PPt

1. Dr Muneer Ahmad
Associate Professor
Entomology DARS,SKUAST-Kashmir

3. Effects of pesticides
•Direct impact on humans
•Impact through food commodities
•Impact on environment
•Surface water contamination
•Ground water contamination
•Soil contamination
•Effect on soil fertility (beneficial soil microorganisms)
•Non-target organisms(pollinators,Parasitiods,predators)

4. A system that, in the context of the associated
environment and the population dynamics of the pest
species,utilises all suitable techniques and methods
in as compatible manner as possible and maintains
the pest populations at levels below those causing
economic injury -FAO-(1967)

5. 1. Correct identification of insect pests
2 Life history and behavior of the pest
3. Natural enemies and weather factors affecting pest
population
4. Finding out ETL (Economic Threshold Level) for each
pest in a crop
5. Need and timing of control measure - Decision

7. Rotation of crops
Proper plant spacing
Clean cultivation
Removal / Destruction of alternate host
Selection of variety
Use of High Seed rate: Agrotis yipsilon
Fertilizer management
Sowing Time
Tillage/Ploughing
Trap cropping

8. • Removal and destruction of egg masses.
• Use of hand net and bag nets
• Use of light traps and destruction of trapped insects.
• Use of rope for dislodging leaf feeding larvae e.g. caseworm and
leaf folders
• Use of pheromones for mating disruption, monitoring pest levels
and mass trapping
•Sieving and winnowing
•Mechanical Exclusion

10.  Low temperatures,(below 4 degree c) makes insects Inactive and so
prevents damage.
 Increasing the CO2 concentration in controlled atmosphere of stored
grains to cause asphyxiation in stored product pests.
 Heating:- Stored grain pests can be killed by three hour exposure to 51.5
to 54.5 degree c.
 Ionizing radiations:-
The X-rays and gamma rays are ionizing radiations which provide
controlling of stored grain pests.This they can do by
By Killing them by Sterilizing them
 Use of Sound in fields
 Proper sun drying
 Proper airation in storage

11. Use of Predators
Use of Parasitoids
By two ways 1-Innoculation
2-Innundation

12. CHEMICAL CONTROL (Last option in IPM)
Chemical control: Management of insect pests using chemical
pesticides is termed as chemical control.
Pesticides: Chemicals which are used to kill pests
Insecticides: Chemicals which are used to kill insects.
Only recommended doses should be sprayed
Disadvantage:-
1 Adverse effect on environment, animals and man himself