2. SUBINVOLUTION
◦ When the involution is impaired or retarded, it is called
subinvolution.
◦ The uterus is the most common organ affected in subinvolution.
◦ As it is most accessible organ to be measured per abdomen, the
uterine involvement is considered clinically as an index to assess
subinvolution.
3. CAUSES
PREDISPOSING FACTORS AGGRAVATING FACTORS
Grand multiparity Retained products of conception
Overdistension of uterus as in twins &
hydramnios
Uterine sepsis (Endometritis)
Maternal ill-health
Cesarean section
Prolapse of uterus
Retroversion after uterus becomes pelvic
organ
Uterine fibroid
8. URINARY TRACT INFECTION
◦ It is one of the common causes of puerperal pyrexia, the incidence
being 1-5% of all deliveries
9. RISK FACTORS
◦ Reocurrance of previous cystitis or pyelitis
◦ Asymptomatic bacteriuria becomes overt
◦ Infection contracted for the first time during puerperium is due to:
Effect of frequent catheterization
Stasis f urine during early puerperium
13. RETENTION OF URINE
◦ This is a common complication in early puerperium
CAUSES
Bruising and edema of the bladder neck
Reflex from the perineal injury
Unaccustomed position
14. TREATMENT
◦ Simple measures to initiate micturition
◦ Indwelling catheter in situ for about 48 hours
◦ If more than 100ml of urine is measured after removal of catheter,
continuous drainage is resumed
◦ Appropriate urinary antiseptics should be administered for about 5-
7 days.
16. DIAGNOSIS
◦ Escape of urine through the urethral opening during stress
◦ Noting the fistula site by examining the patient in sim’s position,
using sims’ speculum
◦ Three swab test
17. SUPPRESSION OF URINE (AKI)
◦ If the 24 hours urine excretion is < 400 ml or less, suppression of urine is
diagnosed.
CAUSES
EARLY PREGNANCY: Acute & massive hemorrhage,
Severe dehydration, septic abortion
LATE PREGNANCY: Acute & massive hemorrhage,
Abruptio placenta, severe pre-eclampsia,
eclampsia, severe infection
18. CAUSES
OTHER CAUSES IN PREGNANCY:
- Mismatched blood transfusion
- Renal disease
- obstructive causes
21. PHASE OF ANURIA
◦ Lasts From a few hours to as long as 3 weeks
◦ Urinary output is < 400 ml in 24 hrs.
◦ Initially, patient remains alert and looks well
◦ Gradually anorexia, vomiting and diarrhea may occur
◦ Then patient looks toxic; BP raises, distended abdomen
◦ Still untreated, patient becomes drowsy, has chyne-stroke
respiration with dry, furred tongue, twitching of muscles and mental
confusion
◦ Delirium followed by coma is the end result
22. PHASE OF EARLY DIURESIS
◦ Delayed tubular reabsorption
◦ Increased excretion of urine
◦ Rise in potassium, sodium, creatinine and chloride
◦ Low specific gravity of the urine
23. PHASE OF LATE DIURESIS
◦ DIURESES due to:
Osmotic diuresis d/t high blood urea
Functional inadequacy of tubular reabsorption
Release of surplus fluid and electrolytes (NA, K)
24. PHASE OF RECOVERY
◦ Regeneration of tubular reabsorption
◦ Re-establishment of tubular function with glomerular activity
◦ Concentration of electrolytes returns to normal and so the specific
gravity of the urine
◦ It may take about 1 year for restoration of fully function
25. MANAGEMENT
◦ Mannitol, 100ml of 20% mannitol, IV, 10 minutes, rpt-2hrs
◦ Furosemide, 80-120mg, IV, 2 doses in 2 hrs. interval
◦ Fluid balance
◦ Nutrition- restrict protein & salt and adequate carbohydrates
◦ 10 units of soluble insulin & calcium gluconate for treating
hyperkalemia
◦ Dialysis