plantation crops

1. 1.Tea:- 2n = 30 -Camellia Sinensis -Theaceae - China South east asia.
2.Coffee:- n= 11 , 2n= 22, -Coffea arebica, Coffea cenephora linden (robusta) –
Rubiaceae - Ethopia .
3.Rubber:- 2n=36 - Heavia brasilinensis Mull arg – Euphorbiaceae - Brazil.
4.Cocoa:- 2n=20 – Theobroma cocoa - Sterculiaceae ,Malvaceae - South america.
5.Cashew :- 2n=42 – Anacardium Occidentale – Anacardiaceae – South eastern
Brazil.
6.Coconut:- 2n=32 – Cocus Nucifera - Arecacea ,Palme – South east Asia.
7.Arecanut :- 2n= 32 - Areca Catechu - Arecacea ,Palme - Malayan
Archipelago,Philliphins.
8.Palmyrah:- 2n=36 – Borosus fleballifer - Arecacea ,Palme – Tropical Africa.
9.Oil Palme :- 2n=32 – Elaeis guineenis Jacq. –Arecacea ,Palme – West Africa.
10.Cinchona:- 2n=34 – Cinchona Sp,Sinensis – Rubiaceae – South America.
11.Betal Vine:- n=13, 2n=26 – Piper Betle – Arecacea

2. 1.Tea:-C.asamica (Asam jats) -Tree,Sparse flowering.
C.Sinensis (China Jats)-Shrub,Profuse flowering.
Highly Cross polinated Crops.
2.Coffee:-70 Species ,But two speciesa economical importance:-
 C.Arabica(Arabica Coffee)-Tetraploid-Berries 10-20 per node-Self Pollinated.
 C.Cenephora (Robusta Coffee)-Diploid-Berries 40-60 per node
- CrossPollinated.
 Short day plant- Fruit is Drupe contains two seed. Single seed called“Peaberry”.
3.Rubber:-Tree is sturdy Tall and quick growing-Annual leaf fall knows
‘Wintering”
Unisexual- Pollination is by Insect – Latex vessel are present in all
parts tree.
4.Cocoa:- Perennial tree - Pollination is by Insect midges-Petal pouch like Lower
parts and Spatula shaped upper parts. Vertical Stem is called
“Chupan”.Horizantal branches is called “Fan or Jorquette”.Tree grow
in Tiers.

3. 5.Cashew nut:-Tree is Low spreading-Monoecious type flower-Pollination Wind-Fleshy peduncle
“Cashew Apple” is Juicy and sweet-rich source Vit.-C and Sugar. Cashew fruit is
Kidney shaped. Inflorocence :Poly gamomonocious..
6.Coconut:- The palme is Monoecious. Fruit is large and one seeded drup. Endocarp used
Making toys and buttons .Mesocarp Husk used for Coir fiber making. Male parents
For hybrid Choughat orange . Coconut husk:-COIR(70%), FIBER(30%). Full mature
nut :- 30-40% coir . Two form of copra:-1. Edible –ball and cup copra.2. Milling copr.
7.Arecanut:- Monoecious. – Cross pollinated – Single seeded berry .
8.Palmyrah palme:- Perenial plant.-Dioecious berry axillary spadix. Fruit is drupe .tree seeded.
9. Oil palme:- Monoecious. Highly cross pollinatted crops. Ablation:- removal male ,female flowe
10.Cinchona :- The important species which are under commercial cultivation--
C. Ledgeriana,C.Oficinelis,C.Robusta,C.Succiruba. Cross polinated
Ablation :- Removal male and female flower produced early stage of plantation.

4. 1.Tea:- UPASI has so far released 27 clones.
 UPASI-2 ( Jayaram)- suiitable for all elevation.
 UPASI-3(Sundaram)- Very high yielding and quality Clone.
 UPASI-6(Brooklands).
 UPASI-8( Golconda)- High yielding and suitable for all elevation.
 UAPASI-9(Athrey)
 UPASI-10(Pandin)-Highly clone , Resistance for drought wind.
 UPASI-14(Singara)-Quality clone.
 UPASI-17(Swarna)-High yielding clone.
 TRF-1 ,TRF (Srilanka) etc.
BIO CLONAL SEED STOCK:- Recommended to be used as “infills” also for
replanting drought prone areas.
2. Coffee:- CCRI Balhanur Karnataka.
1.S-795(Sin-3) - Most popular varities Occupe 70% total coffee area.
2. Sin-5b 3.Sin-7 (Ramon – Mutant) 4.Cauvery 5.Chandragiri 6.Chioccie 7.Chick
8.Kent 9. Blue mauntain 10Agro.

5. 3.Rubber:- Clone varieties has developed by RRI Malayam – Kottayam Kerela.
 PRIMARY CLONE:- 1. TJIR-1 2.G.T.1 3.G.I.1 4.PB.86,206.
 SECONDARY CLONE:-1.PRIM-600,628
 TERTIARY CLONES:- PRIM-703.
4.Cocoa:-Commercial cocoa has tow major varieties 1. CRIOLLO 2. FORESTERO.
Other is :- Trinitarion: cross is criollo and forestero.
o Criollo type produce best quality of cocoa.
5.Cahew:-Cross pollinated
 Maharashtra:- VENGURLA1-8
 Tamil nadu:- VRI 1
 Karnataka:- ULLAL and CHINTAMANI.
 DCR:- NRCC 1 .
 AP :- BPP
 OTHER:- DAMODAR ANAKKAYAM
6.Coconut:-

6. There are two types:-
1. TALL:- 1.West Coast tall 2. East cost tall 3. Kalpa dhenu 5. Kalpa pritibha
6.Kalpa tharu 7.Kalpa tharitha 8.Chandra kalpa 9.Laccadive ordinary
10.Andman ordinary 11.Sanramon 12.Pratap 13.Laguna.
2.DWARF:- 1.Choughat orange dwarf 2.Choughat green dwarf 3.Gangabondam
4.Gudanjali. 5.Coconino 6.Mangipod 7.Nuleka.
HYBRID:- Chandra sankara , Kera sankara , Kera ganga Chandra laksha, Chandra ganga.
7.Arecanut:- Sreevardhan, Thirthahalli , Mohitnagar , Kahikuchi , Herehalli,
Samrudhi , Sumangla, Sree Mangla .
8.Palmyrah:- Palmyrah research station Srivilliputhur(T.A.N.U.) has released one
varieties SVPR-1
9.Oil Palme:- The best classification besed on fruit structures:-
 DURA:- Shell present
 PISIFERA:-Shell absent - commercial palme -- pea like kernels.
 Tenera:- Cross of dura and pisifera - high oil content .
RBD:- Refined bleached deodoured .

7. 1.Tea:- Temperature 16-32C. Leteritic , Alluvial, Peaty sooil. Exactic climate required
PH Range= 4-5. Propagated by :- Seed and Cutting. Planting 1.2×1.2m.
Pit size:- 30×30×45cm. Planting season:- june/july-sep/oct.
 Single and double hedge style planting is recommended in Tea.
2.Coffee:- Temperature 15-30C. Slighty acidic soil . PH range= 6-6.5.
3.Rubber:- Temperature 20-30C. Red lateritic loam soil. Ph range= 4.5-6. sp.4.9m
Propagation by Seed and Budding. Planting:-Rectangular ,squre.quincun
4.Cocoa:- Temperature 25C. Humid tropic climate. Natural soil. PH range= 4.5 – 7.
Propagation by Seed or vagetatively by bud.
5.Cashew:- Temperature 25-49C. Red Lateritic and sandy soil. Hardy tropical plant.
PH range= 8 . Softwood Grafting is commercially followed method pro.
 Very sensitive to Water logging. Pit size= 45×45×45cm.
6.Coconut- Temperature -27C. Sandy soil . PH range= 5.2-8.5 . Hileotropic plant.
Pit size=1×1×1. Spacing – 7.5 to 9m depending on crown size.

8. 7.Arecanut:- Temperature -14 to 36C. Lateric red loam soil. PH range=5-7.
Spacing-2.7×27m. Pit size-90×90×90cm. Propagation – Seednut.
 they are susceptible SUN SCORCH south and south west direction.
8.Palmyrah:- Propagated by seed. Tropical Crops. Sandy and Loam soil.
9.Oil Palme:- Temperature -22to 33C. All type soil.
1.Tea:-
 Weed control-=Dicot- Paraquat(gramoxone), 2 4-D (fernoxone)-1.4kg/h.
 Training:- For better frame development, Regular plucking field stage.
 Pruning:- Maintain convenient height for plucking, Induce more vegetative growth,
Remove dead and defunct wood, Remove knots and interlaced branches.

9. Rejuvention , Hard , Light , Skiffing Pruning. Collar pruning –severe most pruning.
 Tipping:-Removal of terminal portion of the shoot.
 Sprinkler - irrigation is the most common.
Plucking:- harvesting 2 to 3 leaves and a bud.
 Yield:- 2000-3000 tea kg/ha.
 Best Harvesting of tea:- Two leaves and a bud stage.
Withering:- first stage of proccesing. Main objects of Withering is removal 15-20%
Moisture of the leaves
 Manufacturing of Tea:-1. Orthodox method:-Light strength tea, 2.CTC method:-Light
strong tea. Following steps :- Withering ,Rolling,
fermentation,drying,grading.
 Compound responsible for colour of tea:- Theaflavins and Thearufigens.
2. Coffee:-
 Training:- single stem and multiple stem – followed India.
 Pruning;- June/july - Aug/sep.
 Soil management:- Digging, scuffiling or stirirng, Trenching, Mulching,
Weed control:- Gramoxone and Glyphosate 41 EC.
Irrigation:- Sprinkler.
 Arabica NPK:-160:120:160, Robusta NPK:-120:90:120 total.
Cured coffee is called Green Coffee which is the trade of market.
 Coffee contains :- Niacin which is use full to CURE skin diseases.

10. Stripping:- remaining green berries on the plant.
 Processing :- Two ways ---1. Parchment coffee:-Pulping , demucilaging and washing.
Wet method .
2. Cherry :- use Dry Method.
3. Rubber:- Cover cropping:- soil erosion and conserve soil moisture
 Tapping :- is done rubber removal of Letex.
Tapping cut should be at a slope 30 in budding plant and 25 in seedling tr.
Ridley:- Tapping technique.
Matrola:- Measure % of RUBBER.
Tapable girth 70% rubber.
Slaughter Tapping:-Old tree is called .
Latex contain average :-32% dry matter.
 Yield:- 375 kg /ha. National average yield per year=1-6tan/ha.
 Processing:- Latex-30-40%,resin-1-2%,protein-2-2.5%, sugar-1-1.5%, ASH-0.7-0.9%
Water-55-65%.
4.Cocoa:-
 Drip irrigation followed by Tamil nadu.
 Cocoa plants grow under the sade of coconut and arecanut plantation.
 Formation pruning is done young plant. Adjust height and first jorquette.
Sanitary pruning :- all unnescessary disease chupons.
 Structural pruning :- is done shape and canopy to desired size and architecture.

11. Bearing habit:- cauliflorus and shade lovnig.
 Processing: - Fermentation, box method, try method, basket method and dry met.
5.Cashew:-
Pruning:- Aug/sem.
 Manuring:- NPK:- 19:19:19
 Yield:- 6 kg/ha after 15 years.
 Kernel contain :- fat47%, protein 21%, carbohydrate
 Kernel :- don’t have a cholesterol.
 Gllining:- collect of nuts.
 Moisture contain dry kernel:-2-4%.
 They are 26 grade of export cashew kernel.
 Dwarf rootstock of cashew:- Anacardium pumilum.
 Processing:- Roasting:- most important method roasting:--- STEM METHOD.
 Best qualilty kernel are obtained :- Drum roasting.
 Max recovery of oil :- oil bath roasting.
 other method are:- Shelling , peeling, grading, packing.
 TOP WORKING:- Is practied in cashew for rejunation in old plant is called gllining.
6.Coconut:-
 Drip irrigation:- 30-40l/day.
 Monoluron contant of cocont oil has anti HIV Property.
 Yield:-80-100nuts/palm/year.
 Second growth in coconut stem as well as root is absent.

12.  Kurumba :- an immature nut containing refreshing clear liquid.
 55% Coconut production is consumed as raw .
 Coconut water :- 94.5 water+vit-c+vit-b+sugar + fiber.
 Harvesting:- is done CLIMBING TREE.
7. Arecanut:-
 Arecotine (0.7%) stimulating agent, present in arecanut.
 Polyphenol and tanins are responsibale for astringnet teste of nut.
 Trade type:-
1. Kalipak:- procced green nujts.
2. Kattakpak or Chali:- dired ripe nuts(most popular method)
3. Scented supari.
Yellow to orange red colour is the best.
 Nuli is made from tender nuts.
 Young seedling are best protected by raising banana crops during the early years.
 Fully ripe nuts Weight 30 gram.
 Yield:- 10kg /nut .
 Disorder :- Sun scorching, Nut spliting, Band disease .
8. Palmyrah:-
 NPK:-10 kg/pit before planting.
 Tending consists removing the presisting leave bases periodically.

13.  Tapping:- extraction of sap from the inflorescence is called tapping .
1. Aripanai:- is practiced for one and half month.
2. Vallupanai:- one month inflorescence.
3.Thattupalai:- is called young female inflorescence.
4. Kaivetty:- is emplyoed when the inflorescence is about 2 – 3 months old.
 Tapping is done january .
 The sap so tapped is called NEERA and PADANEER.
 OR jeggery obtained from palm is called neera.
 Neera on fermentation becomes toddy.
 Today in 5% alchol.
 Tender fruit :- Nungu.
 Other obtained :- palm cola, palm sugar.- sowft drink.
 Rich source :- carbohydrate , phosphorous , vit-c , iron ,Riboflavins and Niacin.
9. Oil palm:-
 Planting june to decmber.
 Drip, micro sprinkler irigation is apllly
 Palm wine is prepared by tapping male inflorscence.
 Palm wine is the most source of vit – B complex
 Palm oil is used in production margarine.
 Oil palm is highest edible oil yielding crop among perennial crops.
 Palmolin is prepared from crude oil.

14.  Palm oil rich palmitic acid. Vit- A&E.
 Separeted kernel are dried to final moisture of 6-8%.
 Stripping is done in oil Palm.
10 . Cinchona:-
 Coppicing consists of pruning the tree at height of 5 cm from the ground lavel.

16. x

17. 1.Mites
(Raoiella indica)
(Oligonychus
Indicus)
2. Spindle bug
(calvalhoia
Arecae)
3. Inflorenscens
Caterpillar
(tirathaba
mundella)
4. Koleroga or
Mahali
(phytophthora
Arecae)
5. Bud rot
(phytophthora
Palmivora).
6. Anabe roga .
Rhinoceros .
beetle and black
headed caterpilar .
Control measures
Are similer to those
recommended for
coconut…
1.Rhinoceros beetle.
2.Red palm weevil.
3.bud rot.
4. basal stem rot
(gonoderma spp.)
5.Stem wet rot.
6.spear rot
( Associated with
mycoplasma) .
1.Damping –off
(Pythium)
2.Tea mosquito bugs
(Helopeltis anntonii).

19. oAssam state is leading producer of tea in india 55%.
o India is largest producer consumer and exporter of tea in the world.
o 2nd important agriculture commodity exported from india.
oMost of tea garden are located at altiudes ranging from 1000 to 1200m.
Coffee:-
 India rank in coffee production in the world is 6th .
Coffee is 2nd important commodity in world trade petroleum products.
Arecanut:-
India is largest producer and consumer of arecanut.
Cocoa:-
Cocoa improvement work was stared in1980 in Karnataka.
Young cocoa fruits are called as “ cherlle” and willting perior to maturity is called
“cherelle wilting”(DISORDER).
Rubber:-
In world consupation ratio of natural to synthetic rubber is 39:61.
India ranks 3rd in rubber production and 5th in area and 1st in productivity in world.
A budded tree is considered as tappable when it attains a girth of 50cm at a height
of 125cm from the bud union.
India is 3rd largest producer of rubber next to Thailand and Indonesia sharing 9% of
global output.
India consumpation ratio of natural to synthetic rubber is 80:20.