Stress management, Eustress, Distress

2. PRESENTED BY :

4. S T R E S S
M
N
M G
A A E E N T

5. INTRODUCTION
DEFINITION
OBJECTIVES
CONCEPTS OF STRESS
TYPES STRESS AND STRESSOR
MODELS OF STRESS MANAGEMENT
STRESS MANAGEMENT
ROLE OF NURSE IN STRESS MANAGEMENT
SOURCES OF STRESS
STRESS CYCLE
ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE

6. INTRODUCTION
Right from the time of the birth till the last breath drawn, an
individual is invariably exposed to various stressful situations. The
modern world of achievement is also a world of stress and has been
called the “Age of Stress”.

7. DEFINITION
STRESS
 Stress is defined as "any process, either in the external environment or within
an individual that demands a response from the individual". -Engel (1962)
STRESSOR
 Stressor can be any stimulus that causes an individual to exprience stress.

8. CONCEPTS OF STRESS
• Stress is a physical and emotional state always present in the person
as a result of living: it is intensified in a non specific response to an
internal or external environmental change or threat.

9. STRESS CYCLE

10. TYPES of stress
Type - 1
Type - 2

11. The optimal amount of stress, which helps to promote health and
growth. eg: praise from a teacher for a well-written assingment.
1.Eustress

12. 2.Distress
Stress due to an excess of adaptive demands placed upon us. The demands are
so great that they lead to bodily and mental damage. eg: unexpected death of a
loved one.

13. TYPES of stressors
E. Genetic or immune disorders
A. Chemical agents
B. Physical agents
D. Nutrition imbalances
C. Infectious agent
1. Physiological stressors

14. 2. Psychological stressors
A. Accidents can cause stress for the
victim, the person who caused the
accident and the families of both
F. Rapid changes in our
world, including economic
and political structures and
technology
B. Stressful experiences of family
members and friends
C. Fear of aggression or from
others such as murder, rape,
terrorist and attacks.
E. Developmental and life
events
D. Events that we see on T.V.
such as awar,earthquake,
violence
CONT....

15. SOURCES OF STRESS
Environmental
stressors
SOURCES
Change of any
kind can induce
stress
Individual
personality that
can induce stress
Physiological
stressors
Social stressor

16. STRESS MANAGEMENT
Stress management involves the use of coping strategies in response
to stressful situations. Coping strategies are adoptive when they
protect the individual from the harm strengthen the individual's ability
to meet challenging situations.

17. MODELS OF STRESS MANAGEMENT
1.STIMULUS BASED MODELS
2.PSYCHOSOMATIC MODEL
3.THE SYSTEM MODEL
4.TRANSACTION BASED MODEL
5.RESPONSE BASED MODEL
6.STRESS ADAPTATION MODEL

18. 1. STIMULUS BASED MODELS
• It proposed that life changes (LIFE EVENTS) or (STRESSORS),
either positive or negative, are stressors that tax the adaptation
capacity of an individual, causing physiological and psychological
strains that lead to health problems. - Holmes and Rahes advanced
this theory.

19. 2. PSYCHOSOMATIC MODEL
• The disease created by the mind leading to different illness. Person may
suppress the anger and eventually develop the mental dysfunction of
depression.
• Emotional stress leads to physiological stress and results in psychosomatic
illness.

20. 3. THE SYSTEM MODEL
• Stress response is here defined as carrying six components.
i. Environmental stimuli - Some environmental stimuli activate stress response as a direct
consequence of their physical or biochemical properties.
ii. Cognitive-Affective domain - The individual's interpretation of the environment gives rise to
most of the stress reactions..
iii. Neurological triggering mechanisms - The limbic system and the hypothalamic nuclei are
the anatomical site for the integration of sensory cognitive, affective activity.

21. iv. The physiological stress response axis - Stress response occurs sequentially along the
neurological, neuro endocrine and endocrine axes and results in neural and hormonal activity
directed at target organs.
v. Coping - In this final phase of stress response.
vi. Target organ effects - If coping are unsuccessful and arousal is either excessive or
prolonged, the physiological process of stress response is likely to lead to target organ
dysfunction or disease.

22. 4. TRANSACTION BASED MODEL
• It is based on the works of Lazarus (1966) who states that stimulus theory and
response theory do not consider individual differences.
• It encompasses a set of cognitive, affective and adaptive responses that arises out
of person environment transactions.
• Effective preventive and health promotion strategies can be planned based on this
model.

23. 5. RESPONSE BASED MODEL
• This model emphasizes the common physiological consequences of stressful
situation. It is represented in the well-known theory of Hans Selye. It is similar
to the “Fight or Flight” response, which occurs in situation that perceived as
very threatening.
• The response is a physiological one in which arousal of the sympathetic
nervous system results in many physiological and somatic changes and finally
disruption of homeostasis.

24. 6. STRESS ADAPTATION MODEL
• The model was given by Gail Stuart so it is called Stuart stress adaptation
model.
• It integrates biological, socio-cultural, psychological, environmental and
legal ethical aspects of patient care into a unified frame work for practice.

25. a) Local adaptation syndrome: It is a localized response of body to stress and it
involves only specific body part (tissues, organs) instead of the whole body.
b) General adaptation syndrome: It describes body's general response to stress.
1. Alarm reaction
2. Resistance
3.Exhaustion
CONT....

26. ROLE OF NURSE IN STRESS MANAGEMENT
• Increasing the client awareness as an actual or potential health problem exit.
• To support the client through the process of change, and co-operation with the treatment.
• When client becomes aware of the nature of the health problem and is told of the change
needed, he often experiences a feeling of anxiety, depression and anger.
• Family members also need accurate information about the nature of the disorder, and how
they can help the client in coping with stress.

29. ADVANTAGE
- Improve job perfomance
- Less stress
- Improve attitude
- Improve health condition
- More effective all works
- Healthy life

30. - Job perfomance Poor
- Increase stress
- Mentally down
- Affect health condition
- Chronic disease
DISADVANTAGE

32. KEYS
KEYS
KEYS

33. Effectiveness of stress management skills training on academic vitality and psychological
well-being of college students
Objective: Carrying out the appropriate psychological interventions to improve vitality and
mental well-being is critical. The study was carried out to review the effectiveness of stress
management training on the academic life and mental well-being of the students of Shahed
University.
Methodology: The method used was quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest plan and
control group. Therefore, a total of 40 students of Shahed University of Tehran were selected
by a convenience sampling method and were organized into two groups:experimental and
control group.

34. • Both groups were pretested by using an academic vitality inventory and an 84-question
psychological well-being inventory. Then, the experimental group received stress
management skills training for ten sessions, and the control group did not receive any
intervention. Next, both groups were post-tested, and the data were analyzed with SPSS-21
software by using descriptive and inferential statistical methods.
• Findings: The findings showed that the stress management skills training significantly
contributed to promoting the academic vitality and psychological well-being of students (p
< 0.001).
• Conclusions: It was concluded from this research that teaching the methods for dealing
with stress was an effective strategy to help students exposed to high stress and pressure,
and this was due to its high efficiency, especially when it was held in groups, had a small
cost, and it was accepted by the individuals.

35. Summary

36. CONCLUSION
Managing stress can help reduce the stress and make you feel more healthier. We have to
remember that we can not change the view of others but prepare ourselves to prove our point. No
one is perfect so don not underestimate yourself.
Always try to practice out for different relaxation techniques. Always think positively and keep a
positive attitude. It is better to embrace the challenge rather than avoid it or behave as if nothing
had happened.

37. • Sullivan Elanor J, Decker Philip J. Effective leadership and management in nursing.Addison Wesley; 1997
• Barret jean. Ward management and teaching. New Delhi, Konark publishers; 1994
• Ann R L. Basic concepts of psychiatric mental health nursing. 7th edition. Philadelphia.Lippincott;1997
• R.Shreevani, Guide To Mental Health And Psychiatric Nursing., 3rd Edition, Pg No:259
• Lalit Batra, Mental Health For Nursing, PEEPEE Publishers, Pg No:31
• Jogindar Vati, Principles And Practices Of Nursing Management And Administration For B.Sc. And M.Sc.
Nursing, JAYPEE Publication, Pg No: 532-535
• Soulliere, Jessica (2010). Top 10 health concerns for kids, Obesity, stress, teen pregnancy worsening UMNS
Retrieved from http://www2.med.umich.edu/prmc/media/newsroom/details.cf ID-1682.

38. C U T E