2. Definition of hemoptysis
Causes of hemoptysis
Differential diagnosis of hemoptysis
Diagnosis of hemoptysis
Treatment of hemoptysis
Contents
3. Hemoptysis is defined as coughing of blood
originating from below the vocal cords.
The word "hemoptysis" comes from the Greek
"haima" meaning "blood“ & "ptysis" which means "a
spitting".
Hemoptysis can range from blood-streaking of
sputum to the presence of gross blood in the absence
of any accompanying sputum.
Definition
4. Life threatening (or) Massive hemoptysis is
defined as coughing of blood > 150 ml/episode (or) >
600 ml/24 hours.
Worldwide, the most common cause of hemoptysis is
tuberculous infection
The cause of hemoptysis cannot be determined in 20-30% of
cases.
Only 5% of hemoptysis is massive but mortality is 80%.
Definition
5. Pathophysiologic Factors:
1-Dual Circulation:
The lungs have a dual blood supply.
The pulmonary arterial circulation, a high-
compliance, low-pressure system that
terminates in the pulmonary capillary bed, is
responsible for gas exchange.
6. In addition, the lungs are supplied by the
bronchial arteries, branches of the aorta
that bring nutrients to the lung
parenchyma and major airways. The
bronchial arteries, like all systemic
arteries, are a high-pressure system. Most
cases of hemoptysis result from disruption
of branches of the bronchial arterial tree.
7. 2- Vascular Mechanisms:
• Aneurysm formation
• Vasculitis
• Pulmonary Embolism
• Inflammation
• Broncholithiasis
• Direct invasion of central pulmonary artery
• Trauma
11. Cardiovascular
Severe left ventricular heart failure
Mitral stenosis
Pulmonary embolism or infarction
Septic pulmonary embolism or right-sided
endocarditis
Aortic aneurysm or bronchovascular fistula
18. Make sure that this is True Hemoptysis.
Identify the Severity of hemoptysis.
Clinical clues in History & Examination.
Diagnostic Investigations.
Appropriate Treatment.
Clinical Approach for Management of
Hemoptysis
19. True Hemoptysis Versus
Spurious (False) Hemoptysis
True hemoptysis False hemoptysis
Below vocal cords Above vocal cords
Persists as blood tinged sputum Does not persist
May be mixed with sputum Not mixed with sputum
History of cardiopulmonary disease Obvious by ENT examination
CXR may be abnormal Normal CXR
20. Hemoptysis Vs Hematemesis
Hemoptysis Hematemesis
Coughing of blood Vomiting of blood
History of cardiopulmonary disease History of GIT disease
Bright red in color Dark brown in color
Sputum remains blood stained
after the attack for few days
Usually followed by melena
Mixed with sputum Mixed with gastric contents
Blood is frothy Airless
Alkaline Acidic
Sputum contains hemosedrin
laden macrophages
No
21.
22. Important points to address in History
Clinical Clues Suggested Diagnosis
Anticoagulant use Medication effect, coagulation disorder
Association with menses Catamenial hemoptysis
Dyspnea on exertion, fatigue, orthopnea,
PND, frothy pink sputum
Congestive heart failure, Lt V. dysfunction, MS
Fever, productive cough URTI, acute bronchitis, pneumonia, lung abscess
History of breast, colon, or renal cancers Endobronchial metastatic lung disease
History of chronic lung disease, recurrent
LRTI, cough with copious purulent sputum
Bronchiectasis, lung abscess
Melena, alcoholism, chronic use of NSAIDs Gastritis, gastric or peptic ulcer, esophageal varices
Pleuritic chest pain, calf tenderness Pulmonary embolism or infarction
Tobacco use Acute bronchitis, chronic bronchitis, lung Ca, pneumonia
Toxic symptoms Tuberculosis
Weight loss Emphysema, lung cancer, TB, bronchiectasis, lung abscess
27. Advantages:
1) Tomography is valuable in selected cases to better show the presence
of lung cavities, solid masses, and mediastinal & hilar LDN.
2) Its complementary use with FOB gives a greater positive yield of
pathology & is useful for excluding malignancy in high-risk patients.
3) Allows application of special imaging techniques: e.g.,
HRCT (1-3mm thickness section) Bronchiectasis
Spiral CT with pulmonary angiography PE
Diagnosis
Computed Tomographic Scan (CT)
30. Value of Bronchoscopy
1-Diagnostic:
Localize site of bleeding
Foreign Body aspiration
Adenoma
2-Therapeutic:
Arrest bleeding
Suction and lavage
Preservation ventilation of bleeding lung
31. Advantages:
1. It is diagnostic for central endobronchial lesions.
2. Allows direct visualization of the bleeding site.
3. Permits tissue biopsy, bronchial lavage, or brushings for pathologic
diagnosis.
4. FOB also can provide direct therapy in cases of non massive
hemoptysis:
Instillation of diluted adrenaline.
Iced cooled saline.
Wedging & tamponade Fogarty catheter balloon
Diagnosis
Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy (FOB)
35. Angiography
Advantages:
1. Gold standard diagnostic tool for suspected PE.
2. Diagnosis of arteriovenous malformation.
3. Allows management of some cases of hemoptysis using
endovascular embolization.
Disadvantages:
1. Embolization of Spinal arteries paraplegia.
2. Needs special skills.
39. Management of Hemoptysis
Goal:
1. Evaluate the severity of hemoptysis.
2. Airway protection & patency.
3. Identify the site of bleeding.
4. Protect the contralateral un involved lung.
5. Stop the bleeding.
6. Treatment of the cause of bleeding.
40. Management Principles
• Airway control
– Supplemental Oxygen
– Positioning
– Cough control
– Endotracheal intubation or Selective
intubation
• Volume resuscitation
– Crystalloids
– Blood
41. Evaluation of Hemoptysis
1-Types of Hemoptysis:
Blood streaked
Frank Hemoptysis
Rusty sputum
2-Degree of Hemoptysis:
Massive
Non massive
42. Causes of Blood streaked Sputum:
Upper respiratory inflammation
Nose or Nasopharynx
Gums
Larynx
Severe coughing paroxysms
Trauma
43. Causes of Pink Sputum :
Blood and secretions mix in alveoli, small
bronchioles
Conditions associated with pink Sputum
– Pneumonia
– Pulmonary edema
46. Management of Massive
Hemoptysis
I. Medical:
Position of the patient sitting (or) bleeding side down
Large bore IV line fluids, blood transfusion
Supplemental Oxygen/ Mechanical ventilation.
Endotracheal tube (single wide bore (or) double lumen).
Cough suppressants
Pityressin (Vasopressin) 0.2-0.4 units/min. IV.
47. Management of Massive
Hemoptysis
II. Surgical:
Emergency resection for
bronchogenic mass.
Resection of bronchogenic
mass after patient
stabilization.
Surgical resection for
aspergilloma.
51. IV.Endovascular:
First results of embolization were published in 1973.
In most patients the bleeding originates from
bronchial arteries rather than pulmonary arteries.
Transcatheter embolization is effective in immediate
control of massive hemoptysis (73% - 98%).
Recurrence may be caused by:
Incomplete embolization of artery.
Recanalization of previously embolized artery.
Revascularization through collateral circulation.
Progression of basic lung disease.
Management of Massive
Hemoptysis
52. Management of Massive
Hemoptysis
ICU Admission
Conservative Medical Care
Rigid Bronchoscope
Hemoptysis stop
Investigate the cause
Hemoptysis did not stop
Surgical/Embolization
54. Mortality
• Medically managed patients with massive
hemoptysis: 75%
• Surgically managed patients with massive
Hemoptysis: 23%
55. Role of Surgery in Hemoptysis
Surgery is indicated in the following situations:
• Leaky thoracic aneurysm
• Chest trauma
• A-V fistula
• Localized bronchiectasis
• Chronic lung abscess