This presentation contains the comprehensive data on blood transfusion particularly in pet animals and generally in domesticated animals.

1. By Nadeem Khalid
2017-dvmn-010
1

2. Table of Contents
Introduction
What blood transfusion is?
Cross Matching
Chemicals, Procedure & Interpretation
Indications
Under what conditions
Blood transfusion is
recommended?
Collection
Sites & Rate of Collection and
Storage of Blood
Administration
Volume, Route & Rate
Complications
Unexpected conditions
2

3. Blood transfusion is the
transfusion of whole blood or its
Component such as blood cells or
plasma from one individual to
another.
Introduction
Definition
3

4. Blood Groups
13
03
13
09
4

5. Indications
★ Acute Haemorrhage
★ Chronic Haemorrhage
★ Haemolytic Anemia
★ Thrombocytopenia
★ Coagulopathies
★ Undernutrition
★ Parasitism
★ Heat Injury
★ Chemical Burns
★ Electrical Burns
Bleeding Disorders Hypoproteinemia Burns
Anaemia
5

6. Hb
< 7 g/dl
PCV
< 20% P Protein
< 3.5 g/dl
Criteria for BT
6

7. Haematology
Some Normal Parameter
Specie Hb(g/dl) PCV(%) Plasma protein(g/dl)
Dog 13 45.5 5.5-8
Cat 12 40 6-8
Cattle Cow:11.3
Buffalo: 12.9
Cow: 33.7
Buffalo: 44.3
6.7-7.5
Horse 11.5 39.4
Sheep 14.4,(Goat 10.9) 32,(Goat 34) 6-7.9, Goat (6.4-7)
7

8. Selection of Donor
Donor Selection
Character Remark
Specie Same Specie and Breed
Health Status Apparently Healthy and free from Infectious Disease
Major Test Dogs: Brucella Canis, Heartworm
Cat: FeLV, Hemobartonella
Ruminants: Blood parasite test
PCV Dog: >40%, Cat: >35%
Hb Dog: >13g/dl, Cat: >11g/dl
8

9. ● Importance
○ Done to prevent Life threatening Antigen antibody reactions caused by major
blood group Mismatch
● Usefulness
○ Not often use practice in animals except Horse and Dogs
○ In Cattle first transfusion can be done without cross matching however, it is
essential if the recipient is given more than one transfusion
Blood Compatibility
9

10. Direct
Rapid Method
Indirect
Most Reliable Oehlecker’s
Oehlecker’s
Biological Method
3 Methods
10

11. Direct Method
Donor blood = 1 ml
Normal Saline = 3m
Mixing to form
Solution
Glass Slide
Solution = 2 drops
Recipient Serum= 2 drops
Agitation
3-5 Minutes
Agglutination indicate
incompatibility
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
11

12. Indirect Method
Recipient
Donar
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 2 Sample 1
EDTA, Vacutainer
Yellow cap
Vacutainer
Yellow cap
Vacutainer
EDTA, Vacutainer
Centrifuge,
separate RBC
Serum Serum
Centrifuge,
separate RBC
Keep in 3 ml of
0.85% Saline
Solution
Keep in 3 ml of
0.85% Saline
Solution
12

13. Indirect Method
Transfuse Blood only if both system Show
Compatibility
13

14. Oehlecker’s Method
Step 1
Inject 10 ml blood
to Recipient
Step 2
Observe for 20
Minutes
Step3
If No Untoward Reaction,
then Transfuse remaining
blood
Most Suitable under Field Condition
14

15. Collection of Blood
Sites of Collection
Species Sites
Dog Saphenous, Cephalic or Jugular Vein
Cat Saphenous, Cephalic or Jugular Vein
Horse Jugular vein
Cattle Jugular vein, Caudal(Tail) vein or Mammary vein
Sheep/Goat Jugular vein or cephalic vein
15

16. Steps
1. Restraining and Sedation
2. Shaving and Vein Prominent
3. Sterilization
4. Insert Needle (16-18G)
5. Mixing with preservative
Collection of Blood
Link: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1194fSCEvXsvR_Yq9j7tj8wvcDELf_jsB/view?resourcekey
16

17. Dog
● 20 ml blood/kg body weight
● Maximum 450-500ml
Cat
● 10 ml blood/kg body weight
● Maximum 50ml
● 12% of B.W is blood
● 20% of blood can be donated
● 10-15 ml blood/kg B.W
Large Animals
Volume to be Donated
17

18. Different Preservatives
1. Acid Citrate Dextrose (ACD),
2. Citrate Phosphate Dextrose, Adenine (CPD-A)
3. Citrate 3.8% (1o ml for 100 ml blood)
4. Heparin 15 IU/ ml
Collection and Storage
18

19. Collection and Storage
ACD Solution
1. Dextrose
2. Tri-sodium Citrate
3. Citric Acid
4. Distilled Water
CPD-A Solution
1. Dextrose
2. Sodium Citrate(Dehydrate)
3. Citric Acid (Anhydrous)
4. Sodium Phosphate(Monohydrate)
5. Adenine (Anhydrous)
6. Water
It is used @ 15 ml/100 ml blood It is used @ 15 ml/100 ml blood
19

20. ● Room Temperature
○ Used within 4-8 hours of collection
● 4 C
○ At Least 3 weeks possibly as long as 6 weeks when
Collected in ACD, CPD, CPD-A
Storage
❏ Adequate levels of 2-3 Diphosphoglycerate DPG are to be Maintained in stored blood
❏ DPG helps to release O2 to RBC cells and other tissues
20

21. Direct
● Autotransfusion
● Actual quantity to be transfused
can not be determined
Indirect
● Most Commonly used
● Here stored blood is used
Administration
21

22. Routes
● Intravenous: Emergency Situation
● Intraperitoneal: Animal in incorporative
○ 50% absorb in 24 hours
○ Remaining absorb within week
Rate
● Rate depend upon
○ Hydration status
○ Degree of Anemia
● Normovolemic: 10-20 ml/kg/hr
● Hypovolemic: 20-60 ml/kg/hr
● Cardiac Failure: 4 ml/kg/hr
Route & Rate
22

23. Generally:
10-20 ml/kg Body weight
Dogs and Cats:
Volume
Blood (ml)= B.W * K* ( Desired PCV-Recipient PCV)/Donar PCV
K for, Dogs: 80, Cats: 60
23

24. Canine Transfusion Calculator
Link: https://www.petbloodbankuk.org/vet-professionals/i-need-advice/canine-transfusion-calculator/
1 2
3
24

25. ● Steps
○ Prewarming before 30 minutes ago upto 22-37 C
○ Inject Steroid or Antihistamine to recipient before Transfusion
○ Proper placement of Branula
○ Blood bag connected to BT set and immersed in warm water
○ In-line nylon mesh micro filter
○ No concurrent administration of drug or hypertonic solution
○ Manage Route and rate accordingly
○ Transfuse proper Calculated Volume
Administration of Blood
25

26. Complications
Non- Immunogenic
1. Fever
2. Vomition
3. Hemolysis
4. Transmission of infection
5. Congestive Heart Failure
6. Citrate Toxicity
7. Coagulopathy
Immunogenic
1. Anaphylaxis
2. Hemolysis
3. DIC, Renal Failure
4. Urticaria
5. Hypothermia
Others
1. Hypocalcemia
2. Carcinoma
3. Rapid Recurrence of
Anemia
26

27. ● Monitor the Recipient Continuously
● Stop Blood Transfusion if any reaction Occur
● Mild Reaction:
○ Antihistamines and Corticosteroids (Decadron @ 0.1-0.5mg/kg )
● Severe Reaction:
○ Adrenaline 0.01-0.02ml/kg
● Citrate Toxicity:
○ Calcium Preparation IV @ 10 ml /liter of blood
● Congestive Heart Failure
○ Diuretic
Therapeutic Management
27

28. 1. Careful Selection of healthy Donor
2. Perform cross matching prior to transfusion
3. Warm the stored blood to body temperature before transfusion
4. Filter the blood through sterile gauze if froth is formed
5. Give antihistamine before transfusion
Precaution
28

29. 1. Textbook of Clinical Veterinary Medicine by Amalendu Chakrabarti
2. VETERINARY Medicine, A textbook of the diseases of cattle, horses, sheep, pigs and goats 9th EDITION O. M.
Radostits
References
29

30. — THANKS
“Until one has loved an animal,
a part of one's soul remains
unawakened.”
30