Route of administration

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ROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION

2.  Most of the drugs can be
administered by different routes.
Drug- and patient-related factors
determine the selection of routes
for drug administration.
Route of administration

3. Route of administration
ROUTE
SYSTEMIC
Enteral
Oral Rectal Sublingual
Parenteral
Inhalational Transdermal INJUCTION
IM IV SB ID IA IT
Intra -
articular
LOCAL
Topical Otic Ophthalmic

4. SYSTEMIC ROUTES
 Drugs administered by this route
enter blood and produce systemic
effects.

5. 1.Enteral
2.Parenteral
SYSTEMIC ROUTES

6. 1. Enteral
A. Oral
B. Sublingual
C. Rectal

7. A. Oral
It is the most common
and acceptable route for
drug administration.
Dosage forms are
tablet, capsule, syrup,
mixture, etc.
 Paracetamol tablet
for fever,
Omeprazole capsule
for peptic ulcer are given
orally.

8. Advantages
 Cheaper.
 Painless.
 Convenient for repeated and prolonged use.
 Can be self-administered.

9. Disadvantages
 Not suitable for emergency as onset of action of
orally administered drugs is slow.
 It is not suitable for/in:
 Unpalatable and highly irritant drugs.
 Unabsorbable drugs (e.g. amino glycosides).
 Drugs that are destroyed by digestive juices (e.g.
insulin).
 Drugs with extensive first-pass metabolism (e.g.
lignocaine).
 Unconscious patients. Uncooperative and unreliable
patients.
 Patients with severe vomiting and diarrhea.

10. B. Sublingual
The preparation is kept
under the tongue.The
drug is absorbed through
the buccal mucous
membrane and enters the
systemic circulation
directly.
nitroglycerin for acute
angina attack .
buprenorphine for
myocardial infarction.

11. Advantages
 Quick onset of action.
 Action can be terminated by spitting out the
tablet.
 Bypasses first-pass metabolism.
 Self-administration is possible.

12. Disadvantages
 It is not suitable for:
 Irritant and lipid-insoluble drugs.
 Drugs with bad smell and taste.

13. C. Rectal
Drugs can be given in the
form of solid or liquid.

14. Advantages
 Quick onset of action.
 Dose required is very less, so systemic toxicity
is minimized.
 Amount of drug administered can be
regulated.

15. Disadvantages
 Local irritation may cause increased
respiratory secretions and bronchospasm.

16. 2. PARENTERAL ROUTES
 Direct delivery of drug in to
systemic circulation without
intestinal mucosa

17. Parenteral
A. Injection
B. Inhalational
C. Transdermal

18. A. Injection
 Intramuscular
 Intervenes
 Subcutaneous
 Interadramal
 Intrathecal
 Intera-artial
 Intera - articular

19. Injection
a. Intramuscular (I.M.) (into skeletal muscle)
b. Intravenous (I.V.) (into veins)
c. Subcutaneous (S.C.) (into subcutaneous
tissue)
d. Interadramal (I.D.) (into skin)
e. Intra-arterial (I.A.) (into arteries)
f. Intrathecal (I.T.) (cerebrospinal fluids OR Back bone)
g. Intra - articular (Synovial fluids OR bone
joint)

20. a. Intramuscular
Drugs are injected
into large muscles
such as DELTOID,
GLUTEUS
MUSCLES at 90
degree.

21. b. Intervenes
Drugs are injected
directly into the
blood stream
through aVEIN at
30-35 degree.

22. c. Subcutaneous
The drug is injected into the
SUBCUTANEOUSTISSUES of the thigh,
abdomen and arm at 45 degree.
adrenaline,
insulin, etc.

23. d. Interadramal
The drug is injected into the
LAYERS OFTHE SKIN, at 10-15
degree.
e.g. Bacillus Calmette–
Guérin (BCG)

24. e. Intera-artial
Administration within an ARTERY OR
ARTERIES.

25. f. Intrathecal
Drug is injected into the SUBARACHNOID space.
at 90 degree.
spinal Anaesthetics,
 lignocaine
antibiotics
 amphotericin B etc

26. g. Intera - articular
Drug is injected directly into the
JOINT SPACE
Eg -hydrocortisone
injection

27. Inhalational
 An inhalational anesthetic is a
chemical compound possessing
general anesthetic properties that can
be delivered via inhalation.

28. Inhalational
They are administered
through a face mask,
laryngeal mask airway or
tracheal tube connected to an
anaesthetic vaporiser and an
anaesthetic delivery system.

29. Transdermal
 Transdermal is a route of administration wherein
active ingredients are delivered across the skin
for systemic distribution
 Examples include transdermal patches used for
medicine delivery.

30.  Drugs administered by this route
do not direct enter blood and
produce systemic effects.
Local Route

31. Local Route
1. Topical
2. Otic
3. Ophthalmic

32. 1. Topical Preparation
A topical
medication is a
medication that is
applied to a
particular place
on or in the body.

33. 2. Otic Preparation
Drugs used to treat ear
inflammation and
infection can be applied
directly to the affected
ears

34. 3. Ophthalmic Preparation
Ophthalmology is a
branch of medicine
and surgery which
deals with the
diagnosis and
treatment of eye
disorders