The document discusses different types of swinging mechanisms. It explains that a pantograph uses a system of parallelograms to produce identical or scaled copies of an image traced by one pen using a second pen. It then discusses various swinging mechanisms like the toothed-rack system, crank and slotted lever, crank and rocker, and cam and follower mechanisms. The Geneva mechanism is described as a timing device that translates continuous rotation into intermittent rotary motion using a pin and slot system. Applications mentioned include movie projectors and automated devices.

1. By:
NIMESH SUTHAR(12BME052)
ABHISHEK THAKKAR(12BME053)
NAISHAL THAKKAR(12BME054)

3. What is “PANTOGRAPH” ?
A pantograph is a mechanical linkage
connected in a manner based on
parallelograms so that the movement of one
pen, in tracing an image, produces identical
movements in a second pen. If a line drawing
is traced by the first point, an identical,
enlarged, or miniaturized copy will be drawn
by a pen fixed to the other.

4. Basic elements of PANTOGRAPH
It’s a simple pair kinematic mechanism consisting of :
1)Four links
2)Pivot points
3)One anchor point
4)Tracing Pointer
5)Pen holder

5. Proof:
∆ODA & ∆OCE are similar.
As ∠COE is common, &
∠ADO=∠ECO, as AD||EC.
Hence, OD ‗ OA ‗ AD ___(1)
OC OE EC
As all links are rigid,from the
displaced position,we have:
CO=C’O , DA=D’A’ , OD=OD’
CE=C’E’ , CD=C’D’ (2)
 OD’ ‗ A’D’ => ∆OD’A’ ~ ∆OC’E’ , as ∠C’OE’ is common.
OC’ E’C’
 OD’ ‗ A’D’ ‗ OA’ (3)
OC’ E’C’ OE’

6. From equation 1,2,&3
 OA ‗ OA’
OE OE’
And ∠EOE’ is common
Hence, ∆OAA’ ~ ∆OEE’
 AA’
EE’
Hence , it is proved that the pantograph produces similar objects
or images depending upon the scale defined.

7. APPLICATIONS:
1. Pantograph is incorporated into a milling machine with
a revolving cutter instead of a pen, and a tray at the
pointer end to fix precut lettered plates. In this way
machinists can neatly and accurately engrave numbers
and letters onto a part.
2. It is used in “LONGARM QUILTING” for stitching a
custom pattern onto the quilt using a laser pointer.

9. In swinging/rocking mechanisms the output link
swings/rocks/oscillates through an angle less than 360
degree
Also to increase the no of revolutions the output shaft can
be geared to the second shaft to produce large number of
oscillations
What is mean by swinging?
move to and fro or to oscillate.
This mechanism is based on this basic motion.

10.  The swinging mechanisms can be
observed in different types of systems
such as:
1. Toothed-Rack System
2. Crank and Slotted Lever Mechanism
3. Crank and Rocker Mechanism
4. Cam and Follower Mechanism

11. • Here the rotating crank(a) and the coupler(b)
containing toothed rack meshes with the output
gear (c) to produce the swinging/rocking motion
of the gear

12. The above figure shows a swinging mechanism in
which rotating crank(2) drives the slider link(1)
which slides on the output link producing an
oscillating motion.

13. This mechanism is called
crank and slotted lever
mechanism.The quick return
is observed because the
crank rotates through a large
angle of forward stroke than
on the return stroke .

14. In the above mechanism the rotating crank(2) drives
the rocker (oscillating lever(4)) through the
coupler(3).This is a four-bar-linkage and called as
crank and rocker mechanism.
The characteristics of the rocking motion depends on
the dimensions of the links.

15. APPLICATIONS
• A common application of the crank rocker
mechanism is the windshield wiper

16. 1. In this type of mechanism the rotating cam(c)
drives the follower(d) in rocking motion via
sliding interface(b).
2. The cam can be formed to produce the rocking
motion of the follower. As the cam rotates it is
the profile or shape of the cam that causes the
follower to move in a particular way.

18.  Geneva mechanism was originally invented by a
swiss watch maker.
 The Geneva mechanism is basically a timing
device. —The name derives from the devices
earliest application in Mechanical watches ,
Switzerland and Geneva being an important
center of watchmaking.

19.  The geneva mechanism or geneva drive is also
commonly called a Maltese cross mechanism—In
the most common arrangement, the driven
wheel has four slots and thus advances for each
rotation of the drive wheel by one step of 90°.
If the driven wheel has n slots, it advances by
360°/n per full rotation of the drive wheel. due
to the visual resemblance.

20.  —The Geneva drive or
Maltese cross is a gear
mechanism that translates a
continuous rotation into an
intermittent rotary motion.
The rotating drive wheel has
a pin that reaches into a slot
of the driven wheel
advancing it by one step.
The drive wheel also has a
raised circular blocking disc
that locks the driven wheel
in position between steps.

21.  One application of the Geneva
drive is in movie projectors:
the film does not run
continuously through the
projector. Instead, the film is
advanced frame by frame,
each frame standing still in
front of the lens for 1/24 of a
second (and being exposed
twice in that time, resulting in
a frequency of 48 Hz). This
intermittent motion is
achieved using a Geneva
drive.

22.  Other applications of the Geneva drive include the
pen change mechanism in plotters, automated
sampling devices, indexing tables in assembly
lines, tool changers for CNC machines, banknote
counting and so on. The Iron Ring Clock uses a
Geneva mechanism to provide intermittent
motion to one of its rings.