Student of B.Optometry of ITM new panvel

1. Name: Sonal Patel
Couse: B-OPTOMETRY F.Y
Roll.no: RAI2017BOPT5F088
Parenteral route of
drug administration

2.  Routes of administration other than enteral route are called
parenteral route
 Parenteral route is injection or infusion by means of a needle of
catheter inserted into the body
 The term parenteral comes from Greek word “para- means outside
and enteron- means intestine”
 This route of administration bypass the alimentary canal
INTRODUCTION

3.  It has rapid onset of action, hence is suitable for emergency
 It is useful in ;
unconscious patients
patients with vomiting and diarrhea
 It is suitable for;
irritant drugs
drugs destroyed by digestive juice
ADVANTAGES OF
PARENTERAL ROUTE

4.  Require aseptic conditions
 Preparation should be sterile and is expensive
 Cannot be usually self- administered
DISADVANTAGES OF
PARENTERAL ROUTE

5.  Injections
 Intravenous
 Intramuscular
 Subcutaneous
 Intra-arterial
 Intra-articular
 Intrathecal
 intradermal
 Inhalation
 Transdermal
TYPES OF PARENTERAL
ROUTES

6. Injection is a technique for delivering drugs by parenteral
administration, that is, administration via a route other
than through the digestive tract.
INJECTION

7.  Drugs are injected into a vein. These are administered as follows:
 Bolus: single relatively large dose of a drug injected rapidly or slowly as a single
unit into a vein. For ex. I.V. ranitidine in bleeding peptic ulcer.
 Slow intravenous injection: for ex. I.V. morphine in myocardial infraction.
 Intravenous infusion: for ex. Dopamine infusion in cardiogenic shock
Intravenous route

8.  Advantages:
 Bioavailability
 Quick onset of action in emergency
 Constant plasma level of drug is maintained
 Disadvantages:
 Once the drug is injected, its action cannot be halted
 Self-administration is usually not possible
 Strict aspect conditions are needed

9.  Drugs are injected into muscle such as gluteus maximus, gluteus
minimus vastus lateralis, deltoid, e.g. paracetamol.
Intramuscular

10.  Advantages
 Absorption is more rapid as compared to oral route
 Mild irritants, depot injection, soluble substances and
suspensions can be given by this route
 Disadvantages
 Aseptic condition are needed.
 IM injections are painful and may cause abscess

11.  The drug is injected in subcutaneous tissue of thigh, abdomen, arm
etc., e.g. insulin
Subcutaneous

12.  Rarely used
 Anticancer drugs are given for localized effects
 Drugs used for diagnosis of peripheral vascular diseases
Intra- Arterial route

13.  The drug is directly injected into the joint space e.g. hydrocortisone
injection for rheumatoid arthritis(e.g. amphotericin B).
Intra- Articular route

14.  The drug is injected into the subarachnoid space: spinal anesthetics
(e.g. lignocaine)
Intrathecal route

15.  The drug is injected into the layers of the skin, e.g. BCG vaccination. It
is painful and only a small amount of drug can be administered.
Intradermal

16.  Volatile liquids and gases are given by inhalation for systemic effects,
e.g. general anesthesia
Inhalation

17.  Advantages of inhalation
 Quick onset of action
 Amount of drug administered can be regulated
 Disadvantages
 Local irritation may cause increased respiratory secretion
and bronchospasm

18.  The drug is administered in the form of patches that deliver the drug
into the circulation for systemic effects
 For e. g. scopolamine for sialorrhoea and the motion sickness, fentanyl
for analgesia.
Transdermal

19.  Advantages
 Self administration is possible
 Patient compliance is better
 Duration of action is prolonged
 Systemic side effects are reduced
 Disadvantages
 Expensive
 Local irritation may cause dermatitis and itching
 Patch may fall off unnoticed