This presentation will enlist about the Gemstones found in Azad Kashmir, mainly Nangli Mali Ruby Deposits, and Various other Gemstones like Aquamarine, Morganite etc

1. Presentation Of
Gemology
Gemstones Of Azad
Kashmir

2. Prepared By: Muhamamd Haris (138)
Group 5
Presented to: Professor Sir Shahab
Pervez

3. Introduction
 The northern Indus Suture and Shyok Suture and adjacent areas, and major faults with
high shear density minerals and gemstones exploration. The Azad Kashmir includes
bauxite, laterite and ochre from Muzaffarabad, Kotli and Reshian regions (disconformity);
copper, iron
 oxide/ochre and graphite from Neelam river; sheet mica/muscovite and lithium
 mica/lipedolite from many pegmatites of Neelam valley; uranium in graphitic schist of
Precambrian Salkhala formation found in Reshian region SE of Muzafarabad; nephlene
 syenite from Reshian region, coal from Kotli region and limestone and marble from
different areas.

4.  The reserves of bauxite, laterite and ochre are Dhanwan (alumina 41-60%, silica 18-
 40%, iron 1-8%) is 4.9mt, Kamroti (alumina 50-70%, silica 9-28%, iron 1-2.5) is 1.36mt, Sawar
 (alumina 52-56%, silica 25%, iron 5%) is 0.93mt, Dandili (alumina 34-46%, silica 36-44%) is
 1.18mt, Nikial (alumina 41-46%, silica 13-35%, iron 2-27%) is 0.424mt, Goi (alumina 47%,
 silica 35%) is 1.103mt, Shisetar is 0.656mt, Bermoach (alumina 51%, silica 23%) is 0.2mt,
 Balmi (alumina 46%, silica 31%) is 0.209mt, Khandar Karela is 0.209mt and Palan is 0.283mt
 with total 11.454mt. Azad Kashmir represents many gemstones from Neelam valley like
 orange-red spessartine garnet (large crystals) in pegmatites, ruby from Nangimali-Khora-
 Katha-Chitta Ratta and Naril Nala areas in metalimestone and calcite veins, green tourmaline
 from Donga Nar pegmatites, black tourmaline (schorl) and quartz from different gem
 localities.

5. Ruby Stone

6. General Description:

8. Some Associated Gemstones With
Ruby

9. Occurence

10. Nangimali Ruby Deposits:
 Location And Access:
Good qualities ruby are found at nangimali in the shountar kalejinder region
Nangimali is approachable both from Muzaffarabad & naran side of KPK from
Islamabad via naran . The locality of nangimali ruby deposit is utlidomail
Which is 43km away from Sharda.
From sharda the dirt road goes along Shontar nar to utlidomail to reach
nangimali deposit . The road from naran to utli domail is unmetalled &
remain open only in summer . In winter this road which leads through Nuri
pass remain closed due to snowfall.

11. Fig 1: shows Nangimali Pink Ruby

12. Geology:
 The geology on Shontar Valley is characterized by part of higher
Himalayan Crystalline which is separated into two main divisions,
 Basement and cover sequence.
 The basement is consisted predominantly of gneisses
 In Nangimali area, two main lithostratigraphic units, and a basement
sequence of granitic rocks, migmatites and meta sediments;
 Migmatite complex, Bhurjanwali formation and a cover sequence of Pre-
Cambrian to Cambrian age ( Nangimali formation) are present.

13.  The nangi mali Formation largely comprised of quartzites, amphibolites,
marbles and schists.
 A synclinal structure present in the marble dominates the geological
structure of the mine area.
 The ruby deposit is hosted in marbles and occurs in shear zones of the
synclinal core.

14. Fig 2: shows top of Nangimali area

15. Mining History
 The discovery of ruby mineralization in Shontar Valley is recent and
intriguing.
 The story began in 1979, when mr. S.H. Farooqui, Geologist, discovered
very fine crystals of ruby in the boulders of Shontar Nar.
 The geologists of AKMIDC, between 1988 and 1992, carried out detailed
geological investigations in the Shontar Valley, and as a result rubies were
discovered in the Nangimali area.
 Three years of pilot small-scale mining yield an ore grade of 11 gram/ton
and the production between 1990 and 1994 was 69 kg of rough ruby for
four months of production per year

16. Mining methods
 The Nangimali ruby deposit lies at an altitude of 4,500 m above sea level.
 The mining activities are confined only for months from June to September
each year and the mine remains closed for the rest of the months due to
heavy snow fall.
 Mining is done under the supervision of mining engineer who is
responsible for carrying out the excavation operations.
 A total number of twenty laborer's and a few security guards make up total
man power at the mine.

17.  Mining methods employed in the mine area are mechanized.
 For example compressors, pneumatic picks, crushers, grading machines
and washers are used.
 Other tools include crowbars, shovels, wheel barrows and pans.
 Debris is washed sometimes manually to recover rubies.
 As the ruby-bearing marbles are hard to excavate, blasting is used, which is
carried out through the use of dynamite.

18. Fig 3: shows the labours washing the Debris

19.  In the Nangimali ruby mine, there is one main adit, which is about 100m
long exacavated to strike direction.
 This adit is connected through shafts to upper level adits, which are two in
numbers. These adits run along the ruby-mineralized zones horizontally
and or incline manner.
 The main adit receives the debris dropped from the upper level working
area through shafts. From here the debris is collected and brought outside
using wheel barrows for washing.

20. Fig 4 shows: the labour having ruby on his hand after washing

21. Production and Quality
 According to AKMIDC sources, the Nangimali ruby mine produces rubies
on commercial scale whereas the nearby Borjanwali leased area is under
assessment.
 The total estimated reserves as assessed by AKMIDC in the Nangimali ruby
deposits is about 133 million carats.
 It includes 1125 million cararts of rubies in bed-rock and 8 million carats in
colluviam.
 The total estimated value of the deposits is about US$ 200-400 million.
 The ore zone produces about 55 carats rubies in a cubic material
excavated.

22.  The ruby mineralization is always very rare and that in marbles, this
mineralization has taken place along shear bands, which are quite
irregular.
 To estimate the reserves accuracy in this situation is very difficult.
 About ninety nine percent of the Nangimali rubies are pink sapphires and
only one percent have red colour.

23. Rubies Description and Quality
the Ajk rubies are generally transparent to translucent and brownish pink to
pinkish red or deep red.
According to AKMIDC experts, the good quality red colored rubies of
Nangimali shows ‘fire effect’.
The most important characteristic of Nangimali rubies is that after cutting and
polishing, red colour is enhanced many folds.
Good shape of uncut gemstones always gives about 20-25 percent recovery
in cutting and polishing.
Bigger rubies are considerably more expansive than smaller rubies.
e.g; an excellent quality of Nangimali ruby of 2 carats can be sold for US $
4000-6000 per carat and more than 5 carats top quality ruby costs about US$
15,000-20,000 per carats

24. Assesment and Guidelines
 Marbles are the most important source of high quality ruby in South-East
Asia including Pakistan.
 Snow-white coarse-grained marble, commonly known as lime-silicate
marble, impart spectacular outlook in the the greyish to blackish
surrounding outcrops. Following serves as guidelines for ruby exploration.
 1. Recrystallized dolomitic limestones banks lying in regional metamorphic
terrain and at or near to the major structures on regional scale such as
folds, faults and and shear zones. The presence of such features may
indicate ruby mineralization.

25.  2. Intrusions of dolerite, aplite and pegmatite within or adjacent to marble may also indicate
ruby mineralisation?
 3. Phlogopite, fuchsite and pyrite are the path finding minerals for ruby. Pargasite and spinel
of various colors may also be the associated gemstones with ruby. These minerals
developed in snow white and coarse grained marble, in thin shear bands. There are also
small pockets lying along the shear bands.
 4. Good quality ruby is always mineralized in a zone lying between two thin shear bands,
which can be carefully observed and located. These thin shear bands are marked with
phlogopite and pyrite trails, an indication for ruby mineralization.
 5. the more abundant the phlogopite, fuchsite, biotite and the altered pyrite, the less
chances to get ruby in the rock.
 6. it is note worthy that the carbonate to host ruby is highly fragile and soft due to
deformation. The barren marbles always gives strong fetid smell on hammering.

27. Genesis of Ruby:
 Every ruby has its own genesis.
 The ruby of Nangimali formed at high temperature and pressure origin
about 600-650*C/10-11 KB due to Amphibolite facies.
 After metamorphism of Amphibolite facies the granulite facies are formed
at temperature of above 750*C in which the ruby will exhault.
 These are the tethyen sediments dominantly carbonates, meta sediments,
basaltic flows and amphibolites.
 The pink colour is due to chromium which is in amphibolite about 750ppm
that migrates from amphibolites to marble

28. Pegmatite Bearing Gems
 Pegmatites: are coarse grained crystalline rocks formed from residual
magma rich in silica content intruded into the country rock.
 These are the treasure of the world.
 The pegmatite bearing gemstones include:
 1. Tourmaline
 2. Quartz
 3. Morganite
 4. Spessartine Garent
 5. Aquamarine
 6. Topaz

29. Quartz:
 Large crystals of quartza and smoky quartz were found from the jandra
wala pegmatite near follawai.
 Although few with transparent crystals of quartz were also found in the
pegmatite.
 It is exported to china

30. Photograph shows White Quartz

33. Aquamarine
 It is the mineral of Beryl family found from pegmatite near a kalaban area

34. Topaz
 Large crystals of topaz were found from a pegmatite at donga nar near
janawai village
 It occurs in different colours like yellow, golden white etc.

35. Morgnaite
 It is the light pink topaz and were found in the Dunga Nar pegmatite near
Janawai Village.