Plantation Crops/Fruits

1. H/FS-358
PLANTATION CROPS
By
Mr. M. A. Khan Sir

2. Topic :- Identification and
description of plantation crops.

3. 1.COCONUT :- (Kalpavriksha).
 Botanical Name :- Cocos nucifera L.
 Family :- Arecaceae.
 Chromosome No.:- 2n=32.
 Origin :- Malaysia and Indonesia.
 Climate :- Humid tropical climate.
Temperature range between 27℃ to 32℃.
Rainfall – 1800-2500 mm/years.
Sunshine 2000 hours/years.
 Soil :- Well drained, littoral sand to heavest clays.
Having pH range is 5.2-8 is ideal.

4.  Varities :- 1).West Coast Tall. 2).Lakshadweep ordinary.
3)Tiptur Tall. 4).Spicata. 5).Benanulim Tall (pratap).
6). Kerachandra . 7). Chandra shekhara.
8). Laksha ganga. 9).VHC-3.
 Propagation :- Seed nuts 9-12 month old seedling for planting.
 Planting layout :- Square System.
Spacing-7.5 m × 7.5 m in June – July.
 Flowering time :- 3-4 year in dwarf.
4-5 year in tall.
 Harvesting time :- Harvest 10-12 month after flowering.
 Yield :- 80-100 nuts/palm/years.

5. 2. ARECANUT :-
 Botanical Name :- Areca catechu.
 Family :- Arecaceae.
 Chromosome No. :- 2n=32.
 Origin :- India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh,
Burma and Thailand.
 Climate :- Tropical hot and humid climate.
Temp- minimum 4℃ & maximum 40℃.
. Rainfall- Abundent & well distrubuted,
more than 4500 me rainfall.
 Soil :- Deep well drained soil, laterite,red loam
. And Alluvial hoil are most suitable.

6.  Varieties :-1).Mangala. 2). Sumangala. 3). Sreemangal. 4). Mohitnagar.
5).Kahikuchi Tall. 6). Swarnamangala. 7). Sagar. 8).SAS-1.
9). Kasaragod local. 10). Calicut-17. 11). Shriwardhan.
12). Thirthahalli. 13). Vittal Areca Hybrid 1 & 2..
 Propagation :- Seed nuts
 Planting layout :- Square and Rectangular System.
. May and June planting time.
Spacing – 2.7 m × 2.7 m.
 Harvesting time. :- November- March.
. 9-11 months maturity time.
. Only ripe nuts are harvested ,nuts turn orange yellow and
husk.
 Yield :- 2 kg challi/koltapak.

7. 3.COCOA :-
 Botanical Name :- Theobroma cacao L .
 Family :- Stercullieaceae.
 Chromosome No :- 2n=20.
 Origin :- Amazon region of South America.
 Climate :- Tropical crop,High humidity at all time.
Temperature range 15℃ -39℃.
Rainfall about 150-200 cm/years.
 Soil :- Deeper and richer soil are favorable,
well drained,forest soil rich in humus.
pH range 6.5-7.0 is ideal.

8.  Varieties :- 1).Criollo. 2). Forestero. 3). Trinitarios.
 Propagation :- By seed,cutting, budding and soft wood grafting .
 Planting layout :- Square System,
Spacing -2.5 × 2.5 m to 3.0 × 3.0 m and 2.7 × 2.7 m.
Seedling of 6 months old are used.
 Harvesting time :- 2nd yrs after planting,
pod develop 140–160 days,10-15 days intervals.
September to January.
 Yield :- 20-35 kg ripe pods/trees or 100-131 pod/plant.

9. 4.CASHEWNUT :-
 Botanical Name :- Anacardium occidentale L.
 Family :- Anacardiaceae.
 Chromosome No. :- 2n= 42.
 Origin :- South Eastern Brazil.
 Climate :- It is a tropical crop.
Temperature range 19℃ -35℃.
. Sunshine 2000-2400 hours/years.
 Soil :- Cashew being a Hardy crop.
. It can be grown on a wide range of soils.
Avoid soil are heavy, waterlogged conditions.

10.  Varities :1). NRCC-2. 2). Vengurla-4. 3). Vengurla-7. 4).Bapatla-1.
5).Vridachalam (VRI-1 to VRI-2). 6).Dhana (H-1608). 7).UN-50.
8).Madakkathara-1. 9). KGN-1. 10). Priyanka. 11).Dharashree.
12). Anagha. 13).Sulabha. 14).Kanak. 15).Ullal-1 to Ullal-4.
16). Chintamani cashew-1.
 Propagation :- By Seed, Soft wood grafting, Air layering and Budding.
 Planting layout :- Square System. Sapcing 8×8 m or 4×4 m.
 Flowering time :- Seedling start bearing in 3-4 years.
 Harvesting :- Fully mature nuts,greyish brown In colours,
nuts take 45-66 day to mature.
 Yield :- 10-15 kg/raw nuts trees.

11. 5. Palmyra Palm:(Kalpagathara)
 Botanical Name :- Borassus flabellifer L.
 Family :- Arecaceae.
 Chromosome No :- 2n=36.
 Origin :- Tropical Africa.
 Climate :- High temperature and heavy wind.
Dry area with low rainfall are ideal.
 Soil :- Deep,sandy and loamy soil.
Palm jaggary grown on calcarius soil are
more sweeter.
 Varieties :- SVPR -1.

12.  Propagation :- By Seed.
 Edible Product :- Neera,Toddy,Sugar, Jaggary,candy and
vinegar.
 Planting layout :- Triangular system is done.
Sapcing- 3m × 3m.
 Harvesting :- Tapping of extraction of sap and neera from
inflorescence.
Tapping in 10-12 years after planting.
 Yield :- 50-200 fruits in 6-12 bunches/tree/years.

13. 6. Oil Palm:-
 Botanical Name :- Elaeis guineensis jaeq.
 Family :- Arecaceae.
 Chromosome No. :- 2n=32.
 Origin :- Africa (Weat Africa).
 Climate :- Humid tropical palm.
It is a sun loving palnt.
Temperature range of 20℃ to 27℃.
Rainfall-2500-4000 mm.
 Soil :- Deep permeable soil rich in humus.
Avoid heavy soil with poor drainage.
While pH range 6.5 -7.5 is ideal.

14.  Varieties :- 1).Dura. 2).Tenera. 3).Pisifera.
 Propagation :- By seed.
 Planting layout :- Square and Triangular system.
Planting season of may to june.
Saacing 9m ×9m or 10m ×10m.
 Harvesting :- Oil pan near 2-3 years after palnting. June to July of
harvesting time.
Fully ripe fruit bunches are harvested.
Harvesting should be done at every 7-14 day interval.
 Yield :- 12 tonn/year/ha. And oil yield 2-6 tonn of oil.

15. 7. Coffee :-
 Botanical Name :- Coffea arabica.
 Family :- Rubiaceae.
 Chromosome No :- 2n=44.
 Origin :- Ethiopia.
 Climate :- Hot and humid,medium to light shade
depending on green trees.
Temperature range 15℃-25℃.
. Rainfall- 1600-2500mm.
 Soil :- Deep,friable rich in organic matter.
Well drained and slightly acidic .
pH range 6-6.50 is ideal.

16.  Varieties :-1). Sel-1. 2).Sel-3 (S-795). 3). Sel-7 (San Raman Hybrid).
4).Sel-8 (Hybrido-De Timor). 5). Sel-12 (cauvery/catimor).
 Propagation :- By Seed, cutting and grafting.
 Planting layout :- Square System.
Sapcing-6’×6’ or 5’×5’.
 Harvesting :- After 5th year Harvesting. Arabica ( Nov-Jan) and
Robusta (Dec-Feb).
The berries are harvested when they turn red to deep
crimson colour.
Season – October- Feburary.
 Yield :- 100-1200 kg/ha . Irrigated 2000-5000 kg/ ha.

17. 8.Tea :-
 Botanical Name :- Camellia sinensis L.
 Family :- Camelliaceae.
 Chromosome No. :- 2n=30.
 Origin :- South East Asia.
 Climate :- Tea is a sub-tropical species.
Moist and warm climate are prefers.
Temperature range between 13℃-29℃.
Rainfall-125-750 cm.sea level up to
2460 m above MSL.
 Soil :- Rich in organic matter with well drained situation.
Lightest of sand to the stiffest of clay and include
silts and Loam and even peat soil.
. While pH range 4.5 – 5 is ideal.

18.  Varieties :- 1). UPASI -3. 2). UPASI-8. 3).UPASI-9. 4).UPASI-17.
4).UPASI-24. 5). ATK-1. 6).SA-6. 7).TRI-2025.
 Propagation :- By seed, Grafting, semi-hard-wood-cutting & Budding.
 Planting layout :- Single and double hedge system.
Spacing is 1.5m × 1.5m or 1.2m × 0.75m.
Planting season October-November & May-June.
 Harveating :- 2-3 leaves and apical bud.3-4 year old of tea plant.
 Yield :- Low yield-20 q/ha.
Medium yield- 20-30 q/ha.
High yield- above 30 q/ha.

19. 9.Rubber :-
 Botanical Name :- Heave brasilensis Muel-Arg.
 Family :- Euphorbiaceae.
 Chromosome No :- 2n=36.
 Origin :- Amazon river basin of Sothern America.
 Climate :- Warm humid climate.
Temperature 21℃-35℃.
. Rainfall-200 cm.
Sunshine – 6 hours/day.
 Soil :- Laterite and red alluvial soil.
Minimum of 125 cm of depth.
pH 5.5-6.5 is ideal.

20.  Varieties :- 1). TJIR-1. 2). GT-1. 3). GI-1. 4).PB-86.
5).RRIM-600. 6). RRIM-628. 7). RRIM-703.
 Propagation :- By seed and Bud grafting.
 Planting layout :- Square and triangular system.
Spacing is 4.9m×4.9m And 6.7m×3.4m.
Planting season is June.
 Harvesting :- Tapping of latex 7 years after planting.
 Yield :- Rubber yield – 375 kg/ha/annum.
Latex yield – 1000-2000 kg/ha.

21. 10. Beetel Vine:-
 Botanical Name :- Piper betle.
 Family :- Piperaceae.
 Chromosome No :- 2n=32.
 Origin :- India, Srilanka, Malaysia and Indonesia.
 Climate :- Tropical with high atmospheric humidity.
Temperature is minimum 10℃ and
maximum 40℃.
Annual rainfall is 200-450 cm is ideal.
 Soil :- Well drained fertile soil.
Laterite soil is very well. Waterlogged,
saline and alkaline soil are unsuitable.
pH 7-7.5 is ideal range.

22.  Varieties :- 1). Desawari. 2). Bangla. 3). Kapoori. 4). Sanchi.
5). Maghai.
 Propagation :- Terminal stem cutting or setts about 30-45 cm
long.
 Planting layout :- 100×10 cm or 80×20 cm.
Planting season is November – December &
January – Feburary.
 Harvesting :- 3-6 month time,Vine grown to hight 150-180
cm.15 days interval of harvesting.
 Yield :- 75-100 lakh leaves/ha/years.