GREAT WOMEN IN INDIA

INDIAN WOMEN and their importance
I.NEELA
ANCIENT
TO
MODERN

Gargi Vachaknavi (born about 9th
to 7th century BCE) was an ancient
Indian philosopher. In Vedic
literature, she is honored as a great
natural philosopher, renowned
expounder of the Vedas, and known
as Brahmavadini, a person with
knowledge of Brahma Vidya. The
husband of Gargi is Rabindra. Gargi
was the daughter of sage Vachaknu in
the lineage of sage garga and hence
named after her father as ‘GARGI
VACHAKANAVI”.

Amrapali is a great character in the
Indian History. She was known as a
dancer and also a philosophical
thoughts oriented woman. Amrapali
was founded at the foot of a mango
tree in Vaishali but was unknown
about the details of her parents.
Vaishali was a famous city and the first
republic empire in the ancient world.
It was the capital city of Lichhavi
republic. She was found at the trunk
of the mango tree so that known as
Ambapali and Amba which means
mango tree.

Padmini, also known as Padmavati, was a
legendary 13th–14th century Rani of the
Mewar kingdom of present-day India. Several
16th-century texts mention her, of which the
earliest source is Padmavat, a poem written by
Malik Muhammad Jayasi in 1540 CE. The
versions are disparate and many modern
historians question the extent of overall
authenticity. Anupriya Goenka as Nagmati –
first wife and chief queen of Ratan Singh
according to Padmavat. Nagmati and her
husband's second wife, Padmavati, performed
jauhar together after Alauddin Khilji attacked
Chittor.

Rudrama Devi, Monarch of the Kakatiya
dynasty in the Deccan Plateau from 1263-
1289 (or 1295) until her death. She was one
of the very few women to rule as monarchs
in India and promoted a male image in order
to do so. This was a significant change and
one that was followed by her successor and
also by the later Vijayanagara Empire.
Rudrama Devi was born as Rudramba to
King Ganapathideva. She was the only child
of the King Ganapathideva, who was the
ruler of the Kakateeya Dynasty. She had
children named Mummadamma and
Ruyamma. The Kakatiya Dynasty was one of
the major dynasties that ruled over Telangana
and had major contributions in shaping its
history and civilisation.

Sultan Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya Wa Ud-Din
(1236–1240), popularly known as Razia
Sultana, was a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in
the northern part of the Indian subcontinent.
She was the first female Muslim ruler of the
subcontinent, and the only female Muslim
ruler of Delhi. A daughter of Mamluk Sultan
Shamsuddin Iltutmish, Razia administered
Delhi during 1231–1232 when her father was
busy in the Gwalior campaign. According to a
possibly apocryphal legend, impressed by her
performance during this period, Iltutmish
nominated Razia as his heir apparent after
returning to Delhi.

Queen Didda (c. 924 CE – 1003 CE), also
known as The Catherine of Kashmir and
The Witch Queen, was the ruler of Kashmir
from 980 CE to 1003 CE. She first acted as
regent for her son and various grandsons
from 958 CE to 980 CE, and from 980 CE as
sole ruler and monarch. Most knowledge
relating to her is obtained from the
Rajatarangini, a work written by Kalhana in
the twelfth century. Didda was a daughter of
Simharāja, the King of Lohara, and a
granddaughter on her maternal side of
Bhimadeva Shahi, one of the Hindu Shahi of
Kabul. Lohara lay in the Pir Panjal range of
mountains, on a trade route between western
Punjab and Kashmir.

Bhagamati (Hyder Mahal) was a queen of Sultan
Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, in whose honor
Hyderabad was named. There exists debate among
scholars about whether there existed any Bhagamati
at all and whether she influenced the naming.
Bhagmati was born in 'Chichlam' a Hindu family;
she was a local nautch-girl. Qutb Shah met her
whilst riding out, fell in love to the extent of having
constructed Purana Pul as a means of meeting her
regularly, and entered into a marriage. Accordingly,
the sultan founded a city around her birth-place and
named it "Bhaganagar" or "Bhqgyanagar" in her
honor. After she converted to Islam and adopted
the title Hyder Mahal, the city was renamed
Hyderabad.

Maharani Ahilyabai Holkar (31 May 1725 – 13
August 1795) was the Holkar Queen of the Maratha
Malwa kingdom, India. Rajmata Ahilyabai was born
in the village of Chondi in Jamkhed, Ahmednagar,
Maharashtra. She moved the capital to Maheshwar
south of Indore on the Narmada River. Ahilyabai's
husband Khanderao Holkar was killed in the battle
of Kumbher in 1754. Twelve years later, her father-
in-law, Malhar Rao Holkar, died. A year after that
she was crowned as the queen of the Malwa
kingdom. She tried to protect her kingdom from
plundering invaders. She personally led armies into
battle. She appointed Tukojirao Holkar as the Chief
of Army. Women then did not go to school, but
Ahilyabai's father taught her to read and write.

Meera, also known as Mirabai(1498–c.1546), was a
16th-century Hindu mystic poet and devotee of
Krishna. She is a celebrated Bhakti saint, particularly in
the North Indian Hindu tradition. Mirabai was born
into a Rajput royal family in Kudki, Pali district,
Rajasthan, Mira then spent her childhood in Merta,
Rajasthan. She is mentioned in Bhaktamal, confirming
that she was widely known and a cherished figure in
the Bhakti movement culture by about 1600 CE. Most
legends about Meera mention her fearless disregard for
social and family conventions, her devotion to Lord
Krishna, her treating Lord Krishna as her husband and
being persecuted by her in-laws for her religious
devotion. She has been the subject of numerous folk
tales and hagiographic legends, which are inconsistent
or widely different in details.

Rupa Bai Furdoonji, born to a Parsi family, was the
world's first female anesthetist. She practiced medicine
in Hyderabad, and played a major role in introducing
the use of chloroform as an anesthetic in India. In
1885, Furdoonji began her studies and was one of five
women to enroll in medical courses at Hyderabad
Medical College. She obtained a degree of Hakeem,
equivalent to that of a Medical Doctor. Subsequently,
she pursued a medical degree from Johns Hopkins
Hospital, Baltimore. Furdoonji was an influential voice
at the First and Second Hyderabad Chloroform
Commissions held in 1888 and 1891 respectively. In
1909, Furdoonji went to Edinburgh, Scotland to gain
more experience and knowledge in anesthetics.

Gulbadan Begum (1523 – 7 February 1603) was a
Mughal princess and the daughter of Emperor
Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire. She is
best known as the author of Humayun-Nama, the
account of the life of her half-brother, Emperor
Humayun, which she wrote on the request of her
nephew, Emperor Akbar. Gulbadan Begum was
about eight years old at the time of her father's death
in 1530 and was brought up by her older half-
brother, Humayun. She was married to a Chagatai
noble, her cousin, Khizr Khwaja Khan, the son of
Aiman Khwajah Sultan, son of Khan Ahmad Alaq
of Eastern Moghulistan at the age of seventeen. She
spent most of her life in Kabul. In 1557, she was
invited by her nephew, Akbar, to join the imperial
household at Agra. She wielded great influence and
respect in the imperial household and was much
loved both by Akbar and his mother, Hamida.

Taramti and Premavati , Two beautiful dancers were
courtesans at the VIIth Qutub Shahi Sultan Abdullah
Qutub Shah's court (1626-1672) and during Abul Hasan
Tana Shah (1672-1686), the last Qutub Shahi Sultan's
reign : Taramati and Premamati. They had beautiful
voices and enthralled the kings with their singing and
dancing.They had pavillions built for them. Taramati
Baradari is two storeyed , square shaped with strong
arches on all sides, a typical Qutub Shahi structure with
fine acoustics; and is located some distance away from
the Golconda Fort on a hillock. It is believed that when
Taramati sang the breeze used to carry her mellifluous
voice to the Sultan who was two kilometres away. The
sisters have also been said to have danced on moonlit
nights on ropes connecting the Baradari to the Golconda
fort. Taramati was a dancer and singer par excellence and
devoted her entire life to her art. She used to entertain
people at the Taramati Baradari. A legend says that
Taramati continued dancing even when Emperor
Aurangzeb had asked her to stop

The story of Hayat Bakshi Begum is considered to
be of women empowerment, given that she lived
through the rule of three kings of the Qutb Shahi
dynasty. A trailer titled, 'Ma Saheba - The queen of
Hyderabad', explores 360-degree VR animation as the
latest technology of film. Begum was the daughter of
Mohammed Quli Qutb Shah (1580-1611), the founder
of Hyderabad. She was married to Mohammed Qutb
Shah (1612-26), the nephew of (and king after)
Mohammed Quli Shah. After the death of her
husband, though her son Abdullah Qutb Shah (1626-
71) became king, Hayat Bakshi Begum had a
considerable influence over the affairs of the
Golconda (or Qutb Shahi) kingdom, which was
founded in 1518.

Nur Jahan (born Mehr-un-Nissa, 31 May 1577 – 18
December 1645[1]) was the twentieth (and last) wife of the
Mughal emperor Jahangir. Nur Jahan was born Mehr-un-
Nissa, the daughter of a Grand Vizier (Minister) who served
under Akbar. Nur Jahan, meaning 'Light of the World', was
married at age 17 to a Persian soldier Sher Afgan, governor
of Bihar, an important Mughal province. She was a married
woman when Prince Salim (the future Emperor Jahangir),
Akbar's eldest son, fell in love with her. Two years after
Akbar died and Salim became Emperor, Sher Afgan met his
death. However, three more years were to pass before a
grieving Nur Jahan consented to marrying the Emperor
Jahangir. Although Jahangir was deeply in love with Nur
Jahan, their actual story bears no resemblance to the entirely
fictional legend of Anarkali, a low-born dancing girl who,
according to popular folklore and film-lore, had a tragic and
doomed love affair with Jahangir. In fact, the relationship
between Jahangir and Nur Jahan was even more scandalous
in its time than the legend of Anarkali, for Nur Jahan was a
widowed woman when the Emperor fell in love with her.

Mumtaz Mahal was the Empress consort of the
Mughal Empire from 19 January 1628 to 17 June 1631
as the chief consort of the Mughal emperor Shah
Jahan.[2] The Taj Mahal in Agra, often cited as one of
the Wonders of the World,[3] was commissioned by
her husband to act as her tomb. Mumtaz Mahal was
born Arjumand Banu Begum in Agra to a family of
Persian nobility. She was married at the age of 19 on 30
April 1612 to Prince Khurram,[6] later known by his
regnal name Shah Jahan, who conferred upon her the
title “Mumtaz Mahal”. Mumtaz Mahal died in 1631 in
Burhanpur, Deccan (present-day Madhya Pradesh),
during the birth of her fourteenth child, a daughter
named Gauhar Ara Begum.[14] Shah Jahan had the Taj
Mahal built as a tomb for her, which is considered to
be a monument of undying love.

Sultana Chand Bibi (1550–1599 CE) was an
Indian Muslim ruler and warrior. She acted as the
Regent of Bijapur Sultanate and Ahmednagar
Sultanate (in current day Maharashtra. Chand Bibi
is best known for defending Ahmednagar against
the Mughal forces of Emperor Akbar in 1595.
Chand Bibi was the daughter of Hussain Nizam
Shah I of Ahmednagar. She was versed in many
languages, including Arabic, Persian, Turkish,
Marathi and Kannada. She played the sitar and
painting flowers was her hobby. She acted as the
Regent of Bijapur Sultanate and Ahmednagar
Sultanate in current day Maharashtra. Her parents
are Hussain Nizam Shah I, Khonza Humayun.

Rani Durgavati was the ruling Queen of
Gondwana from 1550 until 1564. She was
born in the family of Chandel king
Keerat Rai. She was born at the fort of
Kalinjar. Rani Durgavati's achievements
further enhanced the glory of her
ancestral tradition of courage and
patronage She refused to surrender to
Emperor Akbar and fought till the end. A
true heroine, who took over the kingdom
on her husband's death, and defied the
mighty Mughal army. She was born to
Shalivahan, the Chandela Rajput ruler of
Mahoba, famed for his bravery and
courage.

Rani Roopmati was a poet and the consort
of the Sultan of Malwa, Baz Bahadur.
Roopmati features prominently in the folklores
of Malwa, which talk about the love between
the Sultan and Roopmati. Adham Khan was
prompted to conquer Mandu partly due to
Roopmati's beauty. When Adham Khan
marched on the fort Baz Bahadur met him
with his small force and was defeated,
Roopmati poisoned herself. Thus ending the
magical love story which was steeped in music,
poetry, romance, war and death. This romance
is considered a legend by some whilst others
consider it to be true.

Roshanara Begum (September 1617 – 11 September
1671) was a Mughal princess and the second daughter
of Emperor Shah Jahan and his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
Roshanara was a brilliant woman and a talented poet.
She was a partisan of her younger brother,
Aurangzeb, and supported him during the war of
succession which took place after Shah Jahan's illness
in 1657. After Aurnagzeb's accession to the throne in
1658, Roshanara was given the title of Padshah
Begum by her brother and became the First Lady of
the Mughal Empire, when she became a powerful
political figure. Today, however, Roshanara is best
known for the Roshanara Bagh, a pleasure garden
located in present-day north Delhi. The present-day
Roshanara Club which was constructed in the late
19th century by the British is a country club that was
actually originally a part of the Roshanara Bagh.

Jijabai Shahaji Bhosale (12 January 1598 – 17
June 1674), referred to as Rajmata Jijabai or Jijau,
was the mother of Shivaji, founder of the Maratha
Empire. She was a daughter of Lakhujirao Jadhav
of Sindkhed Raja. Maa Saheb Jijabai was born to
Mahalasabai Jadhav and Lakhuji Jadhav of
Deulgaon, near Sindkhed, in present-day Buldhana
district of Maharastra. Maa Saheb Jijabai was
married at an early age to Shahaji Bhosle, son of
Maloji Bhosle of Verul village, a military
commander serving under the Nizam Shahi
sultans.[citation needed] She taught Shivaji about
swarajya and raised him to be a great warrior. Maa
Saheb Jijabai died on 17 June 1674. Rajmata Jijabai
died just after 12 days of Shivaji's coronation as
Chhatrapati , in the village of Pachad, at the foot of
Fort Raigarh.

Begum Hazrat Mahal (1820 – 7 April 1879), also called
as Begum of Awadh, was the second wife of Nawab
Wajid Ali Shah. Wajid Ali Shah met her in his palace.
She rebelled against the British East India Company
during the Indian Rebellion of 1857. She finally found
asylum in Nepal onto Hallaur where she died in 1879.
After her husband had been exiled to Calcutta, she
took charge of the affairs in the state of Awadh and
seized control of Lucknow. She made her son, Prince
Birjis Qadr, the Wali (ruler) of Awadh; However, she
was forced to abandon this role after a short reign.
Mahal's name was Muhammadi Khanum, and she was
born in Faizabad, Awadh, India. She was a courtesan
by profession and had been taken into the royal harem
as a khawasin after being sold by her parents, then to
Royal agents, and later promoted to a pari, and was
known as Mahak Pari.

Jhansi Laxmi Bhai, The future rani was born to a high-
caste prominent Brahmin family in Benares (now
Varanasi) in northern India on November 19, 1827.
Formally named Manikarnika, she was called “Manu” by
her parents. Her mother, Bhagirathi, died when she was
4. Under the care of her father, Moropant Tambe, her
education included horsemanship, fencing and shooting.
In 1842 she became the second wife of Gangadhar Rao
Niwalkar, the childless raja of Jhansi, a principality in
Bundelkhand. Renamed Lakshmi Bai, the young rani bore
one son in 1851, but he died four months later. In 1853,
following a serious illness, Gangadhar Rao adopted a
distant cousin named Damodar Rao as his son—similarly,
Gangadhar and the brother who had preceded him on
the throne were adopted heirs. The adoption papers and a
will naming the 5-year-old boy as Rao’s heir and the rani
as regent were presented to a Major Ellis, who was
serving as an assistant political agent at Jhansi on
November 20, 1853.

Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati (23 April 1858 – 5 April
1922), was a women's rights & education activist, a
pioneer in the education and emancipation of women
in India, and a social reformer. She was the first
woman to be awarded the titles of Pandita as a Sanskrit
scholar and Sarasvati after being examined by the
faculty of the University of Calcutta. She was one of
the ten women delegates of the Congress session of
1889. In the late 1890s, she founded Mukti Mission at
Kedgaon village, forty miles east of the city of Pune.
The mission was later named Pandita Ramabai Mukti
Mission. Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati was born as
Ramabai Dongre on 23 April 1858 into a Marathi-
speaking Chitpavan Brahmin family. Her father, Anant
Shastri Dongre, a Sanskrit scholar, taught her Sanskrit
at home. Dongre's extraordinary piety led him to travel
extensively across India with his family in tow.

Savitribai Phule (3 January 1831 – 10 March 1897) was an
Indian social reformer, educationalist, and poet from
Maharashtra. She was born on 3 January 1831 in the village
of Naigaon in Satara District, Maharashtra. She is regarded
as the first female teacher of India. Along with her husband,
Jyotirao Phule, she played an important and vital role in
improving women's rights in India. She is regarded as the
mother of Indian feminism. Phule and her husband
founded one of the first Indian girls' school in Pune, at
Bhide wada in 1848.[a] She worked to abolish the
discrimination and unfair treatment of people based on
caste and gender. She is regarded as an important figure of
the social reform movement in Maharashtra. A
philanthropist and an educationist, Phule was also a prolific
Marathi writer. at the time of her marriage Savitribai was an
illiterate. Jyotirao educated Savitribai at their home.[2][6]
After completing her primary education with Jyotirao, her
further education was the responsibility of his friends,
Sakharam Yeshwant Paranjpe and Keshav Shivram
Bhavalkar.

Sarojini Naidu (13 February 1879 – 2 March 1949) was
an Indian political activist and poet. A proponent of civil
rights, women's emancipation, and anti-imperialistic
ideas, she was an important figure in India's struggle for
independence from colonial rule. Naidu's work as a
poetess earned her the sobriquet 'the Nightingale of
India', or 'Bharat Kokila' by Mahatma Gandhi because
of colour, imagery and lyrical quality of her poetry. Born
in a Bengali family in Hyderabad, Naidu was educated in
Madras, London and Cambridge. Following her time in
England, where she worked as a suffragist, she was
drawn to Indian National Congress' movement for
India's independence from British rule. She became a
part of the Indian nationalist movement and became a
follower of Mahatma Gandhi and his idea of swaraj. She
was appointed the President of the Indian National
Congress in 1925 and later became the Governor of the
United Provinces in 1947, becoming the first woman to
hold the office of Governor in the Dominion of India.

Kamala Kaul Nehru (1 August 1899 – 28
February 1936) was an Indian independence activist
and the wife of Jawaharlal Nehru (the leader of the
Indian National Congress (INC) and later the first
Prime Minister of India). Her daughter Indira also
served later as Prime Minister of India. Kamala was
born to Rajpati and Jawahar Mull Atal-Kaul who
were from a Kashmiri Pandit family of Old Delhi.
Kamala married Jawaharlal Nehru at the age of 16.
Her husband went to a trip in the Himalayas shortly
after their marriage. In his autobiography, Jawaharlal
Nehru, referring to his wife, stated "I almost
overlooked her." Kamala gave birth to a girl child in
November 1917, Indira Priyadarshini, who later
succeeded her father as prime minister and head of
the Congress party. Kamala gave birth to a boy in
November 1924, but he lived for only a week.

Sarala Devi Chaudhurani was born in Jorasanko, Kolkata
on 9 September 1872 to a well known Bengali intellectual
family. Her father Janakinath Ghosal was one of the first
secretaries of the Bengal Congress. Her mother
Swarnakumari Devi, a noted author, was the daughter of
Debendranath Tagore, an eminent Brahmo leader and father
of poet Rabindranath Tagore. Upon completing her
education, Sarala went to Mysore State and joined the
Maharani Girls' School as a teacher. A year later, she
returned home and started writing for Bharati, a Bengali
journal, while also beginning her political activities. In 1905,
under family pressure, Sarala Devi married Rambhuj Dutt
Chaudhary (1866–1923), a lawyer, journalist, nationalist
leader and follower of Arya Samaj, the Hindu reform
movement founded by Swami Dayananda Saraswati. After
her marriage, she moved to Punjab. There, she helped her
husband edit the nationalist Urdu weekly Hindusthan, which
was later converted into an English periodical. When her
husband was arrested for his involvement in Non-
cooperation movement, Mahatma Gandhi visited her home
in Lahore as a guest; and Gandhi fell for her.

Gandhiji's mother's name was Putlibai. She was a
true devotee of God. She would not have food until
she finished her puja (prayer) rituals. She would go
to the temple regularly. She would strictly keep fast
on Ekadashi (Eleventh day of the lunar month).
Having meals only once a day was child's play for
her. During the sacred four month's period
(chaturmas) she used to pray devoutly and observe
all rituals. During this period she used to be so strict
that she would take meals only after she saw and
prayed the Sun. No wonder that the children loved
such a religious mother. The children would watch
for the Sun to shine through the clouds. They would
run in to inform their mother the moment they saw
the Sun come out of the clouds. Gandhiji's mother
was such a pious and self-respecting person.

Kasturba Gandhi was born on April 11,
1869 and died on February 22, 1944.
Kasturbai Mohandas Gandhi was an
Indian political activist. She married
Mohandas Gandhi in 1883. In association
with her husband and son, she was
involved in the Indian independence
movement in British-ruled India. She was
very influenced by her husband Mohandas
Karamchand Gandhi.

Rani Gaidinlui was born on 26 January
1915 and died on 17 February 1993. She was
honoured by Padma Bhushan(1982),
Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award (1972),
Vivekananda Seva Award (1983). Gaidinliu
was a Naga spiritual and political leader who
led a revolt against British rule in India. At
the age of 13, she joined the Heraka
religious movement of her cousin Haipou
Jadonang. The movement later turned into a
political movement seeking to drive out the
British from Manipur and the surrounding
Naga areas.

Princess Niloufer Farhat Begum Sahiba
(January 1916 – 12 June 1989), nicknamed as the
Kohinoor of Hyderabad, was an Ottoman
princess. She was the first wife of Moazzam Jah,
the second son of Mir Osman Ali Khan, the last
Nizam of Hyderabad in India. Princess Niloufer
was born at the Goztepe Palace in
Constantinople, at a time when her mother's
family was ruling the Ottoman Empire. Her
father was Damad Moralızade Mehmed
Selaheddin Bey, son of Moralızade Mehmed Ali
Bey and Aliye Hanım. Her mother was Adile
Sultan. In December 1918, at aged two, she lost
her father. At the exile of the imperial family in
March 1924, she and her mother settled in
France, taking up residence in the Mediterranean
city of Nice.

Khair-un-nissa was born on 3 June
1919 and died in 2011. She was born to
Inayat Khan, Ameena Begum. Her
Brother was Noor Inayat Khan. She was
the granddaughter of Nawab Mahmood
Ali Khan, the prime minister of
Hyderabad. She had an extremely private
marriage with Kirkpatrick.

Maha Laqa Bai was born on April 7, 1768
and died on 1824. Mah Laqa Bai, born
Chanda Bibi, and sometimes referred to as
Mah Laqa Chanda, was an Indian 18th
century Urdu poet, courtesan and
philanthropist based in Hyderabad. In 1824,
she became the first female poet to have a
diwan of her work, a compilation of Urdu
Ghazals named Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa, published
posthumously.

Jahanara Begum. We all know about Mumtaz,
the beautiful wife of Shahjahan, who is the
reason behind the creation of the exquisite
Tajmahal. But her daughter Jahanara was much
more influential in her state. She was the
mastermind behind the designing and creation
of almost half of Old Delhi. Her father’s
favorite, she was termed as “the most powerful
woman” of her time

Tarabai was a regent of the Maratha empire.
She was the daughter-in-law of the great
Shivaji Maharaj. She influenced several major
political decisions during her period, resisting
the Mughal Empire from capturing their
territories after her husband’s death

Samyukta Devi was the wife of the last
Hindu ruler of India, Prithvi Raj Chauhan.
She was the epitome of beauty with brains
and was very influential during her time

Akka Mahadevi was one of the notable female
poets in Kannada Literature. She was a prominent
devotee of Shiva during the Bhakti movement.
Her poems still remain very important in South
Indian Literature. Her frank and oblique poems
challenged the norms of sexual identity. Therefore,
it was met with ferocious opposition.

GREAT WOMEN IN INDIA

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