3. Introduction of new technology in agriculture sector,
in order to increase its production through different
measures
4. Increase in production was made by different
ways
1. Introduction of new high yield varieties of
wheat, rice, and maize.
2. Improvement in per acre yield through quality
fertilizers to compensate for land deficiencies in
many less developed countries
5. 3. Pesticides and insecticides have expanded the
acreage a single farmer can tend by reducing the time
required to disinfect the crop.
4. Irrigation has made double cropping feasible in
many countries where formerly one harvest a year was
standard.
5. New methods of rotating crops were developed
which increased land productivity.
6. 6. New shorter plants have
been discovered that are more
responsive to fertilizer.
Similarly, some sturdier types
are mo.re disease-resistant.
7. Botanists have been able to
breed the photosensitive genes
out of plants . Making planting
possible at any time of the year.
7.
8.
9.
10. Green Revolution occured between the 1940s
and the late 1970s, that increased agriculture
production around the world, beginning most
markedly in the late 1960s.
The term "Green Revolution" was first used in
1968 by former United States Agency for
International Development (USAID)
director William Gaud.
11. Norman Borlaug
Joined Rockefeller Foundation
team in Mexico 1944
Increased yield, rust resistance
in wheat
Biggest contributor to Green
Revolution
Won Nobel Peace Prize in
1970
12. The green revolution can be divided into four
different stages
Scientific Breakthrough
Technological Breakthrough
Production Breakthrough
Agricultural Breakthrough
13. The discovery of high yield varieties of seeds;
Mexican wheat varieties ( Mexi -Pak) developed in
the international corn and wheat improvement
center .
high yielding rice verities in the International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI) in Philippines.
14. To achieve optimal level of output from above
HYVs.
Technological developments were made in the field
of mechanization .
water resource utilization.
15. Excess supply of inputs such as fertilizers,
chemicals, machinery and HYVs of seeds
The government made facilitating policies
pertaining to easy and cheap availability of inputs
and prices stability of outputs etc
16. The efforts made in earlier phases helped a lot to
give enormous output
It covered all the main crops and also the various
enterprises of animal production
This agriculture produce directly and indirectly
benefited the small as well as large-scale farmers
17. High yield varieties were introduced which gave
more production.
Progress in fertilizer manufacturing was
observed.
Better quality pesticides and insecticides
increased acreage of land.
Better management of human resources and
induction of newly trained laborers.
18. Water availability was ensured, keeping in view its
quantity required.
Pakistan Government policies to provide subsidies
and credit to the producers.
Incentive prices were offered to the farmers
through the price support program.
Manufacturing and installation of tube wells and
machinery and allied equipments.
19. The annual increase in 1963-64 and 1964-65 was
around 35 percent.
Transmission of the improved technology to the
farmers through Extension Service Programs.
20. Reasons for yield increase
Increased inputs
Labor
Fertilizer
Machinery
increased output
Using technology
without increasing inputs
Increased efficiency
21. Inputs
Fertilizer
Can improve yields
dramatically: 20-1000%
Diminished response if keep
adding
Reduces growth at high
levels
Effectiveness depends on
Water/Irrigation
Timing of application
Biggest increase will be in
Africa
Dem. Rep. Congo uses 1%
fertilizer used in South
Africa
22. Tractors
Poorest farmers will consider
moving from hand tools to
animals
Farmers using animals will
consider using machinery
May not be efficient choice:
Credit limited
Gas expensive
Maintenance expensive
But labor cheap
23. Land Reforms
World Bank: productivity
would be increased if land
distribution more equitable
Land reform (redistribution)
successful after WWII:
South Korea,
Taiwan
China
Recent success
Japan
Zimbabwe
Kerala, India
24. Criticisms of the Green Revolution
Green Revolution hasn’t
alleviated hunger
Economic power, land
controlled by few
Technology benefits wealthy
Therefore Green Revolution
increases inequity
More hunger AND more food
at same time
25. Cont…..
Food Insecurity of poor not
addressed
Cash Crops: food flows from
the poor and hungry nations
to the rich and well-fed
nations
Green Revolution not
sustainable
destroys resource base on
which agriculture depends
26. Cont….
Early, poor had little access
to credit
Could not buy seeds,
fertilizer, irrigation to make
Green Revolution work
Wealthy invested, got richer,
drove out poor
Now, more emphasis on
loans for poor
27. Example: India
Self-sufficient in grain due
to Green Revolution
But 1/3 of people poor
5,000 children die each
day
Poor cannot afford to
BUY the food
28. There are still problems
Need good land (wealthy own)
Agrochemicals bad for health,
environment
Expensive inputs: profits to global
chemical companies
Rural people displaced from land
Mechanization reduces agricultural
jobs
Not ecologically sustainable:
depletes soil, pesticide race
29. Soil Depletion Worldwide
Dramatic increases in
yields during 1970s,
1980s
Soil now depleted,
resulting in leveling off
or dropping yields
6% of Ag land in India
now useless
30. Profits
Profits from Green
Revolution go to
Middlemen
Banks
Chemical companies
Biggest growers
Grain prices fall
Farms get bigger
31. Increased Dependency
Poor countries must
import:
Seeds
Fertilizer
Pesticides
Herbicides
Cost to India increased
600% 1960-1980
Biotechnology leads to
more dependency
32. Unsustainable Agriculture
Industrial agriculture
mining land to extract maximum
output
“War” between humans and
weeds, insects and disease
Market dictates weapons:
pesticides and chemical
fertilizers
We are destroying our food-
producing resources