First published on 24 April 2021 here: https://megalommatiscomments.wordpress.com/2021/04/24/uyghurs-eastern-turkestan-turkey-islam-china-and-kemal-ataturk-part-i/ Over the past decades, the Uyghurs have gradually become one of the most favorite topics of the distorting propaganda undertaken by the Western colonial powers; it is a pity that a great and historic nation turned out to be the indispensable mascot of every disinformation and misinformation campaign carried out by the Western mainstream media and by some of the leading social media in the Internet. More recently, themes related to the illustrious Turanian nation were promoted to the forefront of the clash between China and the corrupt, ailing and worthless Western world. However, in the case of the Uyghur nation and their land, i.e. the Tarim Basin, the lies diffused nowadays only pale if compared to the methodically established in the 19th c. and systematically expanded ever since academic fallacies about the Uyghurs, all the Turkic nations, Central Asia, Siberia, China, India, Iran, the so-called Middle East, and in general, the History of Asia. The same concerns of course Africa as well. Each and every historical distortion is due only to the evil political needs of the colonial powers, i.e. their attempt to subdue the world, by fooling the others in various ways that the colonial academia are not ashamed to call 'Orientalism', 'Humanities', and 'unbiased science'. That's why only very few scholars today have an idea about the true dimensions of the colonial falsehood, the extent of the historical falsification, and the disastrous targets that the colonial powers attempted through their enormous academic fallacy. This unfortunately concerns also the Uyghurs themselves because, due to various circumstances occurred over the past 300-400 years, they have been detached from their past and dissociated from part of their extraordinarily remarkable historical-cultural heritage, thus failing to achieve a proper nation building process.

1. Uyghurs, EasternTurkestan, Turkey, Islam,
China, and Kemal Ataturk – Part I
Over the past decades, the Uyghurs have gradually become one of the most favorite
topics of the distorting propaganda undertaken by the Western colonial powers; it is
a pity that a great and historic nation turned out to be the indispensable mascot of
every disinformation and misinformation campaign carried out by the Western
mainstream media and by some of the leading social media in the Internet. More
recently, themes related to the illustrious Turanian nation were promoted to the
forefront of the clash between China and the corrupt, ailing and worthless Western
world.
However, in the case of the Uyghur nation and their land, i.e. the Tarim Basin, the
lies diffused nowadays only pale if compared to the methodically established in the
19th c. and systematically expanded ever since academic fallacies about the Uyghurs,
all the Turkic nations, Central Asia, Siberia,China, India,Iran, the so-called Middle
East, and in general, the History of Asia. The same concerns of course Africa as well.
Each and every historical distortion is due only to the evil political needs of the
colonial powers, i.e. their attempt to subdue the world, by fooling the others in
various ways that the colonial academia are not ashamed to call 'Orientalism',
'Humanities', and 'unbiased science'. That's why only very few scholars today have
an idea about the true dimensions of the colonial falsehood, the extent of the
historical falsification, and the disastrous targets that the colonial powers attempted
through their enormous academic fallacy. This unfortunately concerns also the
Uyghurs themselves because, due to various circumstances occurred over the past
300-400 years, they have been detached from their past and dissociated from part of
their extraordinarily remarkable historical-cultural heritage, thus failing to achieve a
proper nation building process.
Ignorant and idiotic people, who believe the lies of the criminal gangsters of the
Western countries against China and accept the Western propaganda aboutthe so-
called oppression or persecution of the Uyghurs in Eastern Turkestan by the Chinese
authorities, are the disgrace of the human race, and they will soon have to pay an
enormously high price for their ignorance and idiocy. This concerns also several
foolish politicians in Turkey, notably Mansur Yavaş, the mayor of Ankara, and Meral
Akşener, the head of Iyi Parti, who recently took disastrous positions against China,
therefore only proving that they are on the CIA payroll.
Their sick sentimentalism and evil rhetoric heavily damage Turkey's national
interests, which are irrevocably linked with China. Not one Turk can today possibly
support and defend positions that help -in any sense- Turkey's enemies, namely US,
UK, EU, NATO, Canada,Australia and their likes. Either both, Mr. Yavaş and Ms.
Akşener, will return to common sense or they will contribute to the disastrous failure
of Turkey, which has been the quintessence of the miserable and anti-Turkish AKP
governments' policies since 2002.

2. On the contrary, sticking to Kemal Ataturk's secular concepts, principles and
practices, today's Turkey can become instrumental in solving the Uyghur problem, in
offering Beijing great assistance and effective advice in the matter, and in dragging
the embattled Uyghur nation far from the useless pseudo-Islamic theological
indoctrination, which has been diffused -in a most nauseating and disgusting
manner- by the ignorant, uneducated and villainous sheikhs and pseudo-professors
of Al Azhar, Madinah and other similar, backwardand pseudo-Islamic universities
of today's decayed Islamic world.
Better than anyone else, Turkey's Kemalists, and more particularly the members and
the deputies of CHP (Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi), are in a position to convincingly
explain to the Uyghurs the worldwide unique achievements made by Kemal Ataturk
and to pull them far from the evil manipulation undertaken by the colonial Western
countries against -not only the Uyghurs but also- all the Turanian nations.
If today's Uyghurs believe -in any way- even a single word uttered to them by the
monstrous, paranoid, disreputable and criminal statesmen, military, politicians,
diplomats, agents, academics, analysts, journalists, etc., they will all fall victims of a
scheme providing for the cynical utilization of their nation, and in the process they
will bring upon themselves their destruction. Any sort of contact, communication,
association or cooperation between the Uyghurs and any representative of the US,
UK, EU, NATO gangsters will only end with the fatal and total eradication of the
Uyghur nation, and the only responsible will be the naïve Uyghur pundits and
activists who thought it possible to communicate with the leeches and the parasites
of the Western world.
It has nothing to do with 'religion', and it is as simple as that: the inhuman monsters,
who rule the US, UK, EU, NATO, etc., do not give a damn about the Uyghurs and
their lives, let alone their souls. Already, these evil governments and their insidious
academia abominably disfigured and deliberately minimized the History of Uyghur
Nation in a shameful manner, concealing major achievements of the illustrious
Turanian nation.The demented, inhuman and devilish atheists, who rule London,
Paris, Brussels, and Washington D.C., do not care whetherthe Uyghurs pray in the
mosques or fast in Ramadhan;under other circumstances, they would be pleased to
throw thousands of insulting caricatures of prophet Muhammad inside the Uyghur
mosques and thus profane them. They only care to generate problems to their
principal rival: Beijing.
That's why the gangsters of US, UK, EU, NATO, etc. use the Uyghurs like their most
worn out shoes. The descendants of a major Turanian nation should not therefore fall
victims of the fetid and bestial pedophiles of the West, who first pay some millions of
dollars to the Uyghur traitors of the 'World Uyghur Congress', and then calmly enjoy
their abnormal lives, destroying young children's lives.
The present series of articles will shed light on the evil deeds and the criminal plans
that the mendacious and duplicitous Western 'supporters' of the Uyghurs have long
carried out and it will underscore the imperative need for a cordial alliance between
Turkey and China, which will reshape the world and ditch the anomalous, colonial
West in the landfill once for all.

3. Contents
I. The Dispute about the Uyghur Past and Heritage
II. A Brief Diagram of Uyghur History
III. Eastern Turkestan: the Clash of Terms for the Center of the World
IV. Turkey: the Turanian and the Islamic World's Foremost Example as a Secular
State
V. Islam: turned to a Theological System, Islam does not exist anymore as Religion
VI. China and the Problems of Eastern Turkestan - Xinkiang
VII. Kemal Ataturk: the Only True Salvation for today's Uyghurs
I. The Dispute aboutthe UyghurPast and Heritage
Uyghurs ( ‫ئ‬
‫ۇ‬
‫يغ‬
‫ۇ‬
‫رالر‬ - Уйғурлар /Uygurlar/維吾爾/Уйгуры) are one of the most
ancient and most important Turanian (Turkic) nations; as per a conventional, flawed
and Western colonial linguistic classification, Uyghur belongs to the Karluk category
of Turanian languages, like Uzbek. On the contrary, Turkmen, Turkish, Azeri and
other languages belong to the Oghuz (Oğuz) branch of Turanian languages, whereas
Tatar, Kazakh, Kyrgyz and several other languages form the Kipchak (Kıpçak/
Кипчак - Кыпчак) group of Turanian languages.
Uyghur History covers four (4) millennia documented in several languages and an
endlessly increasing material record; however, it has been detrimentally distorted by
Western colonial explorers and academics, notably English and French, since the
time of what was termed as the Great Game. This ominous term denotes basically the
19th c. antagonism of primarily German, Russian, English and French Orientalists,
explorers, scholars, secret agents, diplomats and statesmen for the fabrication of the
borders that each great powerwanted to impose in a vast area to which none of these
powers was related (Russia reached that area only by invading other kingdoms and
empires).
The various borderlines that were envisioned by the respective headquarters and
expressed only the wishes of Berlin, St. Petersburg, London and Paris needed to be
backed-up by aptly, properly and systematically falsified historiography, and
consequently, History 'had' to be written in a way so that it can be adjusted to each of
the aforementioned political interests that were opposite to one another. That's why
several gangsters and thieves, like 'Sir' Aurel Stein, masqueraded as scholars, crossed
many thousands of kilometers and penetrated in dangerous deserts to search, find
and distort/misinterpret antiquities first. The entirely fake science of 'geopolitics'
was also fabricated at that time only to theorize the nonsensical colonial claims raised
by every white racist criminal. There are no historical lines that can possibly divide
Asia. The true historical process, as documented in written sources and the
archaeological material record, totally discredits every hypothetical line drawn by
any biased 'political scientist'.
It is crucial at this point to underscore the fact that the useless Ottoman Empire,
although primordially concerned by the aforementioned developments, was totally
absent from the Great Game, pretty much like the ailing Qajar Empire of Iran. The
roots of the Asiatic Great Game could to some extent be attributed to the Napoleonic
scheme of an eventual French-Russian alliance geared in order to invade the then
still expanding English colonial force in South Asia (the so-called 'India'). As it can be
understood, the collapsing and terminating Mughal Empire (Gorkanian)was (in the

4. early 19th c.) at the brink of extinction due to the ceaseless plots and colonial wars
undertaken by Portuguese, Dutch, French and English against it, whereas in Qing
China, the emperors Jiaqing (嘉慶帝; 1796-1820) and Daoguang (道光帝; 1820-1850)
were only a shadow of their formidable predecessor Kangxi (康熙帝;1661-1722), and
their rule over the land of the Uyghurs was only nominal. So, none of the four great
historical Asiatic empires (Ottomans, Iranians, Mughal and China) could be able to
withstand or divert the colonial onslaught.
Speaking of today's Uyghurs, I felt obliged to briefly divert my presentation to issues
pertaining to the Great Game for a simple, yet crucial, reason; the outcome of the
Great Game determined what we know today as 'borders' in the vast lands of Central
and Eastern Asia. And as I already said, it also shaped to great extent what is today
taught in universities worldwide as History of Asia or Uyghur History. Several
modern scholarly juxtapositions and polarizations about various points of Uyghur
History are only the result of the systematic, sophisticated and insidious distortion of
Asiatic History by Western colonial academia. This is so because tons of deliberately
falsified data and material record have not yet been duly refuted and rejected, but
they still constitute harmful traps that disorient researchers from a correctand
proper conceptualization and contextualization of the historical sources.
Turghun Almas (Тургун Алмас/ ‫ت‬
‫ۇ‬
‫رغ‬
‫ۇ‬
‫ن‬
‫ئالماس‬ /吐尔贡·阿力玛斯; 1924-2001),a great
Uyghur scholar who was persecuted because of his secessionist misinterpretation of
Uyghur History, supported the thesis of 6000+ years of indigenous Uyghur History
in Eastern Turkestan. Official Chinese historical interpretations associate today's
Uyghurs with the Tiele people, who were part of the vast Hiung-Nu (Xiongnu /匈奴
/ Хунну) tribal, confederate Empire, some of whose descendants became later
known as Huns in Central Asia, Western Siberia, and throughout Europe. The
Hiung-Nu are a major part of China's History and the Hiung-Nu wars with Han
China (133 BCE-89 CE) shaped China as we know it.
Their heirs are the so-called White Huns ('Ebodalo' in Bactrian/厭帶夷粟陁 –
Yethailito/Εφθαλίται-Hephthalites/Эфталиты), who formed various kingdoms in
Bactria, Sogdiana and the entire Tarim Basin (Eastern Turkestan).Although vassals
of the Rouran Khaganate (see below), they were formidable warriors and defeated
the Sassanid armies of Iran several times. The Hephthalites contributed greatly to
Civilization, Spirituality and Art, being the enlightened rulers who sponsored superb
and majestic monuments like the Qizil Caves of the Tarim Basin (Caves of the
Thousand Buddhas) and the Buddhas of Bamiyan (Afghanistan).
However, trying to demonstrate, who arrived first in a specific territory, in order to
subsequently issue historicity claims is the least successful method for anyone to get
rid of the Anglo-French colonial Orientalist scheme, and of its implications. It is
essential to first understand the nature of the Ancient Turanian History and second
outsmart the colonial distortion of the History of Asia.
Turanians were nomads or semi-nomads whose acts demonstrate thatthey were
absolutely convinced that home-dwellers were sinners and degenerate people unable
to attain the ancestral human originality because of their attachment to one only
location. The difference, opposition and clash between Turanian nomads and settled
populations are the real axis around which revolves the History of all Turanian

5. nations. This is attested in historical sources, in the archaeological material record,
and also in epics, legends and every literary effort of mythologized History. With
this in mind, one can comprehend the entire History of Asia far better and perceive
the interaction between the Northern Chinese and the Turanians as a historical
process that concerns the same family of nations. Actually, many historical and
literary sources view the Northern Chinese as simply settled Turanians, and this can
provide far better insight into the violence of their wars. In this regard, the Han -
Hiung-Nu wars constitute an early episode of the permanent phenomenon of
Turanian nomad-settler polarity.
On the other hand, the colonial perfidy in misinterpreting historical evidence and in
contextualizing it as per the colonial interests of England and France is easy to assess;
it merely constitutes a reflection of their own attitude at the political-international
level. Since they viciously generate all types of divisions at the political level, they
deliberately proliferate divisions at the academic-scholarly level, when writing down
the history of lands that they hate enough to viciously distort, fittingly adjust, and
totally subordinate it to the fallacy that they diffuse as their own, 'Western' or
'European', History. Western Orientalists played therefore with ethnic names,
personal names, toponyms, and the vocabulary of languages thatthey deciphered.
Although it is very well known that an ethnic group can have many diverse names in
different historical sources written in several languages, colonial academic forgers
intentionally multiplied the historically recorded (in various languages under
different names) ethnicities in order to deprive several nations from
a) a past that the Western colonial academics did not want to attribute to them,
b) a presence in remote locations that they did not want to acknowledge to them,
and
c) an achievement that was 'too great' so that the Western schemers possibly concede
it to all those nations that they viewed hatefully and enviously for their past,
cultures, civilizations and achievements.
The subsequent fabrication of, otherwise nonexistent, pseudo-historical nations
(which are only the duplicate of other nations known under different names) is a
method that was widely used by Western Orientalists in order to disfigure the
History of Asia. This fact had a disastrous impact on Uyghurs, China, the History of
Uyghur, and the History of China as these topics are presently taught in universities
and manipulated in politics.
An example in this regard is offered by another 'stolen' part of the Uyghur heritage:
the Yuezhi (月氏/ Юэчжи; 3rd c. BCE - 4th c. CE), who became later known as
divided (Great Yuezhi and Lesser Yuezhi), are not different from the Hiung-Nu but
only constitute a part of them. They clashed with them and they migrated only to be
further divided in their migration. But the Yuezhi and the Hiung-Nu were indeed
Turanians, and they constitute an authentic part of Uyghur History, pretty much like
they are an inalienable part of the History of China, which de facto comprises and is
partly identical with the History of Turan.
The supreme stage of the colonial historiographical distortion contains the disgrace
of white racism; this took the monstrous form of excessive Indo-Europeanization of
everything. How this was processed is easy to unveil: Friedrich W. K. Müller, a
famous German Orientalist of the Deutsche Turfanexpeditionen (German Turfan

6. expeditions) associated the Yuezhi with the Tocharian nation (Τόχαροι/Тохары/吐
火罗人) of the Ancient Greek historical sources. The problem exploded when other
Western European Orientalists did not want to identify the Tocharians of Eastern
Turkestan with the Tocharians of Bactria,whose language they had arbitrarily
identified as 'Indo-European'.
In brief, they wanted to Indo-Europeanize an essentially Turanian/Chinese continent
of which Europe constituted in reality the tiniest, the most unimportant, andthe only
barbaric peninsula whereby every form of culture and every portion of civilization
came from the Orient, i.e. the Asiatic mainland, with significant African additions.
Um Ihre eigene Suche zu starten und die erforderliche Bibliographie zu finden:
為了開始您自己的搜索並找到必要的參考書目：
Kendi araştırmanıza başlamak ve gerekli kaynakçayı bulmak için:
Чтобы начать собственный поиск и найти необходимую библиографию:
In order to start your own search and to find the necessary bibliography:
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uygurlar
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/维吾尔族
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Уйгуры
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_dilleri
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тюркские_языки
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turksprachen
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/突厥语族
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Turkic_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karluk_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oghuz_languages
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipchak_languages
ttps://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/铁勒
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiele_people
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dingling
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Динлины
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гаоцзюй
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiung-nu
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiongnu
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Хунну
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/匈奴
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yüeçiler
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuezhi
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Юэчжи
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/月氏
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toharlar

7. https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohar_dilleri
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тохары
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharians
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/吐火罗人
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharer
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocharische_Sprachen
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/德國吐魯番考察隊
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Turfanexpeditionen
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Turfan_expeditions
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9ditions_allemandes_%C3%A0_Tourfan
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turghun_Almas
http://www.orientalstudies.ru/rus/images/pdf/a_popova_2008c.pdf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kizil_Caves
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Кизил_(пещеры)
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kızıl_Mağaraları
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tausend-Buddha-Höhlen_von_Kizil
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/克孜尔千佛洞
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthalites
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hephthaliten
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Эфталиты
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/嚈噠
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak_Hun_İmparatorluğu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhas_of_Bamiyan
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Бамианские_статуи_Будды
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha-Statuen_von_Bamiyan
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamyan_Buda_heykelleri
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/ ‫تند‬
‫ي‬
‫س‬ %E2%80%8C ‫ها‬
‫ی‬
‫_بودا_در_بام‬
‫ي‬
‫ان‬
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/巴米揚大佛
II. A Brief Diagram of UyghurHistory
Uyghur History apparently involves a very wide range of sites, monuments and
historical sources, starting with the famous Tarim mummies that are dated in the 1st
half of the 2nd millennium BCE. The modern Uyghur nation was progressively
formed following first, the numerous Turanian migrations that determined World
History for several thousands of years, and second, the expansion of the Han
dynasty of China in the 'West', which corresponds to the eastern confines of what we
call nowadays 'Central Asia'. Han expansion in the West is the result of the
victorious wars of the Han kings against the Hiung-Nu.
However, we cannot discuss of proper ' Chinese expansionism' in the way we use
this term in Ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Phoenicia-Carthage,Iran, Rome, the
Eastern Roman Empire, and several Islamic caliphates, empires and kingdoms; it
was rather a ceaseless effort to bring order, peace, balance and security to a vast area
that was incessantly crisscrossed by migrants, raiders and nomads. Even the
expeditions of Ban Chao reflect ratheran effort of mercantile interests and diplomatic

8. contacts with other orderly kingdoms, and not a real, genuine effort of militarily
undertaken territorial expansion. The wider Tarim Basin was not literarily annexed
to China, but rather viewed as a 'protectorate'. Several preponderantly Turanian
kingdoms prospered there for many centuries, succeeding to one another, under
only nominal Chinese authority; they constitute the early phases of Uyghur History
because, Turanian or not, they have been progressively assimilated, ethnically and
culturally, into the Turanian Uyghurs.
Uyghur History and Cultural Heritage encompass the various small Turanian
kingdoms that prospered under Chinese tutelage during the last century of the 1st
millennium BCE and the first half of the 1st millennium CE, namely the kingdoms of
Qiemo (且末), Loulan (or Kroran / ‫كروران‬/楼兰), Khotan (于闐),Shule (疏勒) in
Kashgar, Gaochang (高昌/ of the Jushi people /車師; in the area of today's Qocho),
the kingdom of Kucha ( ‫ك‬
‫ۇ‬
‫چار‬ /龜茲) which was described in the Chinese Annals as
the strongest and largest among the "thirty-six kingdoms of the Western Regions",
and many other states.
Colonial historiographers erroneously Indo-Europeanize the pre-Khaganate(First
Turkic Khaganate: 552-603) historical periods of Ancient Asia;otherwise, they could
not further support the theory of 'Turkic migration'. This theory is entirely fabricated
in order not to disrupt many Orientalist fallacies concerning the history of many
different nations and lands that colonial academia intentionally dissociated from
Turanians, due to entirely racist political reasons. The phenomenon of Turanian
movements across all parts of the Asiatic continent ('Europe' included) is true, but it
antedates the 6th c. CE, which is the very false date that colonial historiographers
comfortably set for the above mentioned purposes. For instance, the Rouran
Khaganate (330-555) cannotbe dissociated from the Turanian History, and there are
many Chinese historical sources testifying to this, because they ostensibly and
repeatedly associate the Rouran with the Hiung-Nu.
After the First Turkic Khaganate was divided into Western Khaganate (581-742) and
Eastern Khaganate (581-645), after the Tang China campaign against the Eastern
Turks (629-630), after the defeat of the Western Turks (657),and afterthe rise and fall
of the Second Turkic Khaganate (682-744), the Uyghurs rose in prominence. The
Uyghur Khaganate (744-840) was the first and only Manichaean state in the World
History. Following its decline, a certain number of smaller kingdoms were formed,
notably those of Khotan and Qocho (843-1132; also known as Kara-Khoja), before
they were all gradually absorbed within the Afrasiab (Kara-Khanid) Khanate (840-
1212). This confederate Turanian kingdom expanded also westwards in Transoxiana
(Υπερωξειανή / ‫النهر‬ ‫وراء‬ ‫ما‬ - Mawarannahr / мавераннахр), in today's Uzbekistan,
and the ruling dynasty adhered to Islam. Around the middle of the 10th c., we attest
to a process of systematic diffusion of Islam among the Uyghurs.
This phenomenon continued also when the Qara Khitai (1124-1218; also known as
Great Liao) supplanted partly first and entirely later the Afrasiab / Kara-khanids. As
a matter of fact, the Buddhist Qara Khitai dynasty was a family of tolerant Turanians
who ruled over a population that was Muslim in its majority; they prevailed across
vast territories in Central Asia, Central Siberia, and Eastern Siberia,also establishing
an alliance, in the 'West', with the Turanian Muslim dynasty of Khwarazm (which
controlled parts of today's Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan and

9. Iran). Muslim, Buddhist, Nestorian Christian, and Manichaean Uyghurs coexisted for
several centuries, under either non-Muslim or Muslim dynasties.
At the times of the Turanian Mongol Empire (1206–1368),the Chagatai Khanate
(1225–1340s), the Uyghurs were incorporated into these vast nomad states, and the
Chinese imperial authority over them was only nominal, even during the Turanian
Mongol 'Yuan' dynasty (1272-1368). Following the Chagatai division into Western
Chagatai Khanate (1340s–1370) and Eastern Chagatai Khanate (also known as
Moghulistan; 1340s–1680), the Uyghurs were either incorporated into the latter or
ruled by various local dynasties; they were still followers of different religions, who
coexisted peacefully within a culturally unified environment fostered by common
interests, activities and means of communication.
The existence of several prosperous Uyghur kingdoms highlights the spiritual-
cultural pluralism that prevailed among them at those days; among them the most
important are the Kara Del kingdom (1389-1513), which was predominantly
Buddhist, the Islamic Turpan Khanate (1487-1690), which entered into wars with
Ming China (1368-1644), the Islamic Yarkent Khanate (1514-1705),as well as the
Khojas of Kashgar and of the six cities (Altishahr). Due to the divisions among the
branches of Khoja Islamic mysticism, following the troubles they had with Tibet, and
after the intervention of the extremist Oirat Turanian Buddhists (rather known as the
Dzungarian khanate),the Uyghur lived a real nightmare during the Dzungar – Qing
China wars (1687-1757).
The successful result of the many, consecutive Chinese campaigns against the
Dzungar extremists pacified the Uyghurs and determined to great extentthe borders
of Modern China, allowing also the possibility of several local Muslim rulers to fully
govern their realms as vassals of the Qing monarch. It was only then that the last
Buddhist Uyghurs renounced their religion. In fact, the Dzungar genocide was the
result of an Islamic Uyghur – Chinese alliance. However, the relations worsened
when the Manchus controlled China;various atrocities ended up in the Afaqi Khoja
holy war (1759-1866), which is at the origin of all posterior problems between the
Uyghurs and the Chinese authorities.
Um Ihre eigene Suche zu starten und die erforderliche Bibliographie zu finden:
為了開始您自己的搜索並找到必要的參考書目：
Kendi araştırmanıza başlamak ve gerekli kaynakçayı bulmak için:
Чтобы начать собственный поиск и найти необходимую библиографию:
In order to start your own search and to find the necessary bibliography:
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Хунно-китайские_войны
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Xiongnu_War
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Zhizhi
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krieg_der_Himmlischen_Pferde
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/汉攻大宛之战
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Империя_Хань
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han-Dynastie
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_Hanedanı
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/汉朝

10. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/班超
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Бань_Чао
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chao
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chao
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chao
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Наместничество_Сиюй
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_of_the_Western_Regions
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/西域都護府
http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/xiyu.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectorate_General_to_Pacify_the_West
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/安西大都护府
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_expansionism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_migration
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkv%C3%B6lker
http://steppenreiter.de/turkv%C3%B6lker.htm
http://www.mongolian-art.de/galerie_comic_geheime_geschichte/054-
0550.jpg.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Тюрки
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Прототюрки
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouran
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/柔然
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Жужаньский_каганат
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouran_Khaganate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Turkic_Khaganate
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erstes_T%C3%BCrk-Kaganat
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppenreich
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/突厥汗国
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Göktürk_Kağanlığı
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Turkic_Khaganate
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batı_Göktürk_Kağanlığı
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Западно-тюркский_каганат
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/西突厥
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Turkic_Khaganate
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doğu_Göktürk_Kağanlığı
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Восточно-тюркский_каганат
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/東突厥
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_campaign_against_the_Eastern_Turks
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Turkic_Khaganate
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweites_T%C3%BCrk-Kaganat
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Второй_Восточно-тюркский_каганат
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/東突厥

11. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/后突厥汗国
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/İkinci_Doğu_Göktürk_Kağanlığı
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghur_Khaganate
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uigurisches_Kaganat
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Уйгурский_каганат
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uygur_Kağanlığı
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/回鹘汗国
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qocho
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Уйгурское_Турфанское_идыкутство
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Идикут
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Гаочан
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/高昌
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kocho_(Gaochang)
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahoca_Uygur_Krallığı
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachaniden
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahanlılar
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Караханидское_государство
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/喀喇汗国
https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/« ‫قاراخان‬
_»
_‫دىكى‬
«
‫قارا‬
_»
‫نى‬
‫ڭ‬
‫_قىسقىچ‬
‫ە‬
‫_تارىخىي_ت‬
‫ە‬
‫بىرى‬
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/ ‫آل_افراس‬
‫ي‬
‫اب‬
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_Khitai
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Kitai
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Каракитайское_ханство
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/西辽
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karahıtaylar
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/‫بالساغون‬
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ануштегиниды
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Государство_Хорезмшахов
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/ ‫خوارزمشاه‬
‫ي‬
‫ان‬
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/‫خوارزم‬
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harezm
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harezmşahlar_Devleti
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choresmien
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Choresm-
Schahs#Die_Dynastie_der_Anuschteginiden
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choresm-Schahs
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuschteginiden
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/花剌子模王朝
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/花剌子模
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_Del
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate

12. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate#Turpan_Khanate_(1487%E2%80
%931690)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turpan#15th_and_16th_centuries
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming%E2%80%93Turpan_conflict
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarkent_Khanate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoja_(Turkestan)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altishahr
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar_Khanate
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungaria
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzungar_genocide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80f%C4%81q%C4%AB_Khoja_Holy_War
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Xinjiang
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uyghurs