2. HOW DO WE IDENTIFY THESE
CULTURAL VALUES?
Filipinos have been
noted for their strong
cultural values.
3. Fourfold Test of Robin Williams
(as cited by Frank Lunch, S.J.)
1. EXTENSIVENESS of the value in the
total activity of the system. What
proportion of the population and its
activities manifest the value?
2. DURATION of the value. Has it been
persistently important over a
considerable period of time?
4. Fourfold Test of Robin Williams
(as cited by Frank Lunch, S.J.)
3. INTENSITY with which the value is sought or
maintained, as shown by: effort, crucial
choices, verbal affirmations, and by creation
of threats to the value –for example,
promptness, certainty, & severity of sanctions.
4. PRESTIGE OF VALUE CARRIERS (persons,
objects, or organizations considered to be
carriers of values) for example, culture
heroes.
5. *SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE*
• Smooth Interpersonal Relations (SIR)
• refers to a facility at getting along with
others in such a way as to avoid outward
signs of conflict: glum or sour looks, harsh
words, open disagreement, or physical
violence
• being agreeable even under difficult
circumstances, and of keeping quiet or out
of sight when discretion passes the word.
6. *SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE*
• sensitivity to what other people feel
at any given moment
• a willingness and ability to change
tack (direction) to catch the lightest
favoring breeze
• acquired & preserved principally by
pakikisama, euphemism, & the use of
go-between
7. Pakikisama
• Tagalog word derived from the root sama,
“accompany, go along with”
• sometimes means good public relations
• some sociologists say it means “giving in”
or following the lead or suggestion of
another
• concession, the lauded practice of yielding
to the will of the leader or majority so as
to make the group decision unanimous
8. Euphemism
• refers to the stating of unpleasant truth,
opinion, or request as pleasantly as
possible
• an art that has long been highly prized in
the Philippine society, and is no less highly
regarded today. Harsh & insulting speech
is correspondingly devalued.
• notable in public/ semi-public gathering
where there’s need to express an opinion
9. Go-between
• it is not agreement, oblique speech, or
remedial friendliness but a third party
who is used to assuage a bruise, heal a
wound or prevent injury
• utilized not only to avoid possible
embarrassment r bad feeling, but also to
remedy an existing state of conflict or
tension
• Pamamanhikan is conducted through go-betweens
and spokesmen for two parties
10. Social acceptance is gained and
enhanced by smooth
interpersonal relations (SIR). Its
loss is guarded by two sanctions
discouraging behavior disruptive
of these relations:
1. HIYA/ SHAME
2. AMOR PROPIO/ SELF-ESTEEM
11. Hiya (Shame)
• universal social sanction for it
enforces conformity with all aspects
of the social code, whether the end
in view is acceptance by society in
general or by individual with whom
one is dealing with at the moment
12. Amor Propio (Self-esteem)
• special defense against severe
interpersonal unpleasantness
• not aroused by every insult, slighting
remark, or offensive gesture
• the stimuli that set it off are only those
that strike at the individual’s most highly
valued attributes
13. Threefold Classification of
*RECIPROCITY* (Hollnsteiner)
1. Contractual Reciprocity
-supposes voluntary agreement between 2
or more people to behave toward one
another in a specified way & time in the
future (i.e. bayanihan)
-reciprocal acts are equivalent, their amount
and form having been explicitly agreed
upon beforehand
14. Threefold Classification of
*RECIPROCITY* (Hollnsteiner)
2. Quasi-contractual Reciprocity
-regulates balanced exchanges where the
terms of repayment are not explicitly
stated before the contract is made
-play automatically without any specific
prior arrangement, and repayment is
made in a mechanical, almost non-
affective manner (i.e. abuloy)
15. Threefold Classification of
*RECIPROCITY* (Hollnsteiner)
3. Utang na Loob Reciprocity
-most commonly generated when transfer of
goods/ services takes place between
individuals belonging to different groups
-recipient shows gratitude by returning favor
with interest to be sure he doesn’t remain
in the other’s debt
-unexpected favor from an unexpected person
16. *PAGGALANG (RESPECT)*
• value extended to people in authority,
elders, and other people in general
• as virtue, motivated by love
• manifested through: paggalang sa
nakakatanda & caring for them
• yield citizens who will be nationalistic
and respectful of authority
17. *PAGMAMAY-ARI*
• ownership is essential to life
• tendency to put high regard on
possessions & attainments
• leads to: pagpapahalaga sa sariling
bayan, pagkain, pinag-aralan, pag-
iimpok
• “pag may isinuksok , may madudukot”
• Ang anak ay kayamanan
18. *PAGDADAMAYAN*
• arises from the value of
pakikipagkapwa-tao which is
expanded by attitudes of utang na
loob, reciprocity, and pagpupuno
sa kakulangan
19. *CLANNISHNESS*
• Filipino kinship system
• Pagkakamag-anakan which uses not only
blood relationship but ritual & cermonies
as well
• arises pakikipagbarkada, forming peer
group
• leads individual to love his own group
• Taken into extreme, this may also lead to
kanya-kanya syndrome
20. *BAHALA NA*
• value based on ethnical-religious belief
that views the world and man’s relation to
it: man is governed by set of forces
beyond his control
• thinking that things are as they are & will
be what they will be, one accepts situation
without complaints (pagtitiis, pasensya/
pagtitimpi)
• swerte/malas, “Talagang ganyan ang
buhay”
21. *HIYA (SHAME)*
• reinforces the obligations to respect
parents & elders, to obey authorities, to
be loyal to one’s family & to repay an
utang na loob
• caused by a lack or uncertainty of social
approval
• an individual who feels this either retreat
into his shell, fight back, or rarely admit
one’s guilt
22. *GAYA-GAYA*
• sociologists point out that Filipinos are
likely to imitate others
• prevalent in the Filipinos’ attempt to
imitate items made in other countries
• may lead to pakitang-tao if taken on
individual level
23. *MACHISMO*
• double-standard morality
• there have always been two separate standard:
standards that define what is masculine & what
is feminine
• concept of masculinity has always been related
to strength, conquest, etc.
• arises from the practice in Filipino family that
boys are given more freedom but lesser
responsibilities & girls opposite
• concept of masculinity gives rise to the practice
of querida system
