The document discusses the plant Cinchona and its alkaloid content. It notes that Cinchona bark is the source of the antimalarial drug quinine. It contains quinine, quinidine, cinchonine, and cinchonidine alkaloids. Quinine was isolated from Cinchona bark in the 1820s and is still often sourced from the plant, though it can also be synthesized. Cinchona bark and its quinine content are used to treat malaria due to antipyretic and antimicrobial properties. However, the alkaloids in Cinchona bark can cause side effects like hypoglycemia, blood thinning, and heart issues if not taken

1. ALKALOID
Anjali Kumari, Dominic Andrea,
Sivapriya & Niharika

2. ALKALOID
• Term Alkaloid – Refers to alkali like
group of organic compound having
nitrogen in them .
• Possess potent pharmacologic effects.
.

3. • Term alkaloid was coined by Meissner, a German
pharmacist, in 1819.
• First alkaloid reported – Morphine .
• Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou -
discovered quinine (1820) and strychnine(1818).
• Atropine (1819),
• Caffeine (1820),
• Nicotine (1828),
• Colchicine (1833),
• Cocaine (1860).
• First complete synthesis of an alkaloid was achieved
in 1886 by the German chemist Albert Ladenburg.
ORIGIN & HISTORY
Albert
Ladenburg
Meissner

4. • SEEDS –Areca catechu , Nux vomica
• FRUITS- Black pepper
• LEAVES- Atropa belladona
• STEM- Sanguinaria
• ROOT / RHIZOME- Ipecac, Hydrasts
• BARK- Chinchona , Pomegranate
• FUNGI – Amanita , Aspergillus , Claviceps
purpurea
• BACTERIA – Pseudomonas ( blue coloured
alkaloid – pyocyanin)
Alkaloid common in human , plant , fungi
 BUFOTENIN : Pipademia , Amanita mappa ,
human urine
 ACTINIDINE : Actinidia polygama , ant , beetles
 MUSCOPYRIDINE : Musk deer
PLANT PARTS WHERE
ALKALOID ARE FOUND

5. 1. Salts of organic acid
Acetic , oxalic , malic , lactic , tartaric acid , aconitic , tannin etc.
2. Basic pyridine alkaloid
Myosmine , Nicotine, Analiasine
3. Glycoalkaloid – Solanine , vertrum ( glucose , galactose ,
Ramnose
4. Esters of organic acid – Reserpine , thyocyanic coccain ,
Hyocyanine .
quaternary salts & tertiary amine oxide
NATURE OF ALKALOIDS

6. CLASSIFICATION OF ALKALOID
PROTOALKALOID
TRUE ALKALOID PSEUDOALKALOID
Bbbased on chemical structure
 Hetrerocyclic ring + N
 Originate – Amino
acid
 Have N but not N
heterocycle
 Originate – Amino acid
 Have heterocyclic ring
With N
 Not derived from Amino
acid

7. ORNITHINE TYROSINE TRYPTOPHAN PYRIDINE LYSINE
TROPENE
PYRODELINE
PYRROLZIDINE
BENZYL
ISOQUINOLINE
INDOLE
QUINOLINE
PYRIDINE QUINOLIZIDINE
PIPERIDINE
CLASSIFICATION ON BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY &
BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON RING STRUCTURE
CHINCHONA
ALKALOID
OOPIUM ALKALOID EERGONOVINE
PYLOCARPIN
CACAFFINE ,
THEOBROMINE
MORPHINE ,
CODINE
ACONITIN ,
PROTOBERATIN

9. • Colorless, crystalline solids
• Sharp melting points
• Some are amorphous gum
• Some are colored Betanidin is red,
Berberine is yellow
• Soluble in organic non polar
solvents, immiscible solvents
• Salt are soluble in water.
• Basic ring stucture
• most contain oxygen in their
molecular structure.
• Basic in nature due to presence
of nitrogen or availability of
lone pair of electron on N
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Berberine Water Organic solvent

10. V
ALKALOID SYNTHESIS

11. TEST FOR ALKALOIDS
• WAGNER’S TEST –
• DRAGONDROFF’S TEST -
Plant
extract
Tube with
Plant extract
Wagner’s
reagent added
Reddish brown
precipitate
Plant
extract
Tube with
Plant extract
Dragondroff’s
reagent added
Permanent yellow
precipitate

12. TEST FOR ALKALOIDS
• TANNIC ACID TEST –
• HAGER’S TEST -
Plant
extract
Tube with
Plant extract
10% Tannic acid
solution added
Different colors for
different alkaloid
Plant
extract
Tube with
Plant extract
HgCl2 + KI
added
Whitish / yellow
precipitate

13. STAGE 1: Powdered material +H2O + Alkali (Na2Co3).
Again + H2O ->  -> Repowder.
STAGE 2: Extract free alkaloid - hot continuous
percolation with organic solvent.
STAGE 3: Agitate chloroform soln. +
successive dil. H2SO4 separating
aqueous layer.
STAGE 4: Make mixed aqueous liquid alkaline with
ammonia, collect ppt that forms, wash and dry.

14. USES OF ALKALOIDS
MORPHINE –
NARCOTIC – RELIEF OF PAIN
TUBOCURARINE – INGREDIENT OF
POISON CURARE, SURGERY, MUSCLE
RELAXANT
QUININE – ANTIMALARIAL AGENT
CACAO SEEDS –
THEOBROMINE, CAFFEINE
QUINIDINE – IRREGULAR RHYTHMS OF
HEARTBEAT TOMATO – TOMATINE
COFFEE - CAFFEINE
TEA – THEOPHYLLINE,
CAFFEINE
POTATO – SOLANINE
COCAINE – OPPOSITE EFFECT
THAN MORPHINE, HIGH DOSE
CAN BE FATAL.
TOBACCO – NICOTINE (PIPES,
CIGARS, AND CIGARETTES).
CONIINE - Conium maculatum -
ACTIVE INGREDIENT OF
POISON HEMLOCK
MESCALINE -
Anhalonium species -
HALLUCINOGENIC ACTIVITY
PSILOCYBIN - Psilocybin
mexicana - PSYCHEDELIC
ACTIVITY

15. USES OF ALKALOIDS IN PLANTS
PROTECT FROM
INSECT AND
HERBIVORES –
BITTER TASTE,
TOXICITY
GROWTH
REGULATORS
SOURCE OF ENERGY
– DEFICIENCY CO2
ASSIMILATION
FINAL PRODUCT OF
DETOXIFICATION -
WASTE PRODUCT
ALKALOID

16. UM EPHEDRA THEA PAPAVER
VINCA
TAXUS
CACAO
COFFEA LOBELIA
BELLADONA
PLANTS WITH ALKALOIDS

17. TAXUS
Taxus baccata

18. OTHER NAME – Yew tree, European Yew tree
FAMILY – Taxaceae
VARIETIES – T. baccata, T. brevifolia, T. recurvata,
T. contorta, T. wallichiana
BIOLOGICAL SOURCE – Bark of the tree
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE – Britain, Pakistan, India,
Nepal, Alaska, California, Florida, Mexico, .
MORPHOLOGY - Evergreen trees or shrubs, dioecious.
Seed arils resinous. Bark thin, red- or purple-brown,
smooth, becoming scaly, fibrous, or corky. Leaves
helically inserted, twisted at base; prominent midrib.
Male cones axillary, solitary, globose; pollen
spherical, small (20-40 µm). Female cones highly
modified, a single ovule producing a solitary seed
enclosed within an aril, open at the end; borne axially.
Seeds hard; aril at first green, fleshy, ripening to red
(sometimes orange or yellow).

19. .
Grow yew in moist but well-drained soil in sun or shade. To propagate, take cuttings
in late summer and early autumn. Trim hedges annually to maintain a good shape.
yew trees require little pruning.
•Sun exposure: Dappled shade, full shade, full sun
•Hardiness: Hardy
•Soil type: Chalky / alkaline / clay / heavy / moist / well drained / light / sandy
CULTIVATION

20. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS – All parts, with the exception of
the fleshy red arils (fruit-flesh), contain the alkaloids taxine
A and B, taxanes, paclitaxel (Taxol), ephedrine, etc.
COLLECTION & PREPARATION
DOSAGE ADMINISTRATION
• Taxol is given as an injection or infusion into the vein.
• There is no pill form of Taxol.
• Taxol is given over various amounts of times and in
various schedules

21. Anticonvulsant
Narcotic
Purgative
Cancer
Antispasmodic Homeopathy
Expectorant
Emmenagogue
Diaphoretic
Cardiotonic
USES
SIDE EFFECTS
Nausea and vomiting
(usually mild)
Pain in the joints and
muscles
Low blood counts
Hair loss Diarrhea
Mouth sores

22. PAPAVER
PAPVER HYBRIDIUM

23. ALKALOIDS IN PAPAVER SPS.
• Poppy plants (Papaver
somniferum, Papaver
paeoniflorum, Papaver
giganteum)
• Are herbaceous annual
plants that can grow almost
anywhere.
• Of all the different species,
P. somniferum - has many
ALKALOIDS

24. • Opium(used as
analgesic) is found
in the latex (a milky
fluid) of unripe
pods of poppy
plants 1–3 weeks
after flowering.
• The milky fluid is
collected by incision
of green seed pods.
• More than 30
alkaloids have been
isolated from P.
somniferum
• out of which three
alkaloids morphine,
codeine, and
noscapine
(antitussive) -are
used directly in
therapy.

25. BIOLOGICAL SOURCE :
Air dried milky exudate from the unripe capsules of Papaver
somniferum- LATEX
FAMILY :
Papaveraceae
GEOGRAPHICAL SOURCE :
Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, Russia, China, Iran. In India grown
in M.P. & U.P.

26. • Seeds are sown during the sunny days from September to April
• A distance of 25cm is kept between plants
• Best climatic conditions are cool weather without freezing temp. and cloudiness and sunshine
• Flowering occurs during April-May

27. • Unripe capsules green/yellow colour
• Longitudinally/ transversely incised with spikes
called NUSHTURS
• during June-July in the afternoons
• exuded latex -scrapped off -knife- morning
MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS
of poppy seeds:
• Shape : Rounded, flattened masses
• Colour : Externally pale olive or olive grey
• Odour : Characteristic odour
• Taste : Bitter
• Consistency : Quite elastic when fresh,
becomes tough, hard and brittle on storage

28. CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
• Contains 30 different alkaloids
• found mostly as the salts Meconic acid and a
few with Sulphuric acids
• Alkaloids present in Opium can be divided
mainly into 2 groups depending on the Amino
acid from which they are derived
• 1. Alkaloids containing Phenanthrene nucleus
• 2. Alkaloids containing Benzylisoquinoline
ring structure

29. 1) PHENANTHRENE
ALKALOIDS
• Morphine (4-21%)Codeine
(%)
• Thebaine (0.5-2%)
2) BENZYLISOQUINOLINE
ALKALOIDS
• PapaverineNoscapine (4-8%)
• Other alkaloids:
Narceine, Cotarnine,
Hydrocotarnine,Protopine,
Lauetanine, Codamine

31. USES OF OPIUM ALKALOIDS
Source of various useful
alkaloids like
Morphine, Codeine, Noscapine,
Papaverine
Shows CNS depressant action Used as
Narcotic Analgesic, Hypnotic
Checks excessive peristalsis and is used in the control
of Diarrhoea

32. MAJOR ALKALOIDS FOUND IN PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM AND THEIR USES
S.NO. POPPY ALKALOID PHARMACEUTICAL
USE
COMMENT
1 MORPHINE Narcotic analgesic cause euphoria and habit forming
2 CODEINE Sedative used in cough mixtures as Anti-
tussive agent
3 NOSCAPINE Non-narcotic has cough suppressant action,
acting as a Central anti-tussive
agent
4 PAPAVERINE ANTISPASMODIC Smooth muscle relaxant; used in
the treatment of Muscular
spasms.
5 APOMORPHINE emetic used to treat poisoning cases

33. POPPY ALKALOID PHARMACE
PHARMACEUTICAL
USE
COMMENT
6 semi-synthetic
molecules of Opium
alkaloids are available
HEROIN
has more Narcotic
analgesic action than
MORPHINE
7 THEBAINE PRECURSOR OF OPIOIDS Thebaine is a biosynthetic intermediate of
morphine; used by the pharmaceutical
industry for synthesis of oxycodone,
oxymorphone, buprenorphine, and naloxone
9 PAPAVERINE ANTISPASMODIC
MAJOR ALKALOIDS FOUND IN PAPAVER SOMNIFERUM AND THEIR USES

34. CINCHONA
CINCHONA PUBESCENS

35. Scientific Name: Cinchona spp. (C. officinalis, C. ledgeriana, C. succirubra).
Other Common Names: Peruvian bark, Fever tree, Quinine bark tree.
Distribution and Habitat: The native range of Cinchona species are the lower to mid-elevations of the
Andes in South America. Cinchona is the national tree of both Peru and Ecuador.
Cinchona bark is best known as the source of the anti-malarial drug quinine and is now cultivated
throughout the tropics, including regions of Africa.
There are 38 known species in the genus.
 At least three of these species (C. officinalis, C. ledgeriana, C. succirubra) have a high enough
concentration of quinine alkaloids to be cultivated commercially for their medicinal value.
Plant Parts Used:
 Cinchona bark – source of drugs – herbal medicine – major component - alkaloid
 In addition to the familiar antimalarial alkaloid quinine, there is its stereoisomer quinidine & cinchonine and
cinchonidine, and dihydroquinidine and dihydroquinine.
Cinchona

36.  Quinine has been synthesized in the laboratory since 1944; however, it is still
often sourced from the Cinchona trees.
 It is also used as a bitter for food and drink flavouring.
Therapeutic Uses and Benefits of Cinchona Bark
 The active ingredient against malaria, the alkaloid quinine, was isolated in the
1820s
 In the 1940s, after the active alkaloid was isolated and identified drug companies
were able to develop synthetic quinine.
 In treating malaria, the mode of action of cinchona bark may be both antipyretic
(anti-fever), and antimicrobial
 The mechanisms by which quinine interferes with the protist are becoming more
clear with advanced research.
 The drug contained in cinchona that has these cardiac effects is quinidine, which
is the stereoisomer of quinine.
 It was not until 2010 that British scientists successfully synthesized quinidine in a
lab.
 The Cinchona alkaloid cinchonidine was tested against Staphylococcus
aureusbiofilm and found to be inactive; whereas a synthetic chemical derived
from cinchonidine was effective.
CINCHONA (Cinchona officinalis)

41. Dosage and Administration
 It should be stressed that the alkaloids contained in
cinchona bark are powerful drugs and therefore no
one should self-administer a cinchona decoction
without consulting a medical doctor.
 Tonic water, which contains a much lower
concentration of quinine than what is recommended
for malaria treatment, is considered safe.
Safety and Side Effects of Cinchona Bark
 The possible side effects and complications from
even moderate use of the two most potent alkaloids
of cinchona—quinine and quinidine—are as follows:
blood disorders such as hypoglycaemia and blood
thinning, hepatitis, vertigo, hearing loss, and heart
trouble.
 The alkaloids contained in cinchona bark are
powerful drugs and any person taking cinchona
should be under medical supervision.
 Note that ingestion of pure cinchona bark can be
fatal.
CINCHONA LEAVES

42. REFERENCES
• alkaloids-their importance in nature
and human life
• herbal-supplement-resource -
cinchona-bark
• hindawi journals on cinchona
• Plants for Future - Taxus baccata. L
• Growing guide how to grow yew
• The Gymnosperm Database
• Gardner’s World
• Slideplayer.com

43. THANK YOU