There are many routes of drug administration in the human body, some of these are described briefly. You can know about different types of route and their factors, Clinical Use, Manifestation..

1. Drug Delivery and Routes of Drug Administration

2. Welcome to our presentation
Presented By,
Istiuk Mahmud Taimur(PHA18008)
Presented To,
Israt Jahan Ira,
Associate Professor,
Deparment Of Pharmacy,
Mawlana Bhashani Science
And Technology University,
Tangail

3. Contents
Biopharmaceutical considerations and clinical conditions of the
following routes of drug administration-
 Oral
 Sublingual
 Buccal
 Parenteral- Intravenous, Intramuscular, Intra-articular,
Intradermal,Subcuteneous.
 Others- Topical, Transdermal, Inhalation, Intraocular, Intranasal

4. Introduction
Route of Administration: It is the way by which a drug, fluid, or other
substances are taken into the body, such as mouth or rectum.
For a drug to produce its desired therapeutic effect, it must come in
contact with the tissues of organs and cells of tissues by one way or the
other; and for this to take place the drug must be administered in the
appropriate manner.

5. Types of Routeof administration

6. Factorsshouldconsiderwhilechoosing route of administration:
 Physical and chemical properties of drug
 Site of desired action
 Rate and extent of absorption
 Effect of digestive juices and first pass metabolism
 Rapidity with which the response is desired
 Accuracy of dosage required
 Condition of patient
 Quantity Of drug
 Toxicity

7. Oral route
It is the most common route of drugs
administration. Per Os abbreviated to
P.O. is sometimes as a
direction of taken drug orally.
Example: Paracetamol tablet or
syrup, multivitamin tablets etc.

8. There are some advantages and disadvantages of this route.
Oral route

9. Biopharmaceutical Consideration
 Absorption may vary. Generally
slower absorption rate compared to
IV Bolus or IM injection.
 Distribution will also be slower as
absorption is slow.
 Distribution plays a significant in
the onset ,intensity and sometimes
duration of drug action.
 First pass metabolism will occur.

10. Patient consideration
Applicable for the conscious patient.
Not applicable for the patient who has nausea or vomiting
And If patient is unconscious and unable to swallow the drug

11. Sublingual route:
Sublingual, from the Latin for “under
the tongue”,
refers to the pharmacological route of
administration by which substances
diffuse into the blood through tissues
under the tongue.
Example: Nitroglycerin, Loratadin,
Mirtazipine, Rizatriptan etc.

12. Advantages
❖ Economical
❖ Quick termination
❖ First pass avoided
❖ Quick drug absorption
❖ Drug stability
❖ Self administered
Disadvantages
❖ Irritation of oral
mucosa
❖ Small dose limit
❖ Unpalatable and bitter
drug taste
❖ Few drugs are
absorbed
❖ Difficult to talk

13. Biopharmaceutical consideration
 Sublingual preparations are placed and retained beneath the
tongue where it dissolves and is absorbed into the circulation
through the tissue there.
 The degree of ionization is also important: less ionized
compounds at salivary pH are better absorbed.
 If the tablet goes inside the stomach and into the
gastrointestinal tract, it will go through the first pass
phenomenon, and the liver is going to extract and metabolize
it.
 The goal is for the drug to be properly absorbed by the vessels
underneath the tongue so it can directly proceed to the
bloodstream and into the heart.

14. Patient consideration:
Patient with cancer who is unable to
tolerate oral administration because
of nausea ,vomiting or dysphagia.
 As well as patient with angina will
be preferred for this route.

15. Buccal route:
Buccal administration involves placing a drug
between gums and cheek, where it also dissolves
and absorbed into blood. Example: Fentora,
Belbuca, Bunavail, Benzodiazepines etc.

16. Buccal route:
Advantages
 Rapid onset of
action.
 Portal circulation is
avoided.
 Rapid absorption.
 Improve the
bioavailability.
 Self administration
is possible.
 Drug stability is
more than others
Disadvantages
 Due to the small oral
cavity, small dose
limit.
 Difficulty in keeping
the drug in the site.
 Are not applicable
for bitter or bad
testing drugs.

17. Biopharmaceutics Consideration
 Buccal administration is a topical route of
administration by which drugs held or applied in
the buccal area diffuse through the oral mucosa
and enter directly into the bloodstream.
 Buccal administration may provide better
bioavailability of some drugs and a more rapid
onset of action compared to oral administration.
 The medication does not pass through the
digestive system and thereby avoids first pass
metabolism, pre-systemic elimination by the
gastrointestinal tract.

18. Patient consideration
• Patient with seizures used Benzodiazepines by
buccal route.
• It is given to take effect quickly or when child is
not conscious

19. Rectal route:
 Rectal administration uses the rectum as a route
of administration for medication and other
fluids, which are absorbed by the rectum's blood
vessels, and flow into the body's circulatory
system, which distributes the drug to the body's
organs and bodily systems.
 When drug causes irritation and have
unpleasant taste while taken by oral route can be
place into rectum for systemic effect.
 Example: suppository,enema etc.

20. Advantages
❖ Little or no first pass effect
❖ Drug dilution is minimized
❖ Large dose form can be
possible
❖ Convenient for pediatric and
geriatric patient.
❖ Less side effects
Disadvantages
❖ Inconvenient and
embarrassing
❖ Absorption is slow and
irregular
❖ Chances of rectum
mucosal irritation
❖ Erratic absorption

21. Parenteral comes from
the words "para" means
outside and "enteron "
means intestine. So this
refer to the route of drug
administration other
than digestive tract.
Parental is usually used
for the drugs given by
injection or infusion.
Parenteral route

22. Types of parenteral route
 Intravenous
 Intramuscular
 Subcutaneous
 Intra-arterial
 Intra-articular
 Intrathecal
 Intradermal
 Intracardiac

23. IV:
It means Intravenous; when a drug or other substances is
directly given to the vein.
 Normal saline, which is salt in water.
 D5W, which is dextrose (sugar) in water.
 Lactated Ringer's, which contains sodium, chloride,
potassium, calcium and lactate solutions

24.  Pharmacodynamic considerations
• Toxic effects.
• Adverse reactions.
• Drug considerations
• Solubility.
 pH and pKa profile.
 Hygroscopicity.
 Drug product considerations
 Pharmacokinetics of drugs.
 Desired dose.
Biopharmaceutic Considerations of IV

25. Clinical concideration:
 When patient needs quick on set of action or when the
patient is unable to take medicine in other route.
 Emergency Situation

26. Intramuscular route (IM): Intramuscular
injections are administered into muscle
tissue below the dermis and subcutaneous
tissue. Example : The most common
medications given by IM route include:
Antibiotics- penicillin G benzathine
penicillin, streptomycin. Biologicals-
immunoglobins, vaccines, and toxoids.
Hormonal agents- testosterone,
medroxyprogesterone

27.  Absorption is sometimes faster and more complete than oral
administration.
 Drugs administered IM can be aqueous solutions or specialized
depot preparations. often a suspension of drug in a nonaqueous
vehicle such as polyethylene glycol.
 Absorption of drugs in an aqueous solution is fast, whereas that
from depot preparations is slow. As the vehicle diffuses out of the
muscle, the drug precipitates at the site of injection.
 The drug then dissolves slowly, providing a sustained dose over an
extended period of time.
Biopharmaceutical consideration

28. SC: Subcutaneous route of drug
administration, also called
hypodermic administration, involves
injecting a drug into the loose
connective tissue between the
dermis of the skin and the muscle
layer. Example: subcutaneous
medications include insulin, opioids,
heparin, epinephrine, and allergy
medication

29. Biopharmaceutical consideration
Absorption from this route is fairly rapid from aqueous
solutions, slow and sustained from repository preparations.
Subcutaneous route may be used for fairly insoluble suspension
and for implantation of pallets.
Drug absorption is relatively slow.
Drug absorption is done by- the diffusion of the compound into
the extravascular tissue, passage through the vessel wall, the
capillary blood perfusion.
Skin metabolism may occur by the enzymes present in
subcutaneous layer of skin.

30. ID: Intradermal route is the route by
which Intradermal injections (ID) are
administered into the dermis, just
below the epidermis. The ID injection
route has the longest absorption time
of all parenteral routes. These types of
injections are used for sensitivity
tests, such as TB allergy, and local
anesthesia tests.
Example: Lidocaine

31. Clinical condition
Angle must be 10-15 degree.
Needle gauge 26-27G
Spread the skin
Do not rub or massage the site
after medication administration.
Watch for bleb or induration

32. An intra-articular injection is a type of
shot that's placed directly into a joint to
relieve pain. Corticosteroids (steroids),
local anesthetics, hyaluronic acid, and
Botox are the most common substances
injected into joints for this treatment.
Intra-articular

33. Biopharmaceutical
consideratation
Once injected, the corticosteroid
is absorbed through the epidural
plexus of veins.
After absorption it is distributed
thought the body.
Then exert systemic effects in the
site of action. .
Clinical consideratation
for the Treatment of Hip and
Knee Osteoarthritis-related
Pain: Considerations and
Controversies with a Focus on
Imaging—Radiology Scientific
Expert Panel

34. Intratheacal:
Intrathecal administration is a route of
administration for drugs via an injection
into the spinal canal, or into the
subarachnoid space so that it reaches the
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and is useful in
spinal anesthesia, chemotherapy, or pain
management applications. Example: The
most commonly used drugs for ITC are
methotrexate (MTX), liposomal cytarabine,
and thiotepa

35. Intracardiac: This is the route by
which Intracardiac injections are
given directly into the heart
muscles or ventricles. Example:
Epinephrine is the only
resuscitative medication that
should be administered by
intracardiac injection.

36. Intraarterial: This is the route by
which drug is given to the arteries.
Example:
 Anticancer drug.
 Thrombolytic drugs for
treatment of embolism.

37. Parenteral Route

38. Patient consideration:
Parenteral Routes are used when the patient unable
to use the oral route because of having problem like
 Inflection of GIT,
 Nausea,
 Unconsciousness,
 Post -operation,
 Young, old and mentally disturbed patient
 Emergency situation

39. Topical Route
Definition: A topical drug delivery system is a way to deliver
medication that is applied onto a particular part of body,
typically the skin to treat various ailments.
Example of topical route:
1. Paste
2. Ointment
3. Cream
4. Lotion
5. Foam
6. Gels
7. Powder
8. Patches
9. Spray

40. Use of Topical route
1. Topical route applied to the skin or mucus
membrane to treat pain or problems in specific part
of the body.
2. Topically administrated drug such as lidocaine &
capsaicin in patches, capsaicin in cream and cream
containing antidepressant act mainly locally in
tissue through ion channel & receptor

41. Topical Route of Administration

42. Transdermal Route
Definition: Transdermal is a route of
administration wherein active ingredients are
delivered across the skin for systemic
distribution. Transdermal patches used for
medicine delivery. The drug is administered
in the form of a patch or ointment that
delivers the drug into the circulation for
systemic effect.
Uses: Transdermal drugs are medications
used in managing and treating various
conditions, including hypertension,
motion sickness, pain, migraines, etc.

43. Transdermal Route

44. Biopharmaceutics of Transdermal Routes
 Ionic drugs cannot be delivered using transdermal route.
 Formulations differ in their physicochemical properties—this
influences the kinetics of release and/or absorption and the
onset, duration, and extent of a biologic response.
 Rate-controlling micro-pore membrane: controls the rate of
delivery to the skin surface
 Stratum corneum limits the percutaneous absorption of
compounds.
 Diffusion within the viable tissue, as well as metabolism and
resorption, also influence the bioavailability of compounds in
specific skin compartments.
 Enzymes in the skin layer metabolise the drug thus affect the
therapeutic action.

45. Intranasal Route
 Nasal administration refers to
the absorption of drugs across
the nasal mucosa
 Intranasal administration is a
non-invasive route for drug
delivery, which is widely used
for the local treatment of
rhinitis or nasal polyposis
 Medications that may be
administered intranasally
include fentanyl, ketamine,
midazolam, and naloxone.

46. How are drugs absorbed intranasally?
 They are sprayed into the nostrils, usually to
produce a local effect directly inside the nose.
 Some nasal sprays are used to administer
medicine that acts on other parts of the body. In
these cases, the medicine is taken into the
bloodstream from the lining of the nose, which
has many blood vessels

47. Intranasal Route

48. Biopharmaceutical consideration
 1.Molecular size
 2.Hydrophilic-Lipophilic balance
3.Enzymatic degradation in nasal cavity.
4.Membrane permeability.
 5.Mucociliary clearance
 6.Drugs distribution and deposition.
7.Viscosity 8.Formulation(Concentration,
pH, osmolarity

49. Clinical consideration
1. Local delivery: Prominent examples are
for antihistamines and corticosteroids for
allergic rhinitis.
 2.Particulate drug delivery: Particle design is
an increasingly important role in absorption
enhancement. Microspheres, nanoparticles.
3.Chronic versus acute therapeutic use.
4.Vaccine delivery: Example- live influenza
Vaccines. 5.Nose to brain delivery.

50. Inhalation
 Drugs administered by
inhalation through the
mouth.
 Must be atomized into
smaller droplets than those
administered by the nasal
route, so that the drugs can
pass through the windpipe
(trachea) and into the lungs.

51. What drugs are administered via inhalation?
Inhalational Drug Administration
• 1.Nitric Oxide.
• 2.Nebulizer.
• 3.Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.
• 4.Broncho dilating Agent.
• 5.Drug Megadose.
• 6.Beta Adrenergic Receptor Stimulating Agent.

52. Inhalation

53. Biopharmaceutical factors
 lung morphology.
 Oral vs Nasal breathing.
 Inspiratory flow rate (IFR)-of importance in
devices (e.g.DPIs), energy of inspiration is used
to generate the aerosol where increasing the IFR
will lead to production of small particle size.
 Co-ordination of aerosol generation with
inspiration.
 Tidal Volume.

54. Clinical consideration
 To relieve the inflammation of mucus
membrane in acute colds & sinusitis
 To relieve the irritation in bronchitis &
whooping cough by moistening
 To provide the antiseptic action on the
respiratory tract
 To provide warmth & moist air following
operations ex: tracheostomy
 To soften secretions which are thick &
tenacious To relieve the cough

55. Intraocular Route
Intraocular drug
administration is the
administration of a
drug to the eyes,
most typically as an
eye drop formulation.
Topical formulations
are used to combat a
multitude of diseased
states of the eye.

56. Intraocular Route

57. Patient Consideration
 Ocular drug delivery system (ODDS) is a dosage
form, vehicle, or system intended for instilling,
administering, or delivering drug/medicine to
eye against any ailment or disorder involving or
affecting vision.
 Such as – Glaucoma Patients use this type of
route for administration of drug