Conductivity Clamper Clipper by Mohammad Nazir

4. Overview
Conductivity
Clipper
Positive clipper
Negative clipper
Clamper
Positive clamping
Negative clamping
Question & Answer
Session

5. Conductivity
Conductivity defines a material's ability to conduct electricity. It is the
reciprocal of electrical resistivity.
Electric current can flow easily through a material with
high conductivity. Conductivity is measured in siemens per meter (s/m)
and is often represented using the Greek letter (σ).
Explanation
Imagine that you attach the two ends of a battery to a bar of iron and a galvanometer.
(A galvanometer is an instrument for measuring the flow of electric current.) When this
connection is made, the galvanometer shows that electric current is flowing through the
iron bar. The iron bar can be said to be a conductor of electric current.
Replacing the iron bar in this system with other materials produces different
galvanometer readings. Other metals also conduct an electric current,
but to different extents. If a bar of silver or aluminum is used,
the galvanometer shows a greater flow of electrical current
than with the iron bar. Silver and aluminum are better
conductors of electricity than is iron. If a lead bar is
inserted, the galvanometer shows a lower reading
than with iron. Lead is a poorer conductor of electricity
than are silver, aluminum, or iron.

6. clipper
A circuit which cutoff voltage above or below are both
specified level is called clipper.
Positive clipper
A clipper which remove the portion of positive half
cycle of the input signal is called positive clipper.
Negative clipper
A clipper which remove the portion of negative half
cycle of the input signal is called negative clipper.

8. Clamper
A circuit that places either the positive or negative peak of a signal at a
desired D.C level is known as clamper.
A clamping adds a D.C component to the signal and does not change the
shape or amplitude of the input signal.
Positive clamper
The circuit will be called a positive clamper , when the
signal is pushed upward by the circuit.
Negative clamper
The circuit will be called a negative clamper, when the
signal is pushed downward by the circuit.