This document discusses topics related to resources, population, employment, and development. It covers natural and human resources, population characteristics like size and growth, migration patterns, education and career opportunities, causes of unemployment and ways to reduce it. It also addresses sustainable use of resources, pollution, and climate change issues that can impact human societies and environments. Sections provide definitions and explanations of key terms related to these geographic topics.

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Selected topics
3.1 Resources
3.2 Population
3.3 The census
3.4 Population density
3.5 Population growth
3.6 Birth and death rates
3.7 The population pyramid
3.8 Population problems
3.9 Migration
3.10 Internal migration
3.11 Caribbean migration
3.12 International migration
3.13 Human resources
3.15 Education and human resources
3.16 Sports, culture and human
resources
3.17 Jobs and careers
3.18 Looking for work
3.19 Rights and responsibilities
3.20 Employee or entrepreneur?
3.21 Employment and unemployment
3.24 Reducing unemployment
3.25 Natural resources
3.26 Resources and development
3.27 Pollution and climate change

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3.1 Resources

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Natural and human resources
Natural resources
• Soil
• Climate
• Rivers and fresh water
• Forests and wildlife
• Marine resources
• Mineral resources, such as:
– Oil and natural gas
– Bauxite
– Gold and diamonds
Human resources
• Human resources are
needed to develop a
country’s natural resources.
• We look at the population
and its characteristics:
– Population size
– Population growth and
change
– Health and education
– Values and attitudes

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3.2 Population

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World population
• The English-speaking
Caribbean had close to
7 million people in
2011.
• The world had 7 billion
people, one thousand
times as many.

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Population groups
We can look at groups
within the population:
• by age
• by gender
• by occupation
• by ethnicity
• by religion
… and in many other ways. Ethnic groups in Jamaica and Trinidad and
Tobago

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3.3 The census

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The population census
• Countries complete a census every ten years.
• Enumerators collect information on every
individual and household.
• Data is entered on a computer system.
• A census report gives information about the
country and each local district.
• Information about individuals is not published.
• Census information helps plan provision of
schools, housing and other facilities.

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3.4 Population density

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Population distribution and density
• Population distribution describes where
people live.
• Population density is the number of people
per square kilometre.
• Population density is low in mountainous,
forested or very dry areas, and in wetlands.
• Population density is usually high where jobs
are available, and in areas where it is
pleasant to live.

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3.5 Population growth

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Population change
The population of the
world is increasing.
In any country, the rate of
population change
depends on birth rate,
death rate, natural
increase and migration.
With a high birth rate and
inward migration, the
population increases
rapidly.
Calculating growth rates
+ Birth rate
- Death rate
= Natural increase
+ Natural increase
+ Immigration
- Emigration
= Population change

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3.6 Birth and death rates

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Birth and death rates
• In most countries, birth
rates have decreased.
• Most women have
smaller families than in
the past.
• When the fertility rate
for each woman is 2.0,
the population remains
approximately stable.
• Life expectancy in many
countries has increased
to 70 or more.
• Improved sanitation
and living conditions
have reduced infant
mortality.

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3.7 The population pyramid

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Trinidad & Tobago Population pyramids
1950: young and growing
population
2010: stable population with
fewer children

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The demographic transition

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3.8 Population problems

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Population problems
With a high and rising
population
• Unemployment
• Shortage of school places
• Shortage of housing
• Inadequate water supply
• Farms subdivided until they
are too small to support a
family
• Too many young people
migrate to the cities
With a low or falling
population
• Few roads or other
transport facilities
• Expensive to transport
crops to a distant market
• Difficult to provide schools,
clinics and electricity for a
scattered population
• Few businesses or
employment opportunities

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3.9 Migration

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Migration: push and pull factors
Push factors
• Unemployment
• Low wages
• No education opportunities
• Restricted society
• Crime and conflict
• Natural disasters and
pollution
Pull factors
• Job opportunities
• Higher earnings
• Good schools, universities
• Social opportunities,
entertainment, sport
• Peaceful surroundings
• Safe, clean environment

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3.10 Internal migration

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Internal migration within a country
• Twentieth century: migration to the capital
city in search of jobs and opportunities.
• Return flow: migration back to rural areas, for
example on retirement.
• Today: migration to suburban areas with land
for new residential development.
• Many Caribbean cities are now losing
population.

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Urbanisation
• Urbanisation is an
increase in the
proportion of the
population living in
towns and cities.
• In many countries, cities
are still growing rapidly
because of migration
and urbanisation.

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3.11 Caribbean migration

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Caribbean migration
• Migrants leave countries with low wages or
high unemployment.
• Migrants move to countries with
opportunities for work or study.
• Some migrants move for family or other
reasons, not mainly for works.
• The Caribbean Single Market allows many
people to move freely within the region.

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3.12 International migration

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International migration
• Caribbean people have migrated to North
America, Europe and elsewhere.
• Many migrants seek work or educational
opportunities. Some move for family reasons.
• Cities such as New York and Toronto have
strong communities of Caribbean origin.
• There is migration into the Caribbean from
North America, Europe, China and elsewhere.

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What are the consequences…
• For the migrant?
• For the country of
origin?
• For the destination
country?

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For the migrant …
• Work opportunities
• Higher salaries
• Educational opportunities
• Social and cultural
opportunities
• Reunited with family
members already overseas
Positive consequences Negative consequences
• May be hard to find work
• Difficult to find housing
• Higher living costs
• Distractions from study
• Unfamiliar culture
• Less contact with home and
family
• Danger of racism
• Colder climate

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For the country of origin …
Positive consequences
• Money sent as remittances.
For some Caribbean
countries, this is the main
source of foreign exchange.
• Migrants may return with
new skills and qualifications.
• Migrants may return with
savings to invest.
Negative consequences
• “Brain drain”. Well-
educated and energetic
people leave the country.
• Children and elderly people
may be left behind, and lose
contact with their relatives.

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For the destination country …
Positive consequences
• Workers are available, many
of them with useful skills.
• New workers and customers
help businesses prosper.
• New cultural input from
migrants enriches the way
of life and adds variety.
Negative consequences
• There may be a housing
shortage.
• Some people dislike social
change and new cultures.

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3.13 Human resources

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Developing human resources
People are more
productive if they are:
• healthy
• well educated
• creative
• honest
• good at working
together in a group
Organizations and groups
that can develop human
resources:
• the family
• the school
• the government
• businesses
• community groups

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3.15 Education and human
resources

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Education and human resources
• Education can develop people’s full potential.
• Education, training, and retraining continue
throughout a career.

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3.16 Sports, culture and human
resources

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Sports, culture, human resources
• Sports and culture allow
people to develop their
potential and
contribute to regional
development.
• Many organizations
assist the development
of sports and culture.

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3.17 Jobs and careers

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Jobs and careers
• Income to pay for needs and wants may come
from employment, a business, or another
source.
• A job may meet immediate needs, or form
part of a long-term career plan.
• A career plan should consider your needs,
interests, abilities and ambitions.

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3.18 Looking for work

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Looking for work
• Collect information from family, friends,
school and other sources.
• Develop a long-term career plan.
• Decide which work or educational
opportunities are most suitable for you.
• Prepare your written application carefully.
• Prepare well if called for an interview.

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3.19 Rights and responsibilities

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Rights and responsibilities at work
Rights
• To receive payment in full
and on time (minus tax and
statutory deductions)
• To work in a safe and
healthy environment
• To be treated fairly, with no
discrimination
• To receive sick pay, holidays
and other entitlements
Responsibilities
• To carry out agreed duties
to best standard possible
• To follow health and safety
procedures
• To treat fellow employees
fairly, with no discrimination
• To work agreed hours

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3.20 Employee or
entrepreneur?

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Employee or entrepreneur?
Employee
• No funds needed to begin
• Earnings from start
• Overtime, vacation, sick pay
• Workers may earn
promotion
• Retirement pension
• Set rules for dress code and
behaviour
• Usually no share in profits
Entrepreneur
• Funds needed for
equipment, goods and rent
• Long working hours
• Must meet customer and
supplier expectations
• Substantial profit if business
succeeds
• Owner can meet creative
objectives

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3.21 Employment and
unemployment

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Causes of unemployment
• Cyclical unemployment:
when the economy is
depressed.
• Cuts in government
spending, e.g. on health
or construction.
• Loss of export markets.
• Technology and
mechanization.
• Lack of capital for
investment.
• Lack of skills.
• Seasonal
unemployment.
• Frictional
unemployment: when
people change jobs.

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3.24 Reducing unemployment

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Reducing unemployment
• Government spending
on social services or
construction projects.
• Short-term job creation
schemes.
• Training and education
schemes.
• Encouraging small
business and
agriculture.
• Encouraging large-scale
investments by
businesses.

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3.25 Natural resources

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Natural resources
Renewable resources
• Climate
• Soil
• Rivers and fresh water
• Natural vegetation
• Marine life
Non-renewable resources
• Oil
• Natural gas
• Bauxite
• Gold
• Diamonds
• Limestone

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Primary industry:
Makes direct use of
natural resources to
produce raw materials.
Agriculture, mining,
fishing.
Secondary industry:
Processes or assembles
goods.
Manufacturing sugar,
steel, clothing, cars.
Construction.
Tertiary industry:
Provides a service.
Tourism, health care,
education, retailing.
Industries and resources

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3.26 Resources and
development

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Resources and development
• Standard of living
measures goods and
services consumed.
• Quality of life includes
health, education,
culture, environment.
• Sustainable
development can be
maintained for many
years without damaging
the environment.
• Renewable resources
must be used and
protected.
• Non-renewable
resources must be used
carefully.
• Environmental damage
can threaten human
society and well-being.

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3.27 Pollution and climate
change

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Pollution
• Air pollution: Dust; ozone smog from vehicle
exhausts; excess carbon dioxide.
• Water pollution: Sewage; industrial waste;
mercury from gold mining; dissolved carbon
dioxide, which increases the acidity of sea
water.
• Land pollution: Lead; hazardous chemicals;
asbestos; seepage from landfill sites.
• Noise pollution: Airports; roads; loud music.

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Controlling pollution
• Reduce, re-use and recycle.
• Governments can educate; make and enforce
rules; provide recycling facilities; build sewage
treatment plants.
• Businesses can respect rules; reduce waste in
manufacturing; dispose of materials safely.
• Individuals and households can respect rules;
compost organic waste; re-use; recycle;
reduce travel.

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CO2 and climate change
Increased CO2 in the atmosphere is expected to
alter the Earth’s climate.
CO2 in the earth’s atmosphere, 1957 to 2012