This document provides an overview of basic C++ programming concepts covered in Chapter 2 of a textbook. It discusses program structure, including preprocessor directives, namespaces, functions, and input/output statements. It also covers fundamental programming concepts like data types, variables, operators, and header/library files. The document serves as an introductory reference for someone learning the basic building blocks of C++ programming.

1. C++ Programming Basics
Chapter 2:
Ms. Munazza Mah Jabeen
Assistant Professor of Computer Science

2. Basic Program Construction:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << “Every age has a language of its ownn”;
return 0;
}

3. Basic Program Construction:
• Directives
• Preprocessor Directives
• Header Files
• Include Two Ways:
• #include< >
• #include “ ”
• The using Directive
• Namespaces
• Always Start with main()
• Functions
• Function Name
• Braces and the Function Body
• Program Statements
• Whitespace
• String Constants
• Statement Terminator
• Comments
• //
• /* … */

4. Input / Output Statements:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int ftemp; //for temperature in Fahrenheit
cout << “Enter temperature in Fahrenheit: “;
cin >> ftemp;
int ctemp = (ftemp-32) * 5 / 9;
cout << “Equivalent in Celsius is: “ << ctemp << ‘n’;
return 0;
}

5. Language Basics:
Data Types
• Numeric
• Non-floating point
• Short
• Integer
• Long
• Floating –Point
• Float
• Double
• Non-Numeric
• Character
• String
• Boolean

6. Language Basics:
• Data Type:
• Conversion
• Casting
• Declarations
• Definitions
• Variable Names
• Initialization
• Assignment Statements
• Variables Defined at Point of Use
• The const Qualifier
• The #define Directive
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#define PI 3.142
main()
{
// const float PI = 3.142;
float radius=0.0, area=0.0;
cout << "Enter Radius of the Circle == > ";
cin >> radius;
area = PI * radius * radius ;
cout << " Radius of Circle is " << radius << " Area of the
Circle is " << area << endl;
}

7. #include<iomanip>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
main()
{
cout << "Lahore" << setw(20) << setfill('.') << "500 Km"<<endl;
}
IOMANIP:
• The IOMANIP Header File
• The endl Manipulator
• The setw() Manipulator
• The setfill() Manipulator

8. Escape Sequences:

9. Operators:
• Arithmetic Operators ( + , - , / , * , % )
• Increment / Decrement ( ++ , -- )
• Prefix / Postfix ( a++ , ++a , a-- , --a )
• Assignment Operator ( = )
• Arithmetic Assignment Operator ( += , -= , /= , *= , %= )
• Relational operators ( > , < , >= , <= , == , != )
• Logical Operators
• And / Or / Not ( &&, || , ! )

10. Header Files and Library Files:
#include <iostream> //for cout, etc.
#include <cmath> //for sqrt()
using namespace std;
int main()
{
double number, answer; //sqrt() requires type double
cout << “Enter a number: “;
cin >> number; //get the number
answer = sqrt(number); //find square root
cout << “Square root is “
<< answer << endl; //display it
return 0;
}