Call for Papers - African Journal of Biological Sciences, E-ISSN: 2663-2187, ...
Pullulan
1. STUDY OF PRODUCTION, OPTIMIZATION OF
PULLULAN WITH DIFFERENT SUBSTRATE AND
THEIR VARIOUS APPLICATION
BY
NITINJAY SINGH
SUPERVISOR- ER ABHISHEK SHARAN
DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND BIOCHEMICAL
ENGINEERING
2. OBJECTIVE
•Finding of cheap substrate for pullulan
production
Recent advances in the applications of
pullulan
3. WHAT IS PULLULAN ?
• Pullulan is a neutral, linear and water-soluble exopolysaccharide.
• Pullulan is a fungal polysaccharide, synthesized by Aureobasidium
pullulans.
• Pullulan is being used extensively in the food industry as a food
ingredient in Japan since 1976, and has GRAS status in the USA.
• Applications in industrial sectors like food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic
industries.
4. WHAT MAKES IT DIFFERENT FROM
OTHER POLYSACCHARIDE
Pullulan films are clear and highly oxygen-impermeable and have excellent mechanical
properties
Pullulan are edible, biodegradable and highly water-soluble.
Dry pullulan powders are white and non-hygroscopic
Pullulan is non-toxic, non-mutagenic, odorless, tasteless, non-carcinogenic
Pullulan decomposes at high temperatures (250-280 °C)
16. Modified pullulan Drug(s) Target/Application Reference
Cholesterol bearing pullulan Human recombinant erythropoietin; Glucagon-fluorescein
labeled insulin
T. Hirakura et.al
Carboxymethyl pullulan Immuno-suppressant S. Shen et.al
Carboxylated pullulan Insulin L. Yuan et.al
Succinylated pullulan Intestine targeting Constantin et al.
(2007)
Diethylene triamine penta
acetic acid pullulan
Liver targeting Yim et al. (2011)
Poly(DL-Lactide-coglycolide)-
grafted pullulan
Cancer cells treatment Jeong et al. (2006)
Maleilated pullulan Tumor cells treatment Zhang et al. (2011)
Polyethylenimine Pullulan Liver cell gene delivery Rekha & Sharma (2011}
Pullulan-g-poly(L-lactide)
Nanoparticles
Cancer cells treatment Cho et al. (2009)
Pullulan/deoxycholic acid Cancer cells treatment Na et al. (2006)
Biomedical application of pullulan derivatives
17. BIOMEDICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL APPLICATION OF
PULLULAN
Formulation treated Functional strength
enhancer(s)
Application Reference
Pullulan hydrogels scaffold Nano-crystalline
hydroxyapatite
Non-load bearing
bone
A. Autissier et.al
Pullulan-collagen hydrogel
scaffold
Fibronectin Dermal substitute S. Bang et.al
Cholesterol bearing
pullulan-acryloyl
nanogels
Thiol-bearing
polyethylene glycol
Bone formation T. Li et.al
Pullulan-sodium Copper oxide Bone formation M.G. Galvez et.al
Pullulan-dextran scaffold Nanocrystalline
hydroxyapatite
Bone formation V.W. Wong et.al
18. APPLICATION OF PULLULAN IN FOOD INDUSTRY
Function Application(s) Reference(s)
Preservative Ice-cream and frozen foods (Carrington, Goff, & Stanley
Stabilizer Food pastes, emulsions and mayonnaise (Yamaguchi & Sunamoto, 1991)
Adhesive Nuts on cookies (Hijiya & Shiosaka, 1975a)
Starch replacement Pasta and baked goods (Hiji, 1986;)
Diabetic food Dietetic snack foods (Wolf, 2005)
Prebiotic Promoting bifidobacteria (Mitsuhashi et al., 1990)
Dried food packaging Nuts, noodles, confectionaries,
vegetables
(Krochta & De Mulder-Johnston)
Low viscosity filler Beverages, drinks and sauces (Tsujisaka & Mitsuhashi, 1993)
Sugar syrup Maltotriose syrup Singh et al., 2010a
19. Pullulan blended film/coating Food product(s) Improved functional characteristics References
Pullulan-glycerol-chitosan Pineapple Increases shelf-life; preserves color, odor, flavor,
texture and overall acceptance; delays signs of
decay;
(Trevino-Garza, Garcia,
Heredia, Alanis-Guzman, &
Arevalo-Nino, 2017)
Pullulan Chicken eggs Preserves internal quality; prolongs shelf-life;
minimizes weight loss
(Morsy, Sharoba, Khalaf, El-
Tanahy, & Cutter, 2015)
Pullulan-glycerol-ethanol-meadowsweet
flowers
Apples Delays disease caused by mesophilic bacteria and
Rhizopus arrhizus
(Gniewosz et al.,2014)
Pullulan-thymol-glycerol Apples and
mandarins
Inhibits growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus
subtilis, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis
(Gniewosz & Synowiec,
2011)
Pullulan-glycerol-tween 80 Strawberries Extends shelf-life in perforated package; delays
mold
formation; decreases weight loss, degradation of
ascorbic acid and carotenoids
(Eroglu, Torun, Dincer, &
Topuz, 2014)
Pullulan-sodium benzoate-potassium
sorbateglycerol
Strawberries Controls microbial growth and decay rate; preserves
organoleptic properties of fruit
(Trevino-Garza, Garcia,
Flores- Gonzalez, &
Arevalo-Nino, 2015)
Pullulan-calcium chloride chitosan Chinese jujube Delays fruit senescence; retains quality and
antioxidant capacity
(Kou, Li, Wu, Chen, & Xue,
2017)
Pullulan-soy protein isolate-glycerol-
stearic acid loss
Kiwi Process of senescence delays; lesser weight (Xu, Chen, & Sun, 2001)
Pullulan-glycerin-locust bean-xanthan
gum-nisinZ lauricarginate
Raw beef Reduces growth of Escherichia coli (Pattanayaiying, Hkittikun, &
Cutter, 2015)
Pullulan-sorbitol-sucrose-fatty ester Kiwi and
strawberries
Reduces internal oxygen and rate of weight loss;
maintains intact firmness and color of fruits
(Diab, Biliaderis,
Gerasopoulos, &
Sfakiotakis, 2001
Pullulan with nanoparticles/essential oils Poultry meat S. aureus, L. monocytogenes, S. typhimurium, and E. M. K. Morsy, H. H. Khalaf
20. RESULTS
• The study shows that best carbon source for production of pullulan is jaggery because it is the best source of
sucrose and it is easily available in the market at a cheap rate.
• The study shows that best nitrogen source for production of pullulan is corn steep liquor because it shows
higher production of pullulan and it is easily available as agriculture byproduct.
• It has a widespread application in drug delivery which is largely attributable to its biodegradability, non-
immunogenicity and inherent targeting ability to the liver cells. These derivatives can carry drugs, therapeutic
proteins, nucleotides and genes through encapsulation, covalent linkage and/or non-covalent interactions.
Besides, bulk properties, such as hydrolytic susceptibility; and responsiveness to physiological stimuli
(temperature, pH and ionic strength) can be tailored by linking appropriate residues. Hydrophobically modified
pullulan form self-assembled nanoparticles which are of use in drug delivery.
• Pullulan has very important applications in surface modification of polymeric materials so that they can be
made more blood compatible and bioinert. Pullulan being adhesive is also tried for wound dressing
application. Thermal stability and elastic property of pullulan allows them to be utilized in many different ways.
• Pullulan coating is effective in preserving the interior quality of eggs. as compared with that of non-coated
eggs. pullulan/chitosan multilayer coatings maintained the physiological and nutritional attributes of papayas
and extended the fruit shelf life if compared with uncoated and single-coated fruits.
• In wastewater Treatment the higher separation efficiency proved by the pullulan derivatives investigated
recommends their use as well as of other new derivatives of this polysaccharide, both in the soluble form and
as hydrogel for the removal of different contaminants (clays, dyes, pesticides (insecticides, fungicides,
herbicides) drugs, cosmetics, etc.
21. FUTURE ASPECTS
• The future challenge is to outline pullulan applications at industrial level
• Understanding this pathway would open up new avenues to obtain higher yield of the product during fermentative
production of pullulan.
• Metabolic engineering of the different strains result in high yielding bioprocesses.
• The potential applications of pullulan in food items are mostly identified and acknowledged, but they are not
explored at industrial scale.
• In the fermentation process when pullulan is synthesized at the same time melanin is also produced which makes
broth blackish and use of the melanin is still unexplored.
• Human enzymes can slowly digest pullulan and gradually convert into glucose, so it can be incorporated in dietetic
snack foods designed for diabetic patients who have impaired glucose tolerance.
• Pullulan can use by blending it with pectin, chitosan to increase self life of fruits and vegetables because it retains
moisture and also make barrier for oxygen.