The document discusses hot water supply systems for hotels and corporate buildings. It describes localized and centralized hot water systems. Localized systems can use instantaneous water heaters or storage tank water heaters near the point of use. Centralized systems heat and circulate water from a central location using vented or unvented systems. The document provides details on the types of water heaters, including electric, gas, and heat pump water heaters. It also outlines the key components and operation of different hot water supply system configurations.

1. SCHOOL​ ​OF​ ​ARCHITECTURE,​ ​BUILDING​ ​AND
DESIGN
BACHELOR​ ​IN​ ​QUANTITY​ ​SURVEYING​ ​(HONOURS)
BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​1​ ​(BLD60403)
Ms.​ ​Azrina​ ​Binti​ ​Yaakob
Ms.​ ​Laura​ ​Law​ ​Chun​ ​Mooi
7​ ​NOV​ ​2017
The​ ​Installation​ ​of​ ​Hot​ ​Water​ ​Supply​ ​for
​ ​Hotel/​ ​Corporate​ ​Building
Name Student​ ​ID
Chow​ ​Wen​ ​Fang 0326822
Lee​ ​Siaw​ ​Chyi 0330451
Hua​ ​Jia​ ​Yeen 0331055
Liew​ ​Yan​ ​San 0331340
Lee​ ​Yu​ ​Qing 0331473
Low​ ​Yi​ ​Meng 0330506

2. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Table​ ​of​ ​Content
Content Page​ ​no.
1. Introduction​ ​of​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​supply​ ​system
-Localised​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​system
​ ​​ ​​ ​-Instantaneous​ ​water​ ​heaters
​ ​​ ​​ ​-Storage​ ​tank​ ​water​ ​heater
-Centralised​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​system
​ ​​ ​​ ​-Vented​ ​system
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​-Indirect​ ​System
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​-Direct​ ​System
​ ​​ ​​ ​-Unvented​ ​system
-​ ​Water​ ​Heater
​ ​​ ​​ ​-​ ​Electric​ ​Water​ ​Heater
​ ​​ ​​ ​-​ ​Gas​ ​Water​ ​Heater
​ ​​ ​​ ​-​ ​Heat​ ​Pump​ ​Water​ ​Heater
2-12
2. Hot​ ​Water​ ​Supply​ ​Systems
-​Installation​ ​process
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​-Centralized​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​supply​ ​system
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​-Localised​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​supply​ ​system
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​-Type​ ​of​ ​the​ ​pipe
13-19
3. Management​ ​system 19-22
4. The​ ​advantage​ ​and​ ​disadvantages 23-27
5. Case​ ​Study 28-39
6. Possible​ ​problems​ ​in​ ​the​ ​system 40-41
7. Recommendation​ ​for​ ​future​ ​improvement 42-​ ​44
8. Learning​ ​Outcome 45
9. References 46-52
10. Bibliography 53
11. Appendices 54
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3. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Introduction
Blessed with the creation of water heaters, humans are able to receive hot water on the spot
without any hassle. Even with the need to wait for the water to heat up, it can be achieved
almost instantly, satisfying the users. Water heaters use an energy source to raise their initial
temperatures to the required or desired temperatures. The demands for hot water have
always been high ever since humans figured out the benefits of hot water. Usage of hot water
includes cooking, washing clothes, showering, and space heating. Considering the fact that
hot water is essential, hot water systems must be designed to perform excellently without any
chances​ ​of​ ​shortage.
Hot water systems can be differentiated into two main types, one being localised and the
other, centralised. To put it in simple words, localised system is where a water heater is
located in the bathroom. It can either be visible to the eye or hidden in the ceiling. As for
centralised system, the water is heated and stored in a tank located within the building, most
of​ ​the​ ​time​ ​at​ ​the​ ​central​ ​point.​ ​Both​ ​systems​ ​will​ ​be​ ​talked​ ​about​ ​more​ ​in​ ​detail​ ​later​ ​on.
​ ​
Figure​ ​1:​ ​Localised​ ​system​ ​(Storage​ ​Tank​ ​&​ ​Instantaneous​ ​water​ ​heater)
SOURCE:​https://www.slideshare.net/FoongMeiYap1/hot-water-system-presentation-sli
de
2

4. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Figure​ ​2:​ ​Centralised​ ​System​ ​(Storage​ ​tank)
SOURCE:​https://www.alibaba.com/showroom/central-water-heater.html
Localised​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​system
Localised system can be categorised into instantaneous water heaters and storage tank
water heaters. Hot water can either be stored in a tank or heated up only when it’s needed. A
long distribution pipe is used to speed up the process of unnecessary waiting for water to be
distributed.​ ​This​ ​system​ ​saves​ ​energy​ ​and​ ​it​ ​also​ ​lowers​ ​the​ ​chances​ ​of​ ​water​ ​contaminating.
1. Instantaneous​ ​Water​ ​Heaters
Instantaneous water heaters, otherwise known as tankless water heaters, provides hot water
as soon as the hot water tap is turned on. Cold water is immediately heated into hot water as
it passes through the pipe into the tank and out of shower head. Unlike storage tank water
heaters, the amount of waiting time is not as long. It is heated by a gas burner or an electric
element, but in Malaysia, gas burner is not used so we rely on electric element to do the
work. This results in a continuous supply of hot water. Compared to storage water heaters,
instantaneous water heaters is more energy efficient because they don’t produce standby
losses as much as the storage type, which in turn, saves money. Standby heat losses occur
when​ ​the​ ​energy​ ​is​ ​wasted​ ​even​ ​though​ ​the​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​tap​ ​isn’t​ ​turned​ ​on.
An instantaneous water heater can provide hot water up to 7.6-15.2 litres per minute.
Although it is designed to ensure that continuous hot water supply is achieved, running a hot
bath and dishwasher at the same time might cause the water heater to reach its limit. To
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5. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
solve this issue, additional water heaters can be installed to lighten the burden of a water
heater.
Figure​ ​3:​ ​Instantaneous​ ​Water​ ​Heater
SOURCE:​ ​​https://energy.gov/energysaver/tankless-or-demand-type-water-heaters
2. ​ ​Storage​ ​Tank​ ​Water​ ​Heater
Storage tank water heaters still remains popular despite its inferiority to instantaneous water
heaters. It heats water at the flick of a switch. To activate the heaters, a switch located
outside the bathroom is used. When the switch is turned on, cold water flows in from the
bottom of the tank constantly and immediately heated up to ensure that the tank is always
full. When the hot water tap is turned on, hot water flows out from the top of the tank and out
of the tap. It should be understood that the cold water is always being heated, standby losses
is not a stranger. However, considering the fact that technology is always advancing, some
storage tank water heaters have heavily insulated tanks that prevents excessive loss of
energy.​ ​Storage​ ​tank​ ​water​ ​heaters​ ​can​ ​be​ ​operated​ ​via​ ​natural​ ​gases,​ ​fuel​ ​oils,​ ​and​ ​electric.
Storage water heaters can provide hot water up to 80 gallons of water, which is equivalent to
303 litres. The encounter of a water leakage is very common as the rubber stop valve will
expand due to its constant water heating. In spite of that, the water leakage is not that big of
a deal since the leak is limited. Adding an expansion vessel to the piping will help eradicate
this​ ​problem.
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6. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Figure​ ​4:​ ​Storage​ ​Tank​ ​Water​ ​Heater
SOURCE:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&ua
ct=8&ved=0ahUKEwjBpvmor6TXAhVCErwKHaK5Cu0QjhwIBQ&url=http%3A%2F%2Fw
aterheatertimer.org%2FWater-heater-is-cold.html&psig=AOvVaw1oFdOXJyebL41ZjzFZ
4Z_0&ust=1509866002939174
Centralised​ ​Hot​ ​Water​ ​System
Centralised hot water system, also known as community hot water billing, supplies hot water
for the whole building and hot water is charged separately according to the amount a family
uses. It can either be fueled by gas or powered by electricity. Since hot water is heated for
the whole building, a massive amount of energy has to be invested to ensure that every
family​ ​staying​ ​in​ ​the​ ​building​ ​receives​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​supply​ ​without​ ​any​ ​hassle.
In a centralised hot water system, pipelines are designed to let hot water flow in a loop.
Water can be heated in the boiler room, thermal unit, or the boiler before it is supplied to the
consumers through the supply pipeline. It then comes back to the boiler room but this time,
it’s located at a different pipeline, which depicts a loop-like circulation. The reason why a hot
water supply system pipeline is constructed differently from that of a cold water system is
because cold water systems are a dead end, their pipeline ends at the final point of a water
system. Hence, if hot water system is designed similarly, the hot water will cool off throughout
the period when it is not used often. Besides that, when hot water travels in a circle, the hot
water​ ​can​ ​reach​ ​every​ ​corner​ ​of​ ​the​ ​building​ ​efficiently​ ​without​ ​difficulty.
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7. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Centralised hot water system can be classified into vented heating system and unvented
heating system. Vented heating system differs from unvented system where it is connected
to​ ​a​ ​water​ ​tank​ ​whereas​ ​unvented​ ​system​ ​obtains​ ​cold​ ​water​ ​straight​ ​from​ ​the​ ​main​ ​pipe.
1. Vented​ ​System
In vented heating system, cold water is stored in a tank situated at the centre of the building,
typically on the rooftop. Gravity, being a vented heating system’s best friend, will then carry
the cold water to all parts of the hot water cylinder located in the building for hot water supply
by way of passing through the vent pipe. Once water is heated to the right temperature, it
expands, which in some cases might cause overflowing but in a vented system, the vent pipe
and​ ​tank​ ​in​ ​the​ ​loft​ ​allows​ ​the​ ​expanded​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​to​ ​flow​ ​out.
Since gravity is used to supply cold water to the hot water cylinders, pressure at higher floors
of the building will generally be lower than the pressure at lower ground floors. To overcome
this problem, electric pumps are used so that enough pressure is generated to supply cold
water​ ​to​ ​higher​ ​floors​ ​without​ ​fail.
A vented system can be classified into two other system, namely indirect system and direct
system. An indirect system is where cold water is not immediately heated via the immersion
heater, but by a central boiler or a heated solely based on fuels. A direct system means that
an​ ​immersion​ ​heater​ ​directly​ ​heats​ ​the​ ​water.
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8. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Figure​ ​5:​ ​Vented​ ​System
SOURCE:​ ​​http://www.deliberateweb.co.uk/ecotecgreen/which-boiler.htm
Indirect​ ​System
Hot water cylinders in an indirect system are heated using sources like fuels or even solar
energy. A copper coil is present in the cylinder that transfers heat energy from the source
obtained outside to the water in the cylinder. In case of an emergency, an immersion heater
serves as a substitute when the boiler is broken. This ensures that even with a broken boiler,
hot​ ​water​ ​supply​ ​will​ ​not​ ​be​ ​cut​ ​off.
Direct​ ​System
As previously explained, water is heated directly by an immersion heater. In contrast with the
indirect system, cost for heating hot water is generally more expensive in direct system. To
make sure that no energies are wasted in huge amount, two immersion heaters are installed
with two different settings for each. One immersion heater is used when hot water is needed
quickly and in huge amounts and another is used when the need for hot water is cooled
down.
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9. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Figure​ ​6:​ ​Indirect​ ​System​ ​and​ ​Direct​ ​System
SOURCE:​ ​​http://davidcanngas.webs.com/heating-systems
2. Unvented​ ​System
Unlike vented system, unvented system has no cold water tank in the loft, which means that
the hot water cylinder is directly connected to the main pipes. Given so, pressure in an
unvented system would be higher compared to the vented system. Hot water is heated
similarly to that of a vented system in the cylinder but as the water expands, there is no vent
pipe or tank to allow it to flow out. However, an alternative is used in an unvented system. An
expansion unit is located at the top of the cylinder or an air bubble is inserted into the cylinder
during​ ​installation.
Installing an unvented system means there won’t have to be any fussing over spaces being
taken up since there’s no need for a water tank. Apart from that, it does not depend on
gravity to transport water around the building, making anywhere in the building a suitable
place​ ​for​ ​the​ ​cylinder.
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10. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Figure​ ​7:​ ​Unvented​ ​System
SOURCE:​ ​​http://gaswise.org.uk/unvented-hot-water-systems-salford/
Water​ ​Heaters
Water heaters are essential to heat water and supply hot water to consumers. There are
three different types of water heaters, which includes electric water heaters, gas heaters,
heat​ ​pump​ ​water​ ​heaters.
Electric​ ​Water​ ​Heaters
In an electric water heater, materials like copper or stainless steel surrounds the inner wire in
the form of a layer of sheath. An electric water heater is operated by one or two direct
immersion heaters, which a thermostat or microprocessor control module will command and
heat the water. The thermostat in the heater lets electric current to be passed to the inner
wire and creates heat energy, it is then passed from the material to the layer of sheath and
the​ ​water​ ​absorbs​ ​the​ ​heat.
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11. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Figure​ ​8:​ ​Filler​ ​Materials
SOURCE:​http://www.whirlpoolwaterheaters.com/learn-more/electric-water-heaters/how
-electric-water-heaters-work/standard-electric-operation/
When handling electric water heaters for maintenance or for installation, safety precautions
must be taken care of to prevent disasters. The tank must always be filled with water to the
required amount before power is being applied to prevent any burn out. This is said so as
power​ ​appliance​ ​without​ ​water​ ​is​ ​called​ ​“dry​ ​firing”​ ​and​ ​may​ ​cause​ ​the​ ​heater​ ​to​ ​burn​ ​out.
Figure​ ​9:​ ​Electric​ ​Water​ ​Heater
SOURCE:​http://www.whirlpoolwaterheaters.com/learn-more/electric-water-heaters/how
-electric-water-heaters-work/standard-electric-operation/
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12. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Gas​ ​Heaters
Even though a gas heater is identical to an electric unit, unlike electric water heaters, it does
not have two heating elements. As seen in the name, it has a gas burner at the bottom of the
cylinder​ ​and​ ​a​ ​chimney​ ​extending​ ​from​ ​the​ ​middle​ ​of​ ​the​ ​tank​ ​to​ ​the​ ​top.
A flow sensor that is attached to the ECU will detect when a hot water tap is turned on, which
activates the process of heating. While this is going on, the ECU will allow the gas to flow and
trigger the igniter. The igniter will then spark until the flame detector spots a flame. In some
cases where flame is not generated in a period of time, the gas flow will be shut down by the
ECU to prevent any accumulated gas that might harm consumers. A gas burner will then
transfer the heat to the heat exchanger while water passes through. To allow water to absorb
as much heat as possible from the heat exchanger, the water flow pattern is that of a
serpentine.​ ​Whilst​ ​it’s​ ​expensive,​ ​gas​ ​haters​ ​are​ ​more​ ​energy​ ​efficient​ ​for​ ​the​ ​long​ ​run.
Figure​ ​10:​ ​Gas​ ​Heater
SOURCE:​ ​​https://home.howstuffworks.com/water-heater.htm
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13. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Heat​ ​Pump​ ​Water​ ​Heaters
Heat pump water heaters can heat water individually or combined with heating of water and a
space conditioning system. Heat pumps are different from an electric water heater whereby
electricity is moved around rather than having it generated on the spot, which makes them
more​ ​energy​ ​efficient​ ​compared​ ​to​ ​electric​ ​water​ ​heaters.
When installing a heat pump heater, the temperature of the location must always be 4.4 to
32.2 degree celsius all year round and has an air space of minimum 28.3 cubic metres
around the water heater. If heat pumps were to be installed in a much colder room, they will
not work as efficient, meaning that they’re not working at their highest potential. Heat pump
water heaters generally cost higher than a conventional storage heater but because of their
low​ ​operating​ ​cost,​ ​they​ ​are​ ​still​ ​acceptable.
Figure​ ​11:​ ​Heat​ ​pump​ ​water​ ​heater
SOURCE:​https://www.energystar.gov/products/water_heaters/high_efficiency_electric
_storage_water_heaters/how_it_works
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14. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Installation​ ​of​ ​Hot​ ​Water​ ​Supply
First of all, hot water supply must be able to meet the needs of the building users and also
their safety. The key decision in designing a hot water system to be installed depends on the
type of building. High rise building are buildings such as hotel, condominium and office which
is 10 stories high or above do require system that can yield heavy demand. High-rise
buildings enhance the landscape of our main cities across our great nation. It is challenging
to build architecturally, but it is also challenging to design and install the water supply. People
ever wonder how the water actually gets to the upper floors of the building for everyday living
purposes for example drinking, bathing and etc. Each high-rise building hot water supply
system is as significant as other part of construction. No matter how immense and attractive
the​ ​building​ ​is,​ ​it​ ​is​ ​inhabitable​ ​without​ ​water.
In order to complete a well-organized installation, there are a few considerations needed to
be taken. First is to choose which type of hot water supply to be use in the building. There
are two ​types of hot water supply system which is ​centralised and localised hot water
supply system that can be applied in high rise buildings. The type of hot water supply system
chosen needs to depend on the purpose of the building for example centralised hot water
supply is suitable for buildings that has high water consumption such as hotels. The design of
centralised hot water supply is water heated up and stored in a centralised water tank and
ready to distribute to the consumers of the building. Hotels will have high water consumption
during the vacation peak season as it will be occupied. When the consumption of hot water is
at peak, it is the time where the centralised hot water storage tank performs its role and
involvement​ ​greatly.
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15. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Localised hot water supply system ​is a system that heats water at the point at when it is
needed. It is used in situations where long distribution piping arrangement from a stored
system would lead to a pointless wait for hot water to be drawn off. For example, corporate
building such as offices where the consumption of hot water is low. Corporate building do not
consume much hot water because it is a place where people do work. For example, people in
an office will use hot water to make hot drinks and also hot water may be provided in the
toilet. Some offices allow people to shower however, the consumption of water is still lower
than of a hotels’ water consumption. Both systems are usable in any type of building no
matter the purpose of the building but it is an exception when it comes to considering the
efficiency​ ​of​ ​the​ ​system​ ​used.
In centralised hot water supply system, water is heated in storage vessel, boiler or small gas
circulator which is connected by supply and circulatory pipework. The temperature of water
stored in the storage vessel should not be more than 60 °​C. ​When storage cylinder is
involved​ ​in​ ​the​ ​system,​ ​the​ ​water​ ​stored​ ​is​ ​either​ ​heated​ ​directly​ ​or​ ​indirectly.
Figure​ ​12:​ ​Direct​ ​and​ ​Indirect​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​supply
Source:​​ ​​http://www.greenspec.co.uk/building-design/retrofit-gas-heating/
When it comes to replacing new hot water supply, it will cost a lot in order to change localised
hot water supply system into centralised hot water supply system as it requires to install hot
water boilers for every rooms that is needed. While on the other hand, it might also result in
an unnecessary hot water storage and components might tends to fail during the
preservation of hot water. During the installation of the hot water supply, insulators will be
installed to protect the piping. Insulators is a soft material that helps to prevent the pipe from
frost and reduce heat loss. For example, in a country with four seasons especially during
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16. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
winter, the room temperature is low and it is a non-peak season which cause many pipes to
become​ ​frozen​ ​due​ ​to​ ​the​ ​lack​ ​of​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​distribution​ ​through​ ​the​ ​pipes.
Figure​ ​13:​ ​Insulated​ ​pipes
Source:​ ​​https://www.thegreenage.co.uk/tech/water-tank-pipe-insulation/
A rational size of storage tank is advice to install at every 10 levels to the water pressure
required to pump the water. Thus, compared to cold water which is pumped to the highest
floor and water that is boiled and flow throughout the whole building it is better to install
several storage tanks at every 10 levels which helps to increase the water pressure. It may
be costly to construct centralised hot water storage system on top floor as it requires high
electricity usage in order to keep the temperature of hot water. Therefore, installing hot water
storage tank at every 10 floors is advisable is because it can save cost and it is
environmental friendly. This system will give a reliable temperature of hot water supply to the
consumers​ ​in​ ​that​ ​range​ ​of​ ​floor.
Moreover, another essential consideration is choosing the right materials for the piping used
in the building. Consequently, if it is not chosen wisely it may cause unforeseen problem
which may cause more cost because it will need to be repaired. Installing the right material
will give great advantages in the long term and it will also reduce the maintenance fees.
There are different types of pipes which are commonly used for hot water in the industry such
as​ ​​Copper,​ ​Polyethylene(PEX),​ ​PP-R​ ​(Polypropylene​ ​Random)​ ​and​ ​Polybutylene​ ​(PB).
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17. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
​ ​
Figure​ ​14:​ ​Copper​ ​Pipe
Source:​​ ​​http://www.janscopper.com/copper-pipes-tubes.html
Figure​ ​15:​ ​Pinhole
Source:
https://www.orlando-plumber-services.com/blog/orlando-plumbing-pinhole-plumbing-l
eaks/
Copper pipes is one of the most frequent used pipes among all as it is durable, easily
attainable and less expensive compared to other types of metals. One of the advantages of
copper pipes is that it is invulnerable to high temperature. This is required as using pipes for
hot water needs good heat resistance. In fact, if the material isn’t resistant to heat, it might
cause the pipes to melt. Copper has proven itself over the decades for being rust resistant
and it is very dependable. It is a soft metal and which can be easily cut and fabricated.
Unfortunately it is likely to get damage, which may develop pinholes. PEX and PPR has been
used more often after the price of copper increased in recent years. It is now costs three
times​ ​as​ ​much​ ​as​ ​PEX.
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18. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Figure​ ​16:​ ​​ ​PEX​ ​pipe
Source:
https://www.familyhandyman.com/plumbing/pex-piping-everything-you-need-to-know/
view-all/
Cross-linked Polyethylene(PEX) is made out of cross-linked HDPE (high density
polyethylene) polymer and it is a pipe that has been used for a long time. It comes in different
colors such as blue which is for the cold water, red for hot water and also white flexible pipe.
PEX is durable and flexible and it can withstand temperatures from below 0°C to 90°C. Not
only that, it is corrosion resistant, and unlike copper pipe, it will not obtain pinholes. PEX is
easy and fast to install as it is flexible and does not require lots of connections and fittings. As
the number of required fittings reduced in a PEX system, the possibility of leaks will also
reduce. PEX has become contractor’s favourite to be installed in plumbing system, and also
plumber which makes replacement to older system. Gradually, proprietors are also realizing
the​ ​value​ ​of​ ​PEX​ ​pipe.
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19. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Figure​ ​17:​ ​​ ​PPR​ ​Pipe
Source:
https://www.everplast.com.tw/en/product/PPR-Pipe-Machine-Line/ppr_pipe_machine.ht
ml
PP-R pipe which is known as polypropylene random copolymer is a new generation of pipe. It
is mostly used for water supply lines such as hot and cold water as it has high resistance to
pressure and temperature. PP-R is durable as it has a long lifespan of almost 50 years and
what is special about this pipe is that no insulation is required. It is an environmental friendly
pipe as it is recyclable and it will not cause any pollutions neither producing not disposing​.
This pipe is also easily attainable in the markets and it comes in different colours such as
green,​ ​grey,​ ​white,​ ​blue​ ​etc.
Figure​ ​18:​ ​PB​ ​Pipe
Source:
http://www.gobizkorea.com/catalog/product_view.jsp?blogId=acorn&objId=1044624
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20. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Lastly, Polybutylene(PB) is one of the material suitable for the use of hot water system. It is
flexibility, reasonable priced and also it is easy to install. PB has been used as an alternative
of expensive copper pipe. PB pipe is typically grey or white in colour with dull finish. Even
though there have been lots of complaint over the use of PB pipe, these pipes have been
used without any failure in many homes for a long period of times that ranges from 10 to 15
years. Failure of PB pipe is common as it has occurred most often nowadays. Every pipe
has its own life span, so it does not matter whether the pipe will fail, what does matter is how
long​ ​until​ ​it​ ​fails.
Figure​ ​19:​ ​Zone​ ​Valve
Source:​ ​​http://www.supplyhouse.com/Zone-Valves-Controls-324000
A zone valve is installed at every floor for safety purposes. It is used to in heating systems
where multiple zones need to be heated. When a particular zone calls for heat, the zone
valve of that particular zone will open. Zone valves generally consist a setting which allows
the valve to be open manually, which maintenance work for piping is able to be done as
turning​ ​the​ ​zone​ ​valve​ ​off​ ​will​ ​stop​ ​the​ ​water​ ​supply​ ​to​ ​the​ ​specific​ ​floor.
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21. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Management​ ​system
To ensure the long life and have maximum efficiency of the hot water system, certain
maintenance​ ​should​ ​be​ ​done​ ​regularly,​ ​not​ ​only​ ​when​ ​there​ ​is​ ​a​ ​problem.
1. Testing​ ​temperature​ ​and​ ​pressure​ ​relief​ ​(TPR)​ ​valves
Figure​ ​20:​ ​Tank​ ​with​ ​TPR​ ​valve​ ​and​ ​discharge​ ​pipe
Source:​ ​​https://www.nachi.org/tpr-valves-discharge-piping.htm
The function of temperature and pressure relief valves (also known as TPR valves or T&P
valves) are used to “vent” hot water automatically in case of the temperature or pressure gets
too high. It can prevent the pipes of the system from exploding or splitting. Firstly, check area
under the discharge pipes from the TPR valve is free of obstruction. Secondly, lift the valve
gently, if the valve is stuck, replacement of the valve will be carried out. When the valve is
lifted, hot water should flow out from the end of the discharge pipe. After the valve is closed,
hot water will stop flowing. If it doesn’t, it indicates the valve isn’t working properly, so the
valve​ ​has​ ​to​ ​be​ ​replaced.
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22. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
2.​ ​Monitor​ ​temperature​ ​of​ ​hot​ ​water.
Periodical inspection on temperature of the hot water brings benefits to the system, it can
prevent the water from overheating or cooling and ensures continuous flowing hot water. In
this system, a thermostat is used to control the temperature of the hot water, so regular
check on the thermostat has to be done. If the water is too hot or too cold, it may indicate the
thermostat is malfunctioning. Furthermore, in hotels, there are three circulations, which are
principal loop, subordinate loop (secondary loop), and localized loop (tertiary loop). Certain
temperature inspection should be conducted at selected points and keep the temperature at
60​ ​degree​ ​celcius​ ​to​ ​ensure​ ​that​ ​dangerous​ ​bacterias​ ​such​ ​as​ ​​Legionella​​ ​are​ ​disinfected.
3.​ ​Inspection​ ​on​ ​water​ ​softener
Figure​ ​21:​ ​Clogged​ ​pipe
Source:​ ​​http://allproplumbing.org/hard-water-fixes-not-hard/
Hard water contains unwanted minerals, such as magnesium and calcium. Even though hard
water will not cause any health problem to the human body, but it will cause mechanical
problems to the system. It will cause mineral buildup in the pipes and eventually, blockage of
pipes will appear and efficiency of hot water pipes will reduce. So, inspection on water
softener is important as it can ensure the continuous flowing water in the pipes. Water
softener is added into the water to remove the mineral substances but it cannot remove water
21

23. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
contaminants like bacteria, chemicals or odor. Water softener usually checked once a month,
the​ ​level​ ​of​ ​salt​ ​should​ ​be​ ​kept​ ​at​ ​least​ ​half-full.
4.​ ​​ ​Inspection​ ​on​ ​Chlorine​ ​level
Figure​ ​22:​ ​Chart​ ​for​ ​suitable​ ​concentration​ ​of​ ​chlorine​ ​in​ ​water
Source:​ ​​http://www.filterwater.com/p-275-childcare-chlorine-water-test-kit.aspx
Chlorine is used in the water for disinfect purpose, and the suitable concentration range of
chlorine is 0.5 ~ 1.0 mg per liter. This is because too much of chlorine in the water can be
risky to humans if there is a regular exposure. There are several ways to measure chlorine
levels in the water. The easiest way is to use chlorine test strips. Just get a water sample,
drip it on the strips, wait for the indicator-color to appear and compare it with the chart
provided.
5.​ ​Water​ ​sample​ ​investigation
Water sample from final outlet pipes should be collected once a week. This is used to ensure
there is no other water contaminants in the water so that the water is safe to use. There are
some tests that can be carried such as microbiological quality, turbidity, chlorine level and pH
level. If the results of the investigation shows that there are contaminants in the water, further
inspection must be carried out throughout the entire water system especially the storage tank
and piping systems whether it has to be replaced or repaired. This investigation can prolong
the​ ​whole​ ​water​ ​supply​ ​system​ ​and​ ​maximize​ ​the​ ​efficiency​ ​of​ ​the​ ​system.
22

24. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
The​ ​advantages​ ​and​ ​disadvantages​ ​of​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​supply
system
There are two type of hot water system, they are centralised hot water system and localised
hot water system. Both of these system have their own advantage and disadvantage to the
consumers but still it rely on the purpose of the building.The choice of the system using is
due​ ​to​ ​the​ ​type​ ​of​ ​building.
Save one’s precious time is one of the advantages of centralised vented indirect hot
water supply system. ​This is ​because water will remain warm in the tank which allows user
to get hot water supply immediately without having to wait long, but the amount supplied is
limited. Centralised vented indirect hot water supply system does not require much
maintenance compared to localised hot water system as only the storage tank, distribution
pipe and the heating system are involved. Furthermore, ​water can be heated using
low-cost fuel in this system. ​Fuel is normally used for this system to heat the water in the
tank. There are different types of fuel such as fossil fuel, liquefied petroleum gas, natural
gas and oil. Besides that, some solid fuels can be used to heat the water like logs, wood
pellet and wood chip. Nowadays water is usually heated using electricity, which is more
expensive. Centralised vented indirect hot water supply system is ​more secure as
compared to localised instantaneous hot water system since hot water is distributed to the
pipe from the storage tank. The gas connection or electricity connection in the heater is less
as​ ​compared​ ​to​ ​the​ ​localised​ ​instantaneous​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​supply​ ​system.
23

25. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
.
Figure​ ​23:​ ​Electricity​ ​Heater​ ​and​ ​Gas​ ​Heater
Source:
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&u
act=8&ved=0ahUKEwjWqIfWgafXAhXMo48KHT7HCd4QjRwIBw&url=https%3A%2F%2
Feinsteinplumbing.com%2Fgas-vs-electric-water-heater-overview-at-einstein-plumbin
g-in-bend-oregon%2F&psig=AOvVaw0yUd5TbF4_C70IoLa8TasF&ust=1509956518663
031
The chances of hot water supply being cut off in this system is low because there is a
storage tank to store hot water but water cut-off might happen if the water in the storage
tank is empty. The ​water flow rate is higher ​in centralised vented indirect hot water supply
system​ ​because​​ ​​there​ ​is​ ​a​ ​pump​ ​in​ ​the​ ​system​ ​that​ ​will​ ​raise​ ​the​ ​flow​ ​rate.
The disadvantage of the centralised vented indirect hot water supply system is, it ​requires
more ​pipework in order to distribute the hot water into various draw-off point.
Consequently, it will cause heat loss when water travels to the draw off points. ​In
addition​, ​more pipework will also increase the ​cost of installation​. The centralised vented
indirect hot water supply system will also take up space as it ​needs more physical space
to place the large capacity storage tank. As a result of hygiene requirement, the water
needs to be preheated to 60​°​C in order to kill existing bacteria and microorganism present
in the water. The hot water is stored in the storage tank and is heated continuously before it
is distributed to the various points to ensure the water is hot. Moreover, ​hot water requires
recovery time ​when hot water in the storage tank have been used up, since the water
24

26. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
temperature in the tank is not high enough. In turn, more time is needed to heat the water in
the storage tank to meet the requirements. Hence, time wasting for the users. Centralised
vented indirect hot water supply system in foreign countries with four seasons might also
face ​possibility of pipes being frozen​. As the water in the pipes freeze, water is not able
to flow through the pipes ​to all draw off points, ​causing the water supply to cut off. In this
system, there is a tank which water ​damage could occur due to how easy water can be
contaminated.
Localised instantaneous hot water supply system which also known as tankless water
system or direct system will run ​a constant energy saving to consumers. In this system,
hot water will only be generated when it is needed. However when hot water is not used, no
energy required to keep the water warm. Moreover, less space is needed in this system
as storage tank and circulation pump are unnecessary. Tankless water heater does
not take up much space as it is small which it can be mounted on the wall or even
installed internally in a building’s structure. Furthermore, possibility of having water
damage problem is reduced. ​No tank failure will be occurred in this system as localised
instantaneous hot water supply system uses tankless water heater.In addition, ​less
pipework is needed as it consist of short water lines and additional pipe system are not
compulsory.
Figure​ ​24:​ ​Decentralised​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​supply
Source:​ ​​https://www.clage.com/cms_downloads/en/allgemein/Decentral.pdf
Disadvantages of a localised instantaneous hot water supply system includes ​stopping of
operation when the water pressure is low. Next, there is the need for separate gas and
electricity connection for each heaters​. This causes the building’s electricity and gas
25

27. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
consumption to increase and in the long run, it will increase the cost of this system. Seeing
as there are more electricity or gas connections in the tankless water heater, the
maintenance cost of the localised instantaneous hot water supply system is ​higher than
the centralised vented indirect hot water supply system. The other disadvantage is ​greater
risk of fire​. The number of water heaters present in the building might cause a fire to break
out​ ​since​ ​short​ ​circuit​ ​can​ ​happen​ ​easily.
Centralised​ ​vented​ ​indirect​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​supply​ ​system
Advantages Disadvantages
Save​ ​time Requires​ ​more​ ​pipework
Does​ ​not​ ​require​ ​much​ ​maintenance Heat​ ​losses​ ​easily
Water​ ​can​ ​be​ ​heated​ ​using​ ​low​ ​cost​ ​fuel Needs​ ​more​ ​physical​ ​space
More​ ​secure Need​ ​to​ ​be​ ​preheated
High​ ​flow​ ​rate Hot​ ​water​ ​requires​ ​recovery​ ​time
Less​ ​risk​ ​of​ ​being​ ​without​ ​supply Risk​ ​of​ ​pipe​ ​freezing​ ​in​ ​winter
The​ ​risk​ ​of​ ​water​ ​damage
High​ ​cost​ ​of​ ​installation
​ ​Localised​ ​instantaneous​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​supply​ ​system
Advantages Disadvantages
Long​ ​term​ ​energy​ ​saving No​ ​operation​ ​with​ ​low​ ​pressure
Unlimited​ ​amount​ ​of​ ​hot​ ​water Separate gas and electricity connection
required​ ​for​ ​each​ ​heaters
Require​ ​less​ ​physical​ ​space Higher​ ​maintenance​ ​cost
Reduce​ ​risk​ ​of​ ​water​ ​damage Greater​ ​risk​ ​of​ ​fire​ ​inside​ ​the​ ​dwelling
Require​ ​less​ ​pipework
26

28. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Case​ ​Study
Figure​ ​25:​ ​The​ ​Suitel@​ ​D’Latour
Source:​ ​​https://my.roomz.asia/50727
On the 31st of October, we had been given the opportunity to visit the suitel in D’Latour
located at Jalan Taylors, Bandar Sunway, 46150 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia. It is
consists of two towers, namely SoHo and a service apartment. The SoHo tower has about 26
storeys and the service apartment, 27 storeys. D’Latour @ Dk City has approximately 629
SoHo and 332 service apartment units covering 2.75 acres of prime land. The development
has designed four designs for SoHo ranging from 897 square feet to 1753 square feet,
whereas​ ​the​ ​service​ ​apartment​ ​ranges​ ​from​ ​724​ ​square​ ​feet​ ​to​ ​883​ ​square​ ​feet​ ​in​ ​size.
The system used in The Suitel @D’Latour is centralised hot water supply system. An indirect
system is performed in both towers as cold water is collected and stored in the central tank
which are located on the roof top before it is circulated into individual hot water storage tanks
in each of the toilet in the unit. Moreover, there is a duplicate tank which is installed right
beside the staircase on the rooftop which act as backup tank. In case there is problem with
the main tank, the duplicate tank will act as a temporary central tank in order for the main
tank to be repaired without affecting water supply to the whole unit. Isolation valve is installed
in each floor so that maintenance work is able to perform at the particular floor without
27

29. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
affecting the water supply the entire floor. Besides, the noise and abrasion is reduced due to
floor zoning as water pressure will increase when the depth increased. In order for the water
pressure to rise on the two floors below the rooftop that is known as penthouse, a variable
speed water pressure booster pump is installed. This is to ensure a constant flow of water to
the floors with lower water pressure. Furthermore, in tower 1 which is known as Soho, there
is a central tank installed on the 15th floor as it consists more floors compare to tower 2
which​ ​are​ ​service​ ​apartments.
Figure​ ​26:​ ​Central​ ​tank​ ​located​ ​on​ ​the​ ​roof​ ​top
Figure​ ​27:Diagram​ ​shows​ ​how​ ​the​ ​storage​ ​tank​ ​works
Source:
https://www.ewarehouse.atkc.com.my/Seers-CS-60L-Horizontal-Single-Tank-DC-Storag
e-Heater-435-W-x-410MM-H-x-735MM-L-60L
28

30. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
The storage tank water heater is located in every bathroom in a unit above the ceiling used
for showering since the sink does not supply hot water. The cold water stored in the central
tank on the rooftop of SoHo flows to the water heater situated in individual units via the vent
pipe into the cold water inlet. Water is heated in the tank from a heat source by way of heat
transfer. Once the water is heated, it will then flow out from the tank through the hot water
outlet and out of the hot water tap that is turned on. Since water is always heated, water
dripping out from the tank will be common as the rubber stop valve will expand as it gets too
hot,​ ​allowing​ ​drops​ ​of​ ​water​ ​to​ ​escape​ ​to​ ​prevent​ ​the​ ​tank​ ​from​ ​overflowing​ ​with​ ​hot​ ​water.
Figure​ ​27:​ ​Water​ ​heater​ ​tank
The water heater used in D’Latour is manufactured by SEERS. There are many types of
models including CS-30L, CS-40L, CS-60L, CS-80L, CS-100L. However, the model used in
D’Latour is a CS-30L model with the capacity of 30 litres and a rated maximum temperature
of 60 degree celsius. A switch is located outside every bathroom in the unit and has to be
switched​ ​on​ ​for​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​to​ ​be​ ​heated​ ​with​ ​the​ ​average​ ​waiting​ ​time​ ​of​ ​1​ ​hour.
The piping material used for hot water supply is PP-R which is known as polypropylene
random pipe. On the other hand, Hansen pipe is used for cold water supply which is
connected​ ​to​ ​the​ ​central​ ​tank.
29

31. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Figure​ ​28:​ ​Types​ ​of​ ​piping​ ​material​ ​used​ ​to​ ​connect​ ​the​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​storage​ ​tank
There are different types of fittings used to connect the PP-R pipes. The most commonly
used​ ​fittings​ ​are​ ​as​ ​below:
Source​ ​of​ ​all​ ​the​ ​image:
http://www.gfps.com/appgate/ecat/common_flow/100005/COM/en/109064/109298/13022
5/overview.html
1. Tee​ ​Equal
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​Size​ ​of​ ​tee​ ​equal
30

32. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
2.​ ​​ ​Reducing​ ​Tee
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​Size​ ​of​ ​reducing​ ​tee
3.​ ​Reducing​ ​Bush​ ​Male-Female
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​Size​ ​of​ ​reducing​ ​bush​ ​male-female
31

33. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
4.​ ​Cap
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​Size​ ​of​ ​cap
​ ​​ ​5.​ ​Three​ ​ways​ ​welding​ ​90​°​elbow
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​Size​ ​of​ ​three​ ​ways​ ​welding​ ​90​°​elbow
6.​ ​​ ​90°​ ​bend
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​Size​ ​of​ ​90°​ ​bend
32

34. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
7.​ ​Socket
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​Size​ ​of​ ​socket
8.​ ​90°​ ​elbow
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​Size​ ​of​ ​90°​ ​elbow
33

35. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
9.​ ​90°​ ​elbow​ ​male-female
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​Size​ ​of​ ​​ ​90°​ ​elbow​ ​male-female
10.​ ​45°​ ​elbow
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​Size​ ​of​ ​​ ​45°​ ​elbow
11.​ ​45°​ ​elbow​ ​male-female
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​Size​ ​of​ ​45°​ ​elbow​ ​male-female
34

36. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
12.​ ​Manifold
​ ​​ ​​ ​
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​Size​ ​of​ ​manifold
13.​ ​Saddle​ ​with​ ​spigot
​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​​ ​Size​ ​of​ ​saddle​ ​with​ ​spigot
35

37. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Possible​ ​Problem​ ​To​ ​The​ ​System
In large buildings such as hotels, the distance the hotel water has to travel between the hot
water supply source and the draw off point can be quite long. The chance of heat loss will
increase during transfer to the draw off point. In order to solve this problem, hotels will use a
storage water heater. Storage water heaters are stored in the ceiling of each toilet. Storage
water heaters can solve the heat loss problem, but it still has some drawback such as
overheating,​ ​leakage​ ​and​ ​insufficient​ ​hot​ ​water.
Storage water heater generally includes a storage tank, a heat source, a temperature sensor,
a pressure relief valve, cold water inlet, hot water outlet and drain outlet. Storage water
heater is a place to heat the water and store it immediately. It can prevent the heat loss
problem but it brings overheating problems. Cold water will go into the storage water heater
through the cold water inlet. The heat source and the temperature sensor are placed at the
middle of the tank. Temperature sensor and pressure relief valve will cause the ​overheating
problem. The temperature sensor in the water heater is to control the on and off cycle of the
water heater. If the temperature sensor brakesdown, the on and off cycle of the water heater
will not operate and the heat source will keep going to heat the water and cause overheating.
Pressure relief is to allow the steam escape. If the valve fails, overheating will become more
serious.
Leakage is the most common problem for a water system. There are several common
causes of water heater leaks such as a poor installation of plumbing, water pipe O-ring failure
etc. Leaking is very common in a water system, if the installation is not done properly, it will
cause a long-term leakage. Water pipe O-ring failure does not frequently occur, it will not
cause a long-term leakage as long as changing the O-ring is done the leakage problem can
be solved. Water pipe O-ring is to seal connections in a pipe and prevent water from going in
and out of a nominated area. Water pipe O-ring is made up of rubber so when it overheats it
will​ ​malfunction.
36

38. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Figure​ ​29:​ ​Water​ ​Pipe​ ​O-Ring
Sources:​ ​​https://linktechcouplings.com/how-o-rings-work/
Insufficient hot water is another problem that will occur in hotel hot water system. This is
because only a small hot water storage tank stored in the ceiling of every toilet. Generally, for
bathing using shower, an average person can use up to 25 liters per bath. The recovery rate
of storage water heater also will affect the supply of hot water. If the storage water heater has
a long recovery rate, it needs a long time to heat the water. To solve the insufficient hot water
problem,​ ​it​ ​can​ ​either​ ​use​ ​a​ ​large​ ​storage​ ​water​ ​heater​ ​or​ ​use​ ​tankless​ ​water​ ​heater.
37

39. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Recommendations​ ​For​ ​Future​ ​Improvements
1. Use​ ​Solar​ ​energy​ ​to​ ​heat​ ​water
Solar water heaters are water heaters that collects solar power from the sun through
solar​ ​panels​ ​that​ ​are​ ​fitted​ ​to​ ​the​ ​roof​ ​to​ ​heat​ ​cold​ ​water.
There are two main types of solar power heating systems which are active and
passive. Active systems uses a pump to help circulate the water between the tank
and the solar panels, while the passive system relies on natural convection to
circulate the water. Passive system would be cheaper compared to the active system
but it is very inefficient. Since the hotel has many floors, it would be suitable to use
the active solar heating system as the passive would take too long for the water to
heat​ ​up.
Figure​ ​30:​ ​​Active​ ​Solar​ ​Water​ ​Heating​ ​System
Source:​ ​​https://www.energydepot.com/RPUres/library/Swaterheater.asp
Active​ ​solar​ ​heating​ ​systems​ ​are​ ​then​ ​categories​ ​into​ ​direct​ ​or​ ​indirect​ ​circulation.
Direct​ ​circulation​ ​systems​ ​circulates​ ​water​ ​through​ ​the​ ​solar​ ​panels​ ​and​ ​to​ ​the​ ​storage
tanks.​ ​This​ ​is​ ​suited​ ​for​ ​climates​ ​where​ ​temperature​ ​rarely​ ​drop​ ​below​ ​freezing.
Indirect​ ​circulation​ ​systems​ ​circulate​ ​a​ ​heat​ ​transfer​ ​fluid​ ​that​ ​does​ ​not​ ​freeze​ ​through
the​ ​solar​ ​panels​ ​and​ ​then​ ​through​ ​a​ ​heat​ ​exchanger​ ​in​ ​the​ ​storage​ ​tank.​ ​This​ ​is​ ​used
38

40. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
in​ ​cold​ ​climates​ ​where​ ​pipes​ ​in​ ​a​ ​direct​ ​circulation​ ​system​ ​might​ ​freeze.​ ​Since​ ​the
hotel​ ​is​ ​located​ ​in​ ​Malaysia​ ​where​ ​it​ ​is​ ​hot​ ​and​ ​sunny,​ ​it​ ​would​ ​be​ ​suited​ ​to​ ​use​ ​the
direct​ ​circulation​ ​system.
Advantages​ ​of​ ​Solar​ ​Water​ ​Heater
● Utilizes​ ​a​ ​renewable​ ​energy
Sunlight from the Sun can be used over and over again. Malaysia also experiences
mostly sunny weather year round with tropical rain showers from time to time. This
makes​ ​it​ ​suitable​ ​to​ ​use​ ​solar​ ​energy​ ​in​ ​Malaysia.
● Lower​ ​electricity​ ​bills
Sunlight is free, ​so after the initial installation cost is paid, the cost of hot water will be
reduced.
● Environmentally​ ​friendly
Carbon​ ​dioxide​ ​traps​ ​heat​ ​in​ ​the​ ​upper​ ​atmosphere,​ ​which​ ​contributing​ ​to​ ​the
worsening​ ​greenhouse​ ​effect.​ ​Solar​ ​water​ ​heaters​ ​reduces​ ​emission​ ​of​ ​carbon
compounds​ ​unlike​ ​other​ ​power​ ​sources.
Disadvantages​ ​of​ ​Solar​ ​Water​ ​Heater
● Expensive​ ​for​ ​installation​ ​of​ ​equipment
The initial cost for the installation of solar panels would be expensive but in the long
run​ ​the​ ​cost​ ​for​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​is​ ​reduced.
● Dependent​ ​on​ ​the​ ​weather
When it rains or it’s cloudy, there would be no sunlight to provide the solar energy. So
electricity​ ​or​ ​gas​ ​should​ ​be​ ​used​ ​as​ ​a​ ​backup​ ​to​ ​heat​ ​the​ ​water.
2.​ ​Use​ ​heat​ ​waste​ ​from​ ​an​ ​air​ ​conditioner​ ​to​ ​heat​ ​water
Another alternative that could be done would be to use the heat energy from an air
conditioning unit to heat the water while the air conditioner cools down the building. A
heat recovery unit would be installed near the air conditioner’s condenser circuit and
high concentrated temperature would then be recovered and pumps the recovered
heat into the hot water tank heating it (Figure 31). Since it is a hotel, air conditioning
would be would be running all day long. So this would save help save energy as the
cost​ ​to​ ​heat​ ​hot​ ​water​ ​is​ ​reduced.
39

41. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Figure​ ​31:​ ​Heat​ ​Recovery​ ​Unit
Source:​ ​​http://www.hotspotenergy.com/residential-heat-recovery-water-heaters/
40

42. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Learning​ ​Outcome
Given the opportunity to research about hot water systems used in a hotel, it has helped us
unlock doors proven to be of used in the future. Through research and the visit to The
Suitel@ D’Latour, we have come to understand more about the types of hot water system,
how it works, problems that might present after installation of the system, ways to improve for
future use, and as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each type of system since
there​ ​are​ ​many​ ​types​ ​and​ ​they​ ​all​ ​operate​ ​differently.
Installing the right hot water system into the houses and buildings must be taken into
consideration to avoid future problems and frequent maintenance. Considerations include
available space, energy efficiency, cost, size according to family so that hot water supply is
adequate,​ ​and​ ​fuel​ ​type​ ​or​ ​energy​ ​sources​ ​available​ ​in​ ​the​ ​country.
In conclusion, without the invention of hot water system to ease the burden of humans, our
daily routines would be hard to carry out, such as, cooking, washing, showering, and house
warming during colder days. What was once convenient, would not be, and inconvenient, will
be​ ​more​ ​so.
41

43. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
Reference
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44

46. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
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45

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46

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47

49. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
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48

50. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
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Water​ ​Sampling​ ​and​ ​analysis.​ ​(1996).​ ​​Guidelines​ ​for​ ​Drinking​ ​Water​ ​Quality,​ ​3​(2),​ ​51-72​.
49

51. BUILDING​ ​SERVICES​ ​ASSIGNMENT​ ​1
APPENDIX
50