit cards contain a smart card to
store information such as accumulated
credit and money expenses etc.
Mobile phones
31. Electronic Billboards
Status displays
Digital Photo Frames
Time Table at Stations
E-Newspapers
Computer monitors
E-ID Cards
32. Conclusion
Electronic ink is not intended to diminish or do away with traditional
displays. Instead electronic ink will initially co-exist with traditional paper
and other display technologies. But to an extent it can reduce the
excessive use of paper. In the long run, electronic ink may have a
multibillion-dollar impact on the publishing industry.
33.
34. References
Flexible and Roll-able Displays/Electronic Paper A Brief
Technology Overview Rong-Chang (R.C.) Liang
Paper Electronics and Electronic Paper
by Magnus Berggren*'**, Thomas Kugler*'**, Tommi Remonen*, David Nilsson**,Miaoxiang
Chen**, Petronella Norberg"*The Research Institute ACRE0 AB, Bredgatan 34, SE-602 21
Norrkoping, Sweden **Organic Electronics Group, Campus Norrkoping, SE-601 74, Sweden
E-paper: Clarifying future R&D needs by a fundamental
understanding of the maximum performance of current technologies
Author(s): Heikenfeld, J.
Novel Devices Lab., Univ. of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_paper
http://spectrum.ieee.org/consumer-electronics/portable-
devices/lighter-brighter-displays
Image taken from: http://www.eink.com/technology.html
http://www.amazon.in/gp/product/B007RF5F0Q/ref=famstripe_kp3
