useful for B.Sc. Nursing Part I and Post Basic students

1. E learning Class notes for B.Sc. Nursing Ist Year, batch 2019-20 21/04/2020
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
 Unit-VI Emotions - Meaning of emotions,
development of emotions, alteration of
emotion, emotions in sickness - handling
emotions in self and other
Emotions - Meaning of emotions: the word
emotion is a derived from Latin word “emovere”
which means to stir up or agitate or excite.
The mental thinking or feeling of a person at a
particular instant of time knowingly or
unknowingly is called emotion.
Definition:
01. “Emotion is an affective experience that
accompanies generalized inner adjustment
and mental and physiological stirred up
states in the individual and that show itself
in his overt behaviour. (Crow and crow )
02. “Emotion is a ‘Moved or ‘stirred up’ state
of an organism. It is a stirred up feeling that
is the way it appears to the individual
himself. It is a disturbed muscular and
glandular activities, that is the way it
appears to an external
observer”.(Woodworth)
Development of emotions:
Characteristics of emotions are as follows:
01. Emotion is affected with innate instinct:
Every emotional experience is associated
with other innate instinct. An emotion is
developing under the influence of an
instinctive excitement. One can experience
emotion of anger only after riding on the
instinctive swing of combat.
02. Emotion is the product of perception:
Perception of a proper stimulus is needed to
start an emotional experience. The organic
changes favourable or unfavourable within
the body may intensify the emotional
experience.
03. Emotion is physiological: every emotional
experience involves many physical and
physiological changes in the organism.
Thus emotional bring physiological
changes. Some of the changes which
express themselves as overt behaviour are
easily observable. For example, reddened
eyes, choke in the voice, the heart beating
an emotion aroused stimulus.
04. Emotion always associated with feeling:
Actually every emotional experience,
whatever it may be involves feelings.
Feeling and emotions—both are affective
experiences. After perceiving a situation,
pleasure or displeasure feelings can be
aroused.
05. Emotion develops worldwide: Emotions are
prevalent in every living organism.
06. Stage of development: They are present at
all stages of development and can be
aroused in young as well as in old.
07. Different person have different emotion:
One emotion can give rise to a number of
similar emotions. Emotions are

2. E learning Class notes for B.Sc. Nursing Ist Year, batch 2019-20 21/04/2020
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
individualistic, and they differ from person
to person.
08. Emotion occurs in suddenly: Emotions rise
abruptly but subside slowly. An emotion
once aroused, tends to persist and leaves
behind an emotional need.
09. Emotion can diminish the intellectual level:
There is a negative connection between the
upsurge of emotions and intelligence.
Reasoning and sharp intellect can check
sudden upsurge of emotions. Also under
emotional experiences, the reasoning and
thinking powers are decreased.
10. Emotion can be released: Emotions have the
quality of displacement. The anger aroused
on account of one stimulus gets transferred
to another situation. The anger resulting
from being rebuked by the boss gets
transferred to beat the children at home.
Kinds of Emotions:
Emotions have both positive as well as
negative effects.
1. Negative emotions: Unpleasant emotions
such as fear, anger and jealousy which are
harmful to the individual’s are called as
negative emotion.
2. Positive emotions: The pleasant emotions
like affection (love), amusement, curiosity
and happiness which are very helpful and
essential for normal development are
called as positive emotions.
Components of emotion:
There are four components of emotion
01. Filling:
 Emotions are subjective feelings.
 Feel in a particular way
 Meaning and its significance
 Anger and joy
 Developed in intensity and quality
02. Bodily arousal:
 Biological activation
 Alteration in hormones
 Activate adaptive coping behaviour
during emotion
 Body ready for action.
03. Sense of purpose:
 Developed emotion through its goal.
 Person motivates to start action.
 Person has social and evolutionary
advantages.
04. Social expressive:
 Emotion develops in communicative
aspect.
 Person develops posture, gesture,
vocalization, facial expression in public.
 Person knows about verbal and non verbal
response.
 Person fully mature to react the emotional
situation.
Development of emotion: Emotional
development is about an individual’s feelings for
and about other people, objects, situations and
experiences. Adults are able to use words to

3. E learning Class notes for B.Sc. Nursing Ist Year, batch 2019-20 21/04/2020
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
express their feelings and explain how they are
feeling. Children cannot do this as easily as they
may not have the words to describe how they are
feeling.
So, they express their feelings by:
 Hitting out when angry
 Crying, kicking and screaming when they are
refused
 Shriek with happiness
Emotional development from birth to 11 year old
Age group Emotional activity
Birth to 6 moth  Signs of all basic emotion
 Social smile
 Laughter
 Excessive happiness when play
with family member
7-12 Months  Anger and fear increased
 Anxiety with stranger
 Feel secure along with care
giver
1-2 Years Self awareness and consciousness
developed
3-6 Year Start to change emotion
7-11Year Emotional self regulation
Alteration of Emotion: Physiological alteration
Associated with Emotion. Thus, increases or
decreases in heart rate, cutaneous blood flow,
piloerection, sweating, and gastrointestinal
motility can all lead various type of emotions.
Anger, hostility, fear and love all guided
behaviour and are altered by the limbic system.
Dysfunction of limbic system results in alteration
in emotion.
Various alteration / changes of emotion are
following:
01. Emotions and Physiological Change: changes
during emotion can be divided into two types
one is external and another is internal.
a. External changes:
 The person voice changes according to
the type of emotion person received. We
can identify emotion on the basic of
his/her voice.
 Changes in facial expression. Person face
showing his emotional changes by
looking the person face closely we can
confirm the actual behaviour of a person.
 We can identify the emotion through his
bodily changes like stiffness of muscles,
twisting of fingers, movement so hands
and leg etc.
 During the changes of emotion person
may develop sweating, wrinkles on
forehead, red eye and erection of hair on
the skin etc.
b. Internal changes:
 Body prepared to fight in emergency
 Increased heart rate
 Increased blood pressure
 Increased respiration
 Increased sugar level

4. E learning Class notes for B.Sc. Nursing Ist Year, batch 2019-20 21/04/2020
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
 Decreased functioning of GI tract
(stooped experience of hanger
feeling.
02. Psychological changes:
 Feel over sensitive
 Looking for an identity
 Feeling for uncertain
 Conflict
 Mood swing
 Feeling about self
 Personality changes
 Carrier worry
Miscellaneous changes: It is argued that most
patients will have an emotional response to their
illness but anxiety and depression are unlikely to
be representative of most patients’ experience.
The paper focuses on two important
negative emotions, fear and sadness, and their
psychopathological associates, anxiety and
depression.
Emotion in sickness- handling in self & other: It is
argued that most patients will have
an emotional response to their illness but anxiety
and depression are unlikely to be representative of
most patients’ experience. The paper focuses on
two important negative emotions, fear and
sadness, and their psychopathological associates,
anxiety and depression.
However, many things that happen in your life
can disrupt your emotional health. These can lead
to strong feelings of sadness, stress, or anxiety.
Even good or wanted changes can be as stressful
as unwanted changes. These things include:
 Being laid off from your job.
 Having a child leave or return home.
 Dealing with the death of a loved one.
 Getting divorced or married.
 Suffering an illness or an injury.
 Getting a job promotion.
 Experiencing money problems.
 Moving to a new home.
 Having or adopting a baby.
This is one type of “mind/body connection.”
When you are stressed, anxious, or upset, your
body reacts in a way that might tell you that
something isn’t right. For example, you might
develop high blood pressure or a stomach ulcer
after a particularly stressful event, such as the
death of a loved one.
Positive Actions to Help you Manage Emotions
01. Exercise: this releases reward and pleasure
chemicals in the brain such as dopamine,
which makes you feel better.
02. Be kind to others, because this helps stop you
worrying about yourself.
03. Be open and accept what is going on around
you.
04. It's good to talk.
05. Distract yourself.
Emotion of others: Here are tips for handing
some of the emotions that could come up during
difficult conversations:

5. E learning Class notes for B.Sc. Nursing Ist Year, batch 2019-20 21/04/2020
Omprakash Swami (Author) - Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Nursing College, Jaipur
01. Crying: Crying is a natural physiological
response when someone feels hurt,
disappointed, sad, or had expectations that
weren’t met. It could be a result of stress or a
buildup of disappointments. Allow a person
to take a moment when tears come to their
eyes. Calmly wait for them to signal they are
ready to move on. Generally, if you tell a
person to take his or her time and calmly sit
in silence, he or she will let you know when
they're ready to move on. If you have a tissue
available, offer it. If the crying is
uncontrollable, offer to reschedule the
discussion, but only as a last resort.
02. Embarrassment: When a person sees or feels
that he has been acting or believing in a way
that has been harmful to him or others, he
may feel embarrassed. Do not try to alleviate
or soften the reaction. Allow him a moment
to catch his breath. When you sense you can
move on, ask him to articulate what he has
now discovered or learned before asking
about what action he might take. Articulating
a learned lesson helps a person feel stronger.
03. Defensive Anger: Defensiveness and anger
usually subside after the initial response—if
you don't fuel the fire. So stay calm. When
you sense someone’s anger, you might
reflexively defend yourself, get angry in
return, or you shut down. Of course, if you
feel you are at risk of being harmed, you
should find a way to remove yourself as soon
as possible. But if there is no risk, understand
that the person's display of anger could be a
natural reaction to information they didn't
want to hear. Whether she is mad at herself or
others, give her a moment to express herself.
Let her vent to release the steam. Then when
she starts to calm down, see if you can’t help
look at the cause of her anger and sort out the
truth from the speculation.
04. Confusion or Fear: When you face these
feelings, listen. Ask about the fear and listen
to the person's stories so you can discover
what is holding them back. Do not try to
diffuse or soften their emotions, or even tell
them it is understandable to feel afraid; better
to say that you would like to understand
what's causing the fear so you can help them
move forward with confidence. Then
withhold your judgment when they respond.
You might have to to encourage them to
speak by asking a few questions that show
you are curious—and that you care. If you
do, it is more likely they will open up. Most
people want to be listened to and understood.
Listening with compassion will help them
build their courage.