1. 1
Taylors University
Bachelor of Quantity Surveying
Building Services
Group member:
Yong Kang Seng 0331857
Tan Kai Bin 0331366
Orlando Wong 0331859
Nicholas Wong 0331773
Law Jia Hao 0326505
Khairi Fariz Bin Mohd Fiesal 0331177
2. 2
Table Content:
Table Content: Pages:
Cover Pages 1
Table of content 2
Introduction of selected topic 3-6
Installation Process 7-12
Management system 13-14
The advantages and disadvantages 15-18
Case Study: Finding and explanation 19-22
Possible problem to the system 23-26
Recommendations for future improvement 27-28
Reflection 29
Conclusion 30
References 31
3. 3
Introduction
All living things depend on water for survival and water comprises from 75% body weight in
youths to 55% in seniors and its crucial for life. People don’t just consume it, but also use it
for everyday chores such as washing clothes, dishes, car, bathing and so on. Nowadays,
people rely on hot water for many reasons from bathing to washing dishes and it has
become an important part of an everyday lifestyle.
Water heating is where heat is transferred to water above its initial temperature by an energy
source. To obtain hot water, it needs to be heated by means of fossil fuel, natural gas,
liquefied petroleum gas, and oil. Alternatively, it can be consumed directly using electricity.
Heat pumps, solar energy, hot water heat recovering, and geothermal heating can be
combined with backup systems supplied by electricity, oil or gas may also be used. Hot
water is used domestically and commercially. Domestic uses include cleaning, bathing,
cooking and so on and commercial usage does not differ much.
There are different types of hot water systems which can be categorized into 3 parts which
are a localized system, centralized system and solar.
4. 4
Types of hot water supply system for large building
The type of hot water supply system that can be installed depends on the purpose of the
building. It can be a localized system or a centralized system and both have their suitability.
The choice of hot water supply system to be installed in the building must be decided to
accommodate the uses of hot water. For example, every building has their purpose such as
hotels for guests and corporate buildings for staff/workers. A multi-story office building would
require a lot less hot water because it has a low consumption rate which makes the localized
system more suitable for installation. A localized system is when water is heated only when it
is required but sometimes hot water can be stored in a tank for later use as well.
Two types of localized systems
Instantaneous single points – The water is only heated when its required, by a heater fuelled
by electricity or gas. It is normally attached to a swivel spout and directly located on top of
the sanitary appliance, the water flow normally being inlet controlled. Electric Instantaneous
heaters allow water to flow into the heater where surrounding it, is an electric heating
element. The pressure or flow switch positioned on the inlet supply picks up the water flow
which then makes the electrical contacts to the immersion heater element.
Storage type single points- With this type of heater, it is usually positioned near a sink and
can store a maximum of 15 litres of fluid. The water is then heated by an electrical element
to a point where the water has expanded enough to expel from the discharge spout.
Unheated water from the base of the unit now fills up space where the hot water was
expelled. The hot water will decrease in temperature after the expelling and is only
appropriate for small amounts of draw off as the hot water which can be expelled is finite.
A centralized system is a system that stores heated water readily available to be supplied to
several outlets. It would be more sensible to install a centralized system in a hotel because
the centralized system is suitable for a building which has a high-water consumption rate
and it can store a large amount of hot water in the storage tank.
Storage system supplies hot water to multiple draws off points. This requires a boiler where
water is boiled and stored in a storage cylinder placed in a central position/ ideal position. It
provides high flow rates and low maintenance cost. It also provides preheated hot water
stored in a tank for usage instantaneously. With all its benefits, it also comes with drawbacks
which are that water would need to be preheated before having a supply of hot water,
recovery time, storage space requirement and the risk of pipes freezing in the winter time.
5. 5
The water may be heated in the hot storage cylinder itself or in a boiler positioned in an ideal
location. Water is supplied back and forth the boiled by primary flow and return pipes. The
water courses through the system by convection or with the air from circulating pumps. The
water flows by convection currents from expelling in volume when heated. Pump circulation
system is needed when using gas or oil boilers.
Cold water is denser than hot water therefore hot water is expelled from the top of the
storage vessel to supply the multiple draw-off points when heated. Unheated water is
supplied to the bottom of the cylinder to avoid cooling the heated water.
Direct hot water supply system is where the raising main feeds directly to the water taps and
the water heater. Water is supplied by a rising main and directly feeds with mains pressure
to all the taps as well as the water heater. Water is transferred into a storage cylinder and
heat is transferred to the surrounding water body.
Indirect hot water supply system is where the rising main feeds directly to at least one cold
tap at the kitchen sink with clean, drinkable water and may also feed to the washing machine,
shower, etc. It also feeds a storage tank at a high point in the building from where the water
is fed to the other taps using gravity
6. 6
Solar Hot Water system
The method of hot water system heating depends on multiple factors such as design
consideration, required consumption, demand, types of installation, available space, etc.
There are two types of heating methods which are an electrical heating method and solar
heating method.
Solar heating uses a form of green energy which is the radiation from the sun drawn by solar
panels/collectors installed on the roof to heat up water. The hot water is then transferred and
stored in a cylinder ready to be used. It can be stored for days without requiring electricity.
This would be beneficial in countries with long daily sunshine duration such as Malaysia and
this would save Malaysians plentiful on electricity bills.
Electrical heating comes in two types which are instantaneous (tank-less) and storage.
Instantaneous uses coils and electrical energy to bring the water to a hot enough
temperature when required without the necessity of a storage tank. This reduces the loss of
heat during distribution to draw off points from a central boiler. It costs more initially but in
the long term, it's more energy saving. Without the use of a tank, it does not encounter tank
failure or other problems although it would need a waiting time for the water to heat up.
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Installation Process
A hotel/corporate building would require massive amounts of hot water for consumption and
a centralized system is suitable for a building which has a high-water consumption rate and it
can store a large amount of hot water in the storage tank. A centralized hot water system
heats water in a centralized water boiler tank and supplied to users in the building.
Insulators are soft material that prevents the pipes from freezing and from endangering
people by burning. During the installation of the hot water supply system, insulators would
normally be installed as well to safeguard the piping.
Materials used in the installation are of upmost importance because choosing the right
materials can be beneficial in the long term of the system's service.
PIPING MATERIALS
The suitable piping material that is used for a project varies from their purposes as they may
require certain specifications. As for this project, the hot water pipes must have the capacity
to withstand the greatest temperature of the water being funneled. Besides copper which is
the common material for hot water supply, the other suitable materials include :
chlorinated polyvinylchloride (CPVC)
cross-linked polyethylene (PEX)
polybutylene (PB)
8. 8
COPPER
Copper is known as one of the best heat conductors. Because of this, it is the most
commonly used material in hot water plumbing. Copper piping works in both underground or
above ground applications, however, copper can be influenced by soil condition and ought to
be sleeved if it is utilized underground. Because of the cost of copper and the long installing
process, numerous developers are changing to alternative materials such as PEX.
Copper is non-permeable. It doesn't absorb other substances with which it comes into
contact so it protects against contaminants to the water supply. It has natural anti-microbial
properties that help kill harmful bacteria and pathogens. Copper pipes also inhibit the growth
of bacteria and slime inside the pipes that can lead to illness. Copper's prohibitive effects on
diseases such as E-coli O157, polio virus, and Legionella pneumophilia (the cause of
Legionnaire's disease), among other harmful bacteria, have all been tested. Unlike iron, lead
and PVC pipes, copper pipes do not leech dangerous metals or toxins into drinking water
under most conditions.
9. 9
CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE (PEX)
PEX is commonly installed in place of copper pipes or chosen as an alternative to other
types of plastic. It’s often installed to channel both hot and cold water, particularly drinking
water. It’s also a popular choice for appliances such as boilers. This material is known for its
flexibility, low cost, ease of fitting and ability to maintain water pressure. PEX pipe is
available in red, blue and white. While red is typically used for hot water and blue for cold,
there’s no difference in the material. The advantages that PEX pipes have over copper pipes
include :
It is far less expensive as a raw material
Creates far less water turbulence inside, and therefore less water provides equivalent
performance
It is very tough to damage mechanically and doesn’t break down over time
It is an ideal piping for a water-saving manifold system
10. 10
It can withstand 114-degree celsius steadily for short periods
POLYBUTYLENE (PB)
Polybutylene was the first plastic plumbing pipe to be used in hot water supply piping. In the
past, this material was the best choice the developers had as an alternative to the more
expensive copper pipe and was even seen as the “pipe of the future” because of it’s low cost
and easy installation. These pipes are typically gray or white in color with a dull finish. Most
are shown with a pipe attached. However, thoughout the years, the usage of PB pipes have
been discontinued. While there are no scientifical evidence, it is generally accepted that the
oxidants in the public water supplies, such as chlorine, react with the polybutylene piping
and acetal fittings causing them to scale and flake and become brittle. As a result, most
developers switched to the more reliable materials such as PEX pipes.
11. 11
STORAGE TANK IN AND ZONING VALVE
High rise buildings typically have a boiler system or large tank heater with a re-circulation
line. The boiler or tank heater will heat the water and it will pump throughout the system.
Since most of the water will not be used quickly, it would just sit in the pipes and cool down.
If the water keeps on flowing with a re-circulation pump, it keeps the water flowing through
the system and back to the boiler/heater so it never has time to sit and cool down. The water
supply system in high rise building requires zoning valves to each floor. This is due to the
possibility of supply failure so that repairing work can be conducted on one floor and it will
not interrupt the other floors.
12. 12
As the high-rise buildings are divided into different sections representing each floor, or zones,
the zoning valves are needed to maintain the pressure of the hot water supply and also for
convenience purpose. The zone valve is connected to the boiler, and when the hot water
flows through the valve it circulates around the building pipe lines to the zoned floor and
back to the boiler to be reheated.
How it works
When a resident switch on the thermostat, the thermostat sends down a signal to the valve
which will trigger a motor inside the valve that will hold open the valve and let water flows
through. Another part of the valve is the end switch, which completes a circuit that will turn
the boiler on to heat the water every time a circulation is complete.
Zoning valves are widely preferred to other water pumping system due to its low cost and
easy installation, low power consumption and low-cost maintenance.
13. 13
Management System
Management system is the control and movement of water resources to minimize damage to
life and property and to maximize efficient beneficial use. Take control of water consumption
and enable significant water savings. The system delivers water controls to set water flow
and temperature policies.
Regular maintenance of hot water system helps maximise its efficiency, improve workplace
safety and extend the lifespan of system. By maintaining the most appropriate and efficient
hot water system for workplace, it can save time or cost of the replacing worn or defective
parts.
Carrying out simple maintenance checks, such as:
Setting outlet louvres correctly for warm-air systems
Cleaning reflectors for radiant heaters
Keeping air vents clean
Checking for leaks
Our case study is about U-Residence. Buildings such as U-Residence require large
quantities of water to be heated, stored and distributed. U-Residence is using electrical
storage heater. Heating is usually carried out by a separate boiler, a steam coil or a heat
exchange from a central heating or other system, and the temperature of U-Residence is
normally controlled at 35 degrees Celsius, 60 °C being an average temperature setting in
some countries.
U-Residence had installed electric storage heater in each toilet. Each of it has a built-in
safety valve to serve the purpose of offering high class protection against power surge.
CFC(chlorofluorocarbon)-free polyurethane foam
Keeps hot water hot by reducing heat-loss wastage
Thermal cut out
The present temperature exceeds the limit which is set originally, automatic power
cut off will be executed
14. 14
Cold expansion valve
Releases pressure that builds inside the storage tank and the hot water pipes during
heating cycles
Optional:
Temperature and Pressure (T&P) Relief Valves
To protect the water heater from excess pressures and temperatures by discharging water.
The cause of discharge can be thermal expansion, excess system pressure, low
temperature relief, too high a setting on the water heater, or something in the water heater
causing excess temperatures in the heater.
Pressure Relief Valve
When a hot water service is heating the water steam is created which in turn increases the
pressure inside the tank. The relief valve is the safety device that allows that steam to
escape. This is why water dripping from this valve after hot water have been used.
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The Advantages and Disadvantages of hot Water Supply for Hotel/Corporate Building
The two types of hot water heating systems are Tankless Water System and Storage
Water System. Therefore, each of them has their own advantage and disadvantage
depending on the purpose of that building. In the example, a system that is appropriate for
one building may not be appropriate for another building.
Storage System Tankless Water Heating System
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Tankless Water Heating System
Advantages Disadvantages
Long-term energy savings Start-up delay
Unlimited hot water High maintenance cost
Maximize the space No hot water is ready
Less water damage Risk of fire
The tank-less water system, also known as Localized system or Direct water system
which provide long-term energy savings. The cold water only turns to hot water when it is
needed; the heater only operates when hot water is needed for the user hence it saves
energy instead of heating the water continuously. As the result of cold water only being
heated through the boiler when the user needs hot water, the tankless water system
provides unlimited hot water from the drawn off point. Furthermore, Tankless water heater
system also maximizes the space of the building or house as the boiler is smaller compared
to storage heater system and it is small enough to fit on the wall or on the wall. Lastly, this
system has fewer water damages because it does not require a tank. A system with a tank
has the possibility of damaging the water because insects or dirty things may enter the tank
and contaminate the water.
There are also some disadvantages from tankless water heater system. It has the
problem of start-up delay as the users only can receive a warm or hot water after a few
minutes because the water is only being heated when the system is turned on. At first, the
water needs to pass through the heater or boiler to heat up the cold water before the water
reaches the drawn off point. Since the water is only being heated when the system is turned
on, there will be no readily available hot water for the user. Besides, tankless water heater
system has a high maintenance cost because there is a lot of heaters in the building and
every single heater needs to be inspected with detail. Lastly, due to a lot of heaters in the
building, it increases the risk of fire because it has a high chance of electric short circuit
compared to storage heater system.
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Storage System
Advantages Disadvantages
Provides storage for water Limited hot water
High flow rates Require extra space
Hot water is always ready Water damages
Low maintenance cost Preheat hot water needed
There are some advantages of the storage system. Storage system requires a tank
to store hot water for the user. The hot water will be stored after it is heated, so hot water is
always ready. Since there is a storage for storing the hot water after the water is heated, it
can supply to more output and this shows that it provides high flow rates, because the water
is supplied from a tank instead of directly from the mains. Lastly, storage heater system
provides low maintenance cost because if there are any problems, the worker only needs to
check or repair the storage tank instead of every single heater in each of the rooms in the
building.
On the other hand, there are also some disadvantages for storage heater system.
The hot water is limited to the user because the water is not supplied from the main but from
the storage tank. Since there is a storage tank, the building requires extra space for the
storage tank. Furthermore, it is possible for insects or dust to enter the tank. Therefore, it will
cause water damage due to contamination. Lastly, the storage system requires preheating
hot water, because the cold water needs to be heated before it is stored in the storage tank
for the user.
18. 18
Solar Water Heating System
Advantages Disadvantages
Very safe Requires additional space
The product pays for itself Strong reliability
Long life span High upfront cost
Convenient
For the advantages of solar water heating system, it is very safe to use because it
requires the user to use a solar panel on the roof to collect the solar energy to heat the cold
water. As the solar system does not require gas, there is no gas leak and no risk of
dangerous explosions. Furthermore, the solar water heating system pays for itself because it
does not require electricity and gases, it helps in reducing the electricity bill because it
utilizes sunlight for the solar energy. Next, it also has a long lifespan, it can last up to twenty
years as it only has a few moving parts. The solar water heating system is also convenient to
use compared to the electrical heating system because solar energy is renewable.
Besides, the disadvantages of the solar water heating system are that it requires additional
space; it requires space on the roof to place a solar panel in order to absorb the solar energy
easily from the sunlight. Furthermore, this system also has a strong reliability as the natural
environment will affect the operation of the solar heating system. For example, during rainy
seasons, windy seasons or night time depending on the temperature, the system cannot
absorb enough solar energy in low temperature hence less hot water produced. Lastly, the
system has high upfront cost, because of the complicated installation and the solar panel
itself.
19. 19
Case Study
U-Residence @ Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus
We are very lucky one of our group member lives in U-Residence which is located at Level 1,
The Boardwalk, No. 2, Jalan Taylor's, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia and we are
very fortunate that we got the chance to visit his hostel to understand better about the hot
water supply for the building. Besides that, we have also prepared questions to ask the
management to further understand the details of the hot water supply.
U-Residence is a 6-storey building that consists of 126 apartment units and 116 en-suites.
Besides that, each apartment consists of 5 rooms and 1 shared bathroom. Two electrical
water heaters are installed in every bathroom that consists of 2 water closet and 2 shower
room, which there is a total of 256 electrical water heater installed in U-Residence. On the
other hand, the maximum capacity for hot water heater are 135 liters which required 9kW
heating element voltage to heat up the water and it is being stored at 35 degree Celsius.
20. 20
Electrical water heater
The electrical water heater is being installed in the toilet, therefore, it is easier to do
maintenance when it is necessary. Besides that, electrical water heater is also the simplest
and most convenient way to heat water in both residential and commercial buildings. On the
other hand, it is installed on top of the toilet is because it is able to save space and avoid the
use of expensive floor space.
21. 21
Manufacturer
Furthermore, we are also told that all the electrical water heater is designed and
manufactured by Meru Electric Sdn Bhd. Meru electrical water heater is environmental, safe,
durable, constant and flexible. It is designed to produce a steady flow of how water and can
be installed anywhere easily. Besides that, it is also made out of recycling materials which
help to save the environment.
22. 22
Copper pipe & Polybutylene pipe (BLUE)
There are two types of pipe that are being used which is a copper pipe for hot water and
polybutylene (PB) pipe for cold water. Cold water is supplied from polybutylene pipe (blue
pipe) to the water heater, then cold water is being heated in a short period of time and able
to discharge instantly. After the water is being heated it then flows through the copper pipe to
the shower heads for consumptions.
23. 23
Problem of hot water supply system happen in case study
In the case study, there are two types of problems faced by the high rise buildings when
using the centralized direct instantaneous water heating system.
Pipe leakage
The first problem occurs for the case we study is the leakage in the hot water supply system,
which also a most common problem occur for any of the water systems. First of all, the
sediments that collected throughout the years cause water heater starts to crack and rust
inside the tank and eventually leads to leakage problem at the problem part of the tank. By
the way, the main causes of the leakage of pipe can be due to high temperature of hot water
in the tank and the high pressure of the water supply to the internal will result the pressure in
the tank and create the force for water to leak out at the bottom of the tank in order to
release pressure.
Figure above show the high pressure and high temperature of the water cause water tank
leakage.
Figure above show the pipe leakage for hot water supply system
24. 24
To overcome the water leakage problem, occasionally maintenance can help to avoid
accidents occur, lower down the replacement cost and also maintain the efficiency of the
water heater. Not only that, pipe leakage may also be due to corrosion of the pipe. It is due
to the reaction between the metal piping and the mineral and the pH value of the water. To
avoid this problem, the pipe must always be filled up with water to avoid air bubble from
forming in the pipe.
Backflow
The second problem occurs is the backflow, this problem arises when there is a difference in
pressure. There are two types of back-flow which are back-siphonage and back-pressure.
Back-siphonage is the reversal of normal flow in a system caused by a negative or reduced
pressure. It happens due to the excessive demand of water when there is water supply
failure. Back-pressure occurs when the pressure of the non-portable system exceeds the
positive pressure in the water distribution lines; that is, the water pressure within an
establishment's plumbing system exceeds that of the water distribution system. Increase in
downstream pressure will cause back-flow happens in hot water supply system
Back-flow may occur due to the difference in pressure. Back-flow can be prevented by
providing an air gap. This way is normally used as it is the most cost-effective way. Besides
that, back-flow can also be prevented by installing back-flow prevention devices like vacuum
breaker, double check valve assembly, and reduced pressure back-flow assembly.
25. 25
Besides, there are several problems that might occur in the high rise hot water supply
system.
Insufficient hot water
Sometimes lack of hot water also one of the common problems occur for the old building,
lack of hot water supply may result from the unsuitable size of hot water cylinder, damaged
dip tube, leakage, and airlocks. Also, sediment builds up also a reason that causes this
problem happens. In another country, weather also one of the problems affect the
temperature of hot water. Water contaminants can build up and harden in the bottom of the
water heater, reducing its ability to produce hot water.
To solve the problem of insufficient of hot water for old buildings, the owner can replace or
add to the hot water cylinder, replace hot water cylinder might be high expenses, but in long-
term, the energy savings would cover the replace expenses. As nowadays the latest version
of hot water cylinder more energy savings and more efficiency to save the hot water. Not
only that, as mention above the water contaminants happens, the owner should according to
the building codes to maintenance and clean up the hot water cylinder and pipe.
Overheating of hot water supply
To define overheating of hot water supply, The Dow Chemical Co, introduced DowForest HD,
which has a maximum temperature of 325°F(“Overcoming Overheating”). The temperature-
pressure relief valve which releases excessive pressure from steam is not functioning and
the valve may install in an improper way would cause some serious cases such as steam
shoots out, hot water flows out and boiling sounds produce from the hot water tank.
Figure above show the adjacent of temperature for hot water
26. 26
So when the water temperature is too hot we should check the thermostats to ensure it is
work properly. The management can be suggested to install a pipe bypassing check valve
for preventing collector overheating. A manual valve is placed in the bypass pipe and is
normally closed. When it open, the system will thermosiphon at night from the storage tank
to the collectors and lose heat through radiation to the night. High rise building usually uses
a fan to blow air past a radiator that the storage water is circulated through when the tank is
too hot. This design requires significant electricity to energize the blower, in addition to the
heat-dump pump.
Noises
Ticking and cracking sound can be heard when hot water runs through cold metal pipes,
causing the copper to expand and rub against any surrounding wood or metal. (“Causes of
Noisy Hot Water Pipes”, n.d.) Hard water will start to dissolve and recrystallize when the
temperature increase and form scale on the surface inside the tank. Noises can also be
heard with the reason of formations of sediment in the water heater tank. It gives a series
impact to the water heater to be less efficiency.
27. 27
Recommendation for future improvement
Solar water heating system
Solar water heating system is where water will be heated using solar energy. Malaysia is a
tropical country that experience sunny weather most of the time therefore it is a huge
advantage to use solar heating system in Malaysia. Solar water heaters can also be a great
investment because they offer a virtually cost-free and renewable energy source for our
home. Besides that, solar heating system has a very low maintenance cost that only requires
system checking once a year which the hostel could save more and invest on better facilities
for hot water supply.
Installation of high efficiencywater heater
High efficiency water heater is able to heat up water quicker with lesser energy required
compared to standard water heaters. Besides that, high efficiency water heater requires
lower maintenance cost because of the advanced technology used which also leads to high
standard efficiency of hot water supply. Lastly, it also has a longer life span compare to
conventional heater which are able to help in saving money. Although it is more expensive to
purchase but the extended life makes them a cost-effective investment instead of changing
conventional heater every 7 to 15 years.
Compare with other choices and select the most suitable system to be installed
Choices of water heater available :
Storage water heater
Instant water heater
Multi-point water heater
Automatic domestic water pump
There are more choices available in the market with their own advantages and
disadvantages. Therefore, the engineer should compare the benefits and disadvantages of
installing the particular water heater in order to minimize the problems that might occur in the
future.
28. 28
Have regular checking & maintenance
Maintaining a water heater does not have to be done by a professional. Most homeowners
can perform the maintenance themselves. This could help to reduce breaking down of water
heater which will affect the entire hot water supply. Keeping it regularly check are able to
identify the problems and get it fix quickly.
29. 29
Reflection
Throughout this assignment we have learnt more about the hot water supply for hotel or
corporate buildings that we have chosen as our topic. Besides that, we are also able to
identify the differences in the type of hot water system, requirement for selection of hot water
system and the installation process of hot water system. For example, not every hot water
supply system is suitable for all the locations because it might not be the best for the
particular building therefore selection of the fitting hot water supply system is very important.
Furthermore, we are also able to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the hot
water supply system. With the advantages and disadvantages that we have spotted, we are
able to identify the problems that we might encounter and came out with future
recommendations to eliminate or reduce the possible problems faced.
On the other hand, we also did a case study on U-Residence @ Taylor’s University Lakeside
Campus. Throughout the interview and much of the hands-on research we are able to
identify that U-Residence is using the electrical water heater as their hot water supply
system. Electrical water heater is able to instantly provide hot water to the shower rooms
with a high flow rate.
Lastly, we have learnt a lot and broadened our knowledge from all the research that we have
done. We have also learnt how to communicate and work in a group which plays an
important role in this project. Without proper communication and discussion, we would not
be able to complete this report on time which contains extraordinary content.
30. 30
Conclusion
To conclude this report, the design options available to the engineer when faced with the
design of the plumbing systems for a new project generally involve trade-offs between
installed cost advantages and operating cost advantages. The self-regulating strip heater
concept is unique in that it offers both lower installed cost and lower operating cost. It is the
combination of these benefits that make the one-pipe system such an attractive alternative
to the conventional two-pipe hot water system. This report consists of a cover page, table of
content, introduction of selected topic, installation process of the water heater system,
management system, advantages and disadvantages of the water heater systems, a case
study of Taylors U-residence Hostel with the findings and explanation, possible problems
encountered to the system, recommendations for future improvement, reflection of our group
work, conclusion of this report, and lastly, the references.
31. 31
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