Table for classification of insects with their economic importance

1. 1
APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY
ASSIGNMENT No. 1
CLASSIFICATION KEY (INSECTS ORDERS)
SUBMITTED TO: DR. NOUSHEEN ZAFEER
SUBMITTED BY:SYEDA AMNA ZAHRA (16261514-002)
AFSHEEN MIRZA (16161514-003)
ALVENA JAMIL (16261514-008)
UM-E-KULSOOM (16261514-014)
HUMERA ZAHEER (16261514-020)
MUZNA KASHAF (16261514-030)
FAIZA BATOOL(16261514-035)
TEHREEM AFZAL (16261514-044)
RAHMA HANI (16261514-045)
SEMESTER: (VIII)
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF GUJRAT
SUB- CAMPUS RAWALPINDI

2. 2
CONTENTS
Page no.
 INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………. 3
 ORDER ORTHOPTERA……………………………………………. 3
 ORDER DIPTERA…………………………………………………... 5
 ORDER COLEOPTERA…………………………………………….11
 ORDER HYMENOPTERA………………………………………….15
 ORDER HEMIPTERA……………………………………………….16
 ORDER LEPIDOPTERA…………………………………………….20

3. 3
CLASSIFICATION OF INSECTS
INTRODUCTION:
Insect, (class Insecta or Hexapoda), any member of the largest class of the phylum Arthropoda,
which is itself the largest of the animal phyla. Insects have segmented bodies, jointed legs, and
external skeletons. Insects are distinguished from other arthropods by their body, which is
divided into three major regions: (1) the head, (2) the three-segmented thorax, and (3) the many-
segmented abdomen.
CLASSIFICATION
ORDE
R
CHARACTE
RISTIC
FEATURES
SUB-
ORDER
S
FAMILIES EXAMPLES ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE
Orthop
tera
ortho=
straight
; ptera=
wing
Filiform
antennae.
Hypognathous,
mandibulate
mouthparts.
Shield like
pronotum
covering much
of thorax.
Front wings
narrow,
leathery,
parallel sided
structure
(tegmina) and
hind wings are
fan-like.
Hind femur
enlarged for
jumping.
3 or 4
segmented
tarsi.
Cerci short and
unsegmented.
Two
suborder
s:
Caelifer:
grasshop
pers,
locusts
and close
relative
GRASSHOPPE
RS AND
LOCUSTS
Acrididae(Short
horned
grasshoppers and
locust):
Herbivores.
Common in grass
lands.
Includes many
pest species.
Two-striped
grasshopper
(Melanoplusbivi
ttatus).
Differential
grasshopper (M.
differentialis).
African
migratory locust
(Locustamigrat
oria).
Desert locust
(Schistocercagr
egaria).
Dominant group.
Cause serious
economic
damage.
Swarms of
locusts regularly
appear in Africa,
Asia and North
America and
destroy crops.
Species of field
crickets are
reared
commercially as
fish bait.
Melanoplusfemu
rrubrum is not
only crop pest
but also an
intermediate host
for a tapeworm.

4. 4
Tetrigidae(pygm
y grasshoppers):
Herbivores.
Pronotum extend
to back of
abdomen. Pygmy
grasshopper
KATYDIDS
Tettigoniidae(Lo
ng-horned
grasshoppers and
katydids):
Herbivores.
Females have a
long blade like
ovipositor.
Some species are
pests of trees and
shrubs.
Long-horned
grasshopper
Ensifera
:
crickets
and close
relatives
CRICKETS
Gryllidae (True
crickets):
Herbivores and
scavengers.
Females have
cylindrical or
needle shaped
ovipositor.
House cricket
(A. domesticus).
Rhapidophorida
e(Camel
Crickets):
Scavengers.
Distinctly hump-
backed
appearance.
Few are cave
dwellers.
cricketCamel
haphidophoriR(
).dae

5. 5
Gryllotalpidae(
mole crickets):
The front legs are
adapted for
digging.
Most species feed
on roots of plants.
Some are
predatory.
Mole cricket
ORDE
R
CHARACTE
RISTIC
FEATURES
SUB-
ORDERS
FAMILIES EXAMPLES ECONOMIC
IMPORTANC
E
DIPTE
RA:
Di= two
;ptera=
wings.
Short simple
antennae,
frilled or bushy
in mosquitoes
and crane flies.
One pair of
membranous
wings; hind
wings reduced
to small club lie
structure called
halters.
Sucking
mouthparts;
sometimes
adapted for
piercing e.g.
mosquitoes.
Large
compoundeyes.
A large and
moveable head.
The
mesothorax
(middle
segment of the
thorax or mid-
body) is
enlarged, with
3 sub-
orders:
Nematoc
era:
This
group
includes:
crane
flies,
moth
flies,
midges,
sand flies,
mosquitoe
s, gall
midges
and
fungus
gnats
Tipulidae
(crane flies):
The crane flies
have long, stilt-
like legs.
Some feed on
decaying wood
or leaf litter, or
even at the
bottom of ponds
and streams. The
larger ones
are herbivorous,
but some
are carnivorous.
The adults are
harmless.
Tipula
paludosa
(European crane
fly)
T. oleracea.
(Common Crane
Fly)
Tipula maxima
(the gaint crane
flies)
The Diptera prob
ably have a
greater economic
impact on
humans than any
other group of
insects.
Some flies are
pests of
agricultural
plants, others
transmit diseases
to humans and
domestic
animals.
Many dipterans
serve roles that
are useful to
humans.
Houseflies,
blowflies
and fungus
gnats (Mycetoph
ilidae) are
scavengers and
aid in
decomposition.
Robber

6. 6
the prothorax
and metathorax
small.
Complete
metamorphosis,
with larvae
(maggots) that
are always
legless.
Psychodidae
owl midges or
moth flies.
This family
includes the
sand flies, which
feed on the
blood of
vertebrates and
in warmer
climes are
responsible for
spreading the
disease
leishmaniasis in
man.
Moth fly
Sand fly
flies (Asilidae), t
achinids (Tachin
idae) and dagger
flies and balloon
flies (Empididae
) are predators
and parasitoids
of other insects,
helping to
control a variety
of pests. Many
dipterans such
as bee
flies (Bombyliid
ae)
and hoverflies (S
yrphidae)
are pollinators of
crop plants
Culicidae
mosquitoes and
gnats
They are almost
all blood
suckers.
they can be
responsible for
the spread of
diseases such
as malaria, yello
w fever and
elephantiasis.
Anopheles
gambiae
(African malaria
mosquito)
Culisetalongiar
eolata

7. 7
Chironomidae
non-biting
midges, and
these look
similar to the
biting midges,
Ceratopogonida
e, which are
found close to
water.
Non biting
midge
T. akamusi
Simulidae
blackflies (Simu
lida) live near
running water
where their
larvae live,
attaching
themselves to
stones by means
of hooks or
silken webs.
Black fly

8. 8
Bibionidae
includes the
March Fly, or St
Mark's
Fly (Bibiomarci)
- named because
it is said to
appear around St
Mark's Day in
the
Christiancalenda
r (March 21st).
This is a
common and
harmless species
often found is
numbers in the
UK in the
spring.
Bibionidae
larvae feed on
decaying matter
on land and the
adults are
probably
important
plant pollinators.
Bibio marci
(march fly)
Mycetophilidae
fungus gnats.
These small,
delicate flies
have long
slender antennae
and long legs
and resemble
mosquitoes.
Their larvae
mostly feed on
fungi, though
some eat tiny
insects and
worms.
E. spinuligera
(fungus gnats)
Brachyce
ra
This
group
Tabanidae
Horse and deer
flies:
stoutly built flies

9. 9
includes:
march/hor
se flies,
soldier
flies,
robber
flies, bee
flies,
hover
flies, fruit
flies,
vinegar
flies,
blowflies/
bluebottle
s,
house/sta
ble flies,
flesh flies,
tachinid
flies and
sheep
ked/louse
flies/walla
by flies.
adult females
feed on
vertebrate blood,
usually of
warm-blooded
animals; males
(also females in
a few spp. in all
3 subfamilies)
visit flowers
larvae mainly
carnivorous, a
few eat detritus.
Tabanussulcifro
ns
(horse fly)
Chrysops
(Deer fly)
Rhagionidae
Rhagionidae are
medium-sized to
large flies with
slender bodies
and stilt-
like legs.
The mouthparts
are adapted for
piercing . They
are typically
brown and
yellow flies, and
lack bristles
Rhagiomystaceu
s
(down-looker
fly)
Rhagioscolopac
eus
(snipe fly)
Bombyliidae
these look just
like real bumble
bees. One of
them, Bombylis
major, is
commonly seen
in spring feeding
from flowers.
But its flight is
much more agile
than that of a
bumble bee.
Bombylis major
(bee fly)

10. 10
Asilidae
The Asilidae
include the
robber flies.
These are sturdy
insects with
powerful legs.
They feed on
other insects,
which they catch
in mid air. They
pierce their prey
with their horny
proboscis and
suck its juices.
Robber fly
Cyclorrh
apha
Includes
flies that
breed in
vegetable
and
animals.
The sub-
order
Cyclorrha
pha is
further
classified
into the
Aschiza
and the
Schizoph
ora.
Phoridae
Phorid flies are
minute or small.
The Phoridae ar
e a family of
small, hump-
backed flies rese
mbling fruit
flies. Phorid
flies can often
be identified by
their escape
habit of running
rapidly across a
surface rather
than taking to
the wing.
Phorid fly
Syrphidae:
Hoverflies are
abundant on
flowers much of
the year and
feed on nectar
and pollen.
Many of them
look like bees or
wasps.
Hover fly
Eristalistenax
(drone fly)

11. 11
Piophilidae
skippers:
Most skipper
flies are tiny
(about 5 mm
[0.2 inch] long),
shiny black in
colour, and have
long, fleshy
mouthparts.
They also are
found in
decaying animal
Material.
Cheese fly
Sarcophagidae
(flesh fly):
They are similar
in appearance to
the house fly but
are characterized
by blackish
stripes on the
gray thorax
Sarcophaga
(flesh fly)
ORDE
R
CHARACTER
ISTIC
FEATURES
SUB-
ORDER
S
FAMILIES EXAMPLES ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE
COLE
OPTE
RA
Coleo =
Sheath
ptera=
wing
The largest
order of extant
animals
(250,000)
species.
The
distinguishing
feature of order
coleoptera is
hardening of
four wings,
They
have two
common
sub
orders.
1.Adeph
aga.
Notopleu
ral suture
on
prothorax
1.Carabidae
Entirely
terrestrial,includi
ng ground beetle,
Epomis. ground beetle
Epomis
Many beetles are
regarded as
major pests of
agricultural
plants and stored
products. They
attack all parts of
living plants as
well as
processed fibers,
grains, and wood
products.

12. 12
having six legs
and antenna.
They usually
have two pairs
of wings.
The front wing
is hard and
shield like and
hind wings are
membranous
and are folded
under the front
wings when at
rest.
All beetles
included in this
order have
complete
metamorphosis.
They have
chewing
mouthparts.
, aquatic,
Hind legs
fringed
with hairs
and
flattened.
Ground
beetles,
tiger
beetles,
predaciou
s diving
beetles,
and
whirligig
beetles.
2.Haliplidae
Aquatic,common
name crawling
beetle which is
not strong
swimmer
Adult and larvae
are found
together on
vegetation along
the margin of
ponds.
Crawling beetle
Scavengers and
wood boring
beetles are
useful as
decomposers
and recyclers of
organic nutrients.
3.Aspidytidae
Aquatic,includin
g the cliff water
beetle. Cliff waterbeetle
2.Polyph
aga
Notopleu
ral suture
absent.
Largest
suborder
of order
coleopter
an
including
rove
beetle,sca
rabsbeetl
e,darklin
gbeetle,m
etalic
wood
1.Meloidae
(blister beetle)
Larval
parasities,adult
herbivores. Blister beetle
2.Buprestidae
(metallic wood
borers).
Herbivores,larva
e are known as
flat headed wood
borers.
Metallic wood
borer

13. 13
borers,bli
ster
beetle.
3.Coccinellidae
(lady beetle)
Adult and larvae
are predators of
aphid and scale
inscts.
Lady beetle
4.Tenebrionidae
(darkling beetle)
Herbivores
found in
flowers,rotting
wood etc.
Darkling beetle
5.Scarabaeidae
(Scarab beetle)
Herbivores,usual
ly live in soil as
larvae and feed
on plant roots.
Scarab beetle
ORDE
R
CHARACTER
ISTIC
FEATURES
SUB-
ORDER
S
FAMILIES EXAMPLES ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE
Hymen
optera
Two pairs of
wings.
Forewings are
larger than hind
wings. Female
have hardened
ovipositor.
They have
constrictions
between first
two segments.
Chewing mouth
parts.
Triangular
stigma and
compound eyes
are usually
Hymenop
tera is
divided
into two
suborders
.
Symphyt
a:
Sawflies
and horn
tails
(sawflies
and
horntails)
have a
broad
junction
Siricoidea:
Sawflies and
Horntails family.
Tenthredinoide
a
Fig fort saw fly
(Neodipronleco
nte
Young African
saw fly
(Tenthridomeso
meia)
Although some
species are
regarded as pest
but some are
most beneficial
e.g honey bees
or as natural
enemies of insect
pests (parasitic
wasp) or also
beneficial s
pollinators of
flowering plants
(bees and
wasps).

14. 14
large. between
thorax
and
abdomen
Anaxyelidae
Pamphilioidea
Cephoidea
Wood wasp
(Synteixleboced
rii)
Dog wood saw
fly
(Acantholydaen
emoralis)
Stem saw fly
(Calamutafilifor
mes)

15. 15
Apocrita
(ants
,bees and
wasps)
Have
narrow
junction
between
thorax
and
abdomen
and they
are very
caterpilla
r like in
appearan
ce.
Apoidea:
Ants ,bees and
wasp family.
Chrysidoidea
Vespoidea
Formicoidea
Western honey
bee
(Apismellifera)
Claptoparasitic
wasp
(Chrisisviridula
)
Bald faced
hornet
(Dolichovespul
a maculate)
Fire ants
(Formica rufa)

16. 16
ORDE
R
CHARACTER
ISTICS
SUB-
ORDER
S
FAMILIES EXAMPLES ECONOMIC
IMPORTANCE
HEMI
PTER
A :
Hemi=
half;pte
ra=win
g
Variable form
of antennae
:may be short,
long or
conspicuous
:having only 4-
5 slender
segments.
Phytophagous;p
ersing and
sucking
mouthparts
Pronotum shield
dorsal side of
prothorax.
Triangular
scutellum
present behind
pronotum.
Compound eyes
with 3 ocelli
present.
Two pairs of
wings,some
species are
wingless,some
have only
forewigs.
Tarsi 2 or 3
segmented.
3 sub-
orders :
Heteropte
ra:True
bugs
THREE
LARGEST
FAMILIES:
Miridae: (plant
bugs).Itincludes
plant bugs. most
species feed on
plants,but some
are predaceous.
Lygaeinus:
(seed bugs)
Most species are
seed feeders ,a
few are
predatory.
Pentatomidae:
(stink
bugs)Shield
shaped body
with large
triangular
scutellum.
Most species are
herbaceous
,some are
predators.Scent
glands that
produce
unpleasant odor.
FAMILIES OF
TERRESTIAL
HERBIVORES:
Tingidae:
lace bugs
Coreidae:
squash bugs and
leaffooted bugs.
(Rhabdomirisstr
iatellus)
(Leptoglossusoc
cidentalis)
(Halyomorphah
alys)
Lace
bug(Tanybyrsac
umberi)
(Anasa tristis)
Heteropterans
regularly cause a
wide variety and
large number of
problems for
humans - at
times on a
catastrophic
scale. The
37,000 described
species of this
suborder
including many
pests, disease
transmitters, and
nuisances exist
worldwide,
inflicting
damage on
crops, forests,
orchards, and
human life.
Heteroptera can
be serious crop
pests, harmful to
humans, or can
be valuable as
biological
control agents
.
Other
hemipterans
have positive
uses, such as in
the production of
the dyestuffs
cochineal and
crimson,
or shellac.

17. 17
Alydidae
:broadheaded
bugs
Rhopalidae:sce
ntless plant bugs.
Berytidae: stilt
bugs
FAMILIES OF
TERRESTIAL
PREDATORS:
Reduvildae:
assassin bugs.
Phymatidae:am
bush bugs
Anthocoridae:m
inute pirate bugs
(Anoplocnemisc
urvipes)
(Alyduscalcarat
u)
(Jaderahaemato
loma)
Stilt bug
(Rhynocorisirac
undus)
(Jagged
Phymata)
(Oriustristicolo

18. 18
Sternorr
hyncha :
Aphids,sc
aleinscts,l
erps and
mealy
bugs.
FAMILIES OF
AQUATIC
PREDATORS:
Gerridae: water
striders
Nepidae:
water scorpions
Belostomatide:g
iant water bugs
Naucoridae:cree
ping water bugs
Notonectidae:
backswimmers
Aleyrodidae:
White fly
Coccidae:
Scale bug
Aphididae:
r)
(Aquarius
remigis)
(Nepacinerea)
(Lethocerusame
ricanus)
(Ambrysusmor
mon)
(Notonectaglau
ca)
(Trialeurodesva
porariorum)
(Icerya purchas

19. 19
Aucheno
rrhynch
a:
hoppers
Aphid
Phylloxeroida:
Phylloxera bugs
Psylloidea:
Jumping bugs
Cicadellidae:
Green
leafhoppers
Lophopidae:
Sugarcane
pyrilla
Delphacidae:
White backed
planthopper
Cicadidae:
Cicada
i)
(Macrosiphini
Uroleucon)
(Daktulosphair
avitifoliae)
(Psylla alni)
(Cicadellaviridi
s)
(Pyrillaperpusil
l)
(Sogatellafurcif
era)
(Neotibicenlinn
ei)

20. 20
ORDER CHARAC
TERISTIC
S
SUB-ORDERS FAMILIES EXAMP
LES
ECONO
MIC
IMPORT
ANCE
Lepidopter
a:
The name
Lepidopter
a, derived
from the
Greek
words "lepi
do" for
scale
and "ptera"
for wings,
refers to the
flattened
hairs
(scales) that
cover the
body and
wings of
most
adults.
Two pairs
of
membranou
s wings that
are covered
with tiny
scales
which give
colour,
rigidity and
strength.
Large
compound
eyes.
One ocelli
(simple
eye) with
simple lens,
present
above each
eye.
Antennae
present.
Butterflies
generally
have
Clavate
antennae.
Sometimes
clubbed.
Mouth
parts are
formed into
a sucking
tube known
as
proboscis
Have 4 Sub - orders :-
Zeugloptera
(mandibulate archaic moths)
Micropterig
oidea:
They are
considered
the most
primitive ext
ant lineage
of lepidopter
a . The name
comes from
the Greek
for mikros,
little
and pterux, a
wing.
Micropt
erixaure
oviridell
a (archai
c moth)
Lepidopt
era form
an
essential
part of
most
natural
terrestrial
ecosyste
ms.
Adult
butterflie
s and
moths
preyed
upon by
birds and
bats.
Lepidopt
eron help
in plant
growth
regulatio
n by
nutrient
cycling .
When
their
populatio
n level is
high they
can act as
agent of
plant
communi
ty
successio
Aglossata Agathiphagi
dae, known
as kauri
moths.
The
caterpillars
feed only on
"kauri"
A.
queensla
ndensis(
Kauro
moth)

21. 21
by
elongation
of galeaei.e
Siphoning
type.
Heterobathmiina: Heterobath
miidae:
Primitive,
day-flying,
metallic
moths
confined
to South
America.
Metallic
moth
n.
Most
adult
butterflie
s and
moths
feed on
nectar
inside
flowers
using
their
proboscis
to reach
nectar
hidden at
the base
of petal.
Butterflie
s and
moth
affect the
economy
negativel
y because
they are
pests in
agricultur
e.
Some
species
are
valuable
economic
resource.
Glossata:
Families of moths and
butterflies.
Butterflies
family:
Nymphalida
e:
Brushfooted
butterflies.
Largest
butterflies
family.
Brush
footed
butterfly
Danaidae:
Milk weed
butterflies.
Includes the
monarch.
Monarch
butterfly
(Danausp
lexippus)
Pieridae:
White or
yellow with
black
markings.
Cabbage
worm
(Piersrap
ae)
Papilionidae
:
Swallowtail
butterflies. Papilio
glaucus

22. 22
Lyeaenidae:
Blues,
coppers and
hairstreaks.
Brown
hairstreak
Moth
families:
Tineidae
Clothes
moths
Tineolab
isselliell
a
Sesiidae:
Clearwing
moths.
Many are
pests of fruit
and
vegetables.
Synanth
edonexit
iosa
Saturniidae:
Giant silk
moth.
Large,
colourful
moths.
Saturnii
dae
Arctiidae:
Tiger moths.
Usually
white with
black, red,
yellow or
orange
markings.
Arctiaca
ja
Noctuidae:
Loopers,
owlet moths
and
underwings.
Many
species are
pests.
Agrotisi
psilon

23. 23
REFERENCES:
 Adapted from Gullan P.J. & P. S. Cranston. 2010. The Insects: An Outline of Entomology
 Wheeler, W. C., M. Whiting, Q. D. Wheeler, and J. M. Carpenter. 2001. The phylogeny
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