Routes of drug administration

1. Presented by,
Thanneeru Venu Nani

2. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
Most of the drug can be administered by different routes.
Drug and facial related factors determine the selection of route for
drug administration the factors are
Characteristics of drug.
Emergency obelic protein use.
Condition of patient.
{unconscious, vomiting, diarrhea}
Age.
Associated diseases.
Sometimes patients & doctor’s choice.

3. CLASSIFICATION OF ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINSTRATION
ROUTE OF DRUG ADIMINSTRATION
LOCAL ROUTE SYSTEMIC ROUTE
ENTERAL ROUTE PARENTAL ROUTE
TRANSDERMA
L
INHALATIONINJECTIONS
RECTAL
ROUTE
SUBLINGUAL
ROUTE
ORAL
ROUTE

4. 1.LOCAL ROUTE :-
It is simplest mode of drug
administration at the site where the desired action is
required systemic side effects are minimal.
TOPICAL ROUTE :-
Drug is applied to the skin or mucous
membrane at various sides of localized action.
a)ORAL CAVITY :- As suspension.
EX :- Nystatin, Clotrimazole.
{for oral candidates}

5. b)GIT :- A tablet which is not absorbed.
EX :- Neomycin.
{for sterilization of gut before surgery}
c)RECTUM & ANAL CANAL :- As enema.
{administration of drug into rectum in liquid form}
d)EYE, EAR & NOSE :-As drops, ointments &
sprays etc.…..
{for infection & allergic conditions}

6. e)BRONCHI :- As inhalation.
EX :- Salbutamol.
{for bronchial asthma}
f)VEGINA :-As tablet, cream, pessary etc.….
{for vaginal candiates}
g)URETHRA :- As jelly.
EX :- Lignocaine.
(local anesthetic)

7. 2.SYSTEMIC ROUTE :-
Drug administered by this route enters
the blood & produce systemic effects.
ENTERAL ROUTE :-
It includes oral , sublingual & rectal route.

8. Disadvantages :-
 Vomiting sensation.
 Oral route has a slow on set of action
-Hence, non used in emergency.
 It is not suitable for :- unpalatable
o Drugs that are destroyed by digestive
juices {EX :- Adrenaline}
o Drugs with extensive Ⅰ- pass
metabolism {Ex :- Lignocaine}
Advantages :-
 Safer & cheaper.
 Painless.
 Convenient for repeated &
prolonged use.
 Can be self administered.
a) ORAL ROUTE :-
It is most common & acceptable route for
drug administration.
In this route of drug administration
some of dosage forms are as follows
EX :- Tablets, Capsules, Syrups,
Mixtures etc.….

9. b) SUBLINGUAL ROUTE :-
The preparation is kept under the tongue.
The drug observed through the buccal
mucous membrane & enters the systemic
circulation directly.
EX :- Nitroglycerine {for anginal attack}
Advantages :-
Quick on set of action.
By pass the Ⅰ- pass metabolism.
Self administration is possible.
Disadvantages :-
It is not suitable for irritant & repeat
insoluble drugs.
It is not suitable for taste & bad smell.
It is not suitable for children.

10. c) RECTAL ROUTE :-
Drugs can be given in the form of solids or liquids.
-SUPPOSITORIES :-They can be used for local effect
as well as systemic effect.
-ENEMA :- Retention enema can be used for local
effect as well as systemic effect.
The drug observed through rectal mucus
membrane & produces systemic effect.
EX :- Diazepam ---- status epileptic in children
Epilepsy ,, sedative ---In these conditions are used.

11. PARENTAL ROUTE :-
Routes of administration other
than the external route.
Disadvantages :-
 Require sterilization & aseptic conditions.
 These are expensive.
 Can’t be used self administered.
 Can cause local tissue injury to nerves
results etc..
Advantages :-
 It is rapid on set of action, hence suitable
for emergency cases.
 It is useful in
 Unconscious patients
 Uncooperative & unreliable patients.
 It is suitable for
 Irritant drugs
 Drugs not observable orally.

12. a) INJECTIONS :-
INTRA DERMAL ROUTE :- The drug is
injected into the layers of skin.
EX :-BCG vaccination.
SUBCUTANEOUS :-
EX :-Insulin, Adrenalin.
MERITS :-
 Self administration is possible.
EX :- Insulin.
DEMERITS :-
 It is suitable for non-irritant drugs.
 Drug absorption is slower. Hence isn’t
suitable for emergency purpose.

13. INTRAMUSCULAR :-
Drugs are injected into large muscles such as dettoid
& lateral aspect of thigh in children.
The volume of 5-10 ml can be given at a time.

14. DEMERITS :-
 Aseptic conditions are needed.
 Injection are painful.
 Self medication is not possible.
 They may be injure the nerves.
MERITS :-
 Absorption is more rapid as compared
to oral route.
 Mild irritants.

15. INTRAVENOUS:-
Drugs are injected directly into the blood
steam through a vein.
Drugs are administered as bolus. {single
relatively large dose of drug injected rapidly}
SLOW INTRAVENOUS INJECTION :-
The drugs is administrated slowly via veins.
EX :- Morphine.

16. INTRAVENOUS INFUSION :-
In this type of drug
administration the drug is added to
bottle contain dextrose oblique
saline.
EX :- Dopamine infusion in
cardiogenic shock.
Advantages :-
Bio availability is 100%.
Large volume of fluid can be
administrated.
Highly irritant drugs. Anticancer drugs
can be given because it gets diluted in
blood.
Disadvantages :-
Once the drug is injected it’s action
cannot be altered.
Local irritation may cause.
Strict aseptic conditions are required.

17. INTERA ARTICULAR :-
Drug is injected directed into the joint spaces.
EX :- Hydro corticol injection for
rhomotries arthritics.
b)INHALATION :-
Volatile liquids & gases are given by
inhalation for systemic effects.
EX :- General anesthetic drugs.
Advantages :-
 Quick onset of action.
 Amount of drugs administered can be regulated.
Disadvantages :-
 Local irritation may cause.
 Increased respiratory secretions & bronchospasm.

18. c)TRANSDERMAL ROUTE OF DRUG :-
The drug is administrated in the form of
patches. That deliver the drug into the
circulation. It shows systemic effect.
EX :-
 Scopolamine for motion sickness due
to vomiting.
 Nitroglycerine for angina.
 Estrogen patches for HRT.
(hormone replacement therapy)
 Fentanyl for analgesic.

19. Advantages :-
Self medication is possible.
During of action is prolong.
Systemic side effects are reduced.
Disadvantages :-
Expensive.
Local irritation may cause dermatitis
itching.
Patch may fall off unnotied.