OUTLINES INCLUDE 1 INTRODUCTION OF KAOLINITE 2 OCCURENCE 3 CHEMICAL FORMULA 4 CRYSRALLOGRAPHY STRUCTURE 5 STRUCTURE TRANSFORMATION 6 SYNTHESIS AND GENESIS 7 LOCATION IN PAKISTAN 8 ORIGIN 9 STRENGTH 10 USES 11 AGRICULTURE USE 12 INDUSTRIAL USE 13 PRACTICAL USE 14 CEC VALUE 15 AEC VALUE

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KAOLINITE
1. INTRODUCTION
2. CHEMICAL FORMULA
3. CRYSTALLOGRAPY STRUCTURE
4. SYNTHESIS AND GENESIS
5. LOCATION OF PAKISTAN
6. ORIGIN OF KAOLINITE
7. STRENGHT OF KAOLINITE
8. USES
9. AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRIAL USE
10. PRACTICAL USE
11. CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY VALUE
12. ANION EXCHANGE CAPACITY VALUE

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INTRODUCTION
KAOLINITE is a clay mineral, part of the group of
industrial minerals with the chemical composition
Al2 Si2 O5 .
It is a layered silicates mineral, with one tetrahedral sheet
of silicate linked through Oxygen atom to one
OCTAHEDRAL sheet of ALUMINA OCTAHEDRAL
Figure 1 KAOLINITE

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CHEMICAL FORMULA
Al₂ Si₂ O₅ (OH) ₄
That has structure ratio of 1:1 uncharged
DIOCTAHEDRAL layer where each layer consist of single
Figure 2CHEMICAL STRUCTURE

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SILICA TETRAHEDRAL sheet and single ALUMINA
OCTAHEDRAL sheet
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Residual On sieve 200 mesh <5% wt.

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Residual on sieve 325 mesh <6% wt.
Total firing shrinkage at 1280 degree equals to 7.5 to
9.5% wt.
The word “KAOLINE” IS DERIVED FROM “ GAOLING “
a Chinese village near Jingdezhen in southern east china
Jiangxi province.
CHRYSTALLO GRAPHIC STRUCTURE
KAOLINITE CRYSTAL…..Being a 1:1 mineral , each
KAOLINITE layer has one silica tetrahedral sheet and
one alumina octahedral sheet. Individual layer are
held together in a crystal by O H O bonds between
octahedral sheet of one layer and the tetrahedral sheet of
adjacent layer
Figure 3 CHEMICAL FORMULA

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Crystal habits
Rarely as crystal , thin plates or stacked.
More commonly as microscopic pseudo
hexagonal plates and cluster of plates ,
aggregated into compact , clay like masses
Cleavage
Cleavage is perfect on
Figure 4 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE

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USES
The main use of mineral kaolinite is the production
of paper, its use ensures the gloss on some grades
of coated paper . Kaolin is the also known for its
capabilities to induce and accelerate blood clotting . In
APRIL 2008 the US Naval Medical Research institute
announced the successful use of a Kaolinite derived
silicate infusion in traditional gaze , known commercially
as Quick Clot Combat ,which is still hemostat of choice for
all branches of US military .Kaolin is used ( or was used in
past ) . In ceramics ( it is the main component of porcelain)
in toothpaste as a light diffusing material in white
incandescent light bulbs in cosmetics in industrial
insulation material called Kao wool ( a form of minerals
wool) in “ pre work” skin protection and barrier creams in
paints to extend the Titanium Dioxide white pigment and
modify gloss levels for modifying in properties of rubber
upon vulcanization in adhesive to modify rheology in
organic farming , and in the case of apples , to prevent

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sun scald as whitewash in tradition stone masonry
homes in NEPAL ( the most common method is to
paint the upper part with white kaolin clay and the
middle with red clay ; the red clay may be extend
to bottom , or the bottom may be painted black )
As a filler in Edison Diamond a filler to give papermaking
as an indicator in radiological dating since Kaolinite can
contain very small traces of uranium and thorium to soothe
an upset stomach , similar to the way parrots ( and later ,
humans ) in SOUTH AMERICA originally used it ( more
recently , industrially produced kaolinite preparation were
common of Diarrhea .

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STRENGHT
Figure 5 STRENGTH

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COMPREHENSIVE STRENGHT

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INDUSTRIAL

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INDUSTRIAL

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INDUSTRIAL
The kaolin has many industrial uses
It has favorable properties such as natural
whiteness , fine particles size , non – abrasiveness , and
chemical stability . KAOLINITE is the proper name of
mineral about which this article is written but in industrial
terminology the mineral is known as KAOLINE, so all
references will be to KAOLINE . The largest known
deposits of kaolin in the United States are in GEORGIA
and SOUTH CAROLINA .
These deposits are sedimentary and occur as lenticular
bodies in the Tuscaloosa Formation of Cretaceous age
Natural processes in the geologic past have segregated
the kaolin is tested extensively before the deposits is
prepared for mining . The theoretical chemical composition
of kaolin and a chemical analysis of a crude kaolin form
dry BRANCH GEORGIA
Two basically different process as used to refine kaolin
and remove the major impurities . The simplest process is
called air flotation or the dry process , The properties of
finished product depend to a large extent on those
properties inherent in the crude kaolin .. In the dry process
operation , a deposit must be chosen with desirable
properties of color and relatively low .

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AGRICULTURE
KAOLINE is generally regarded as safe to humans
and has long history of use in the paints , plastics ,
pharmaceutical and paper industries . KAOLINE
sprays are used for pest control and sunburn protection in
both conventional and organic food production in the
UNITED STATES and abroad .
In managing soil for agriculture production , soil texture or
particle size distribution , and amount of clay present are
very important . Soil structure simple structure , whereas
soils with much clay have complex structure and
multimedia pore size distribution , their response to
change in water content is structurally quite different from
that of sandy soils .
Clays have a large specific surface , effects it is still
difficult to are not understood . Future research should
stress both of these factors and with improvement of
techniques for describing the many structural
imperfections in clays ,new possibilities exist for predicting
those of their properties that are important in agriculture
predict soil behavior from clay mineralogy . This is partly
because complexity of depends very much on clay ; soils
with little clay have a real clays in soil have been
ignored in correlative studies , and that their effect on
soil bulk properties

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AGRICULTURE

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PRACTICALLY
Use in manufacture of white ware ceramics , the
principle use of kaolin in now in filling and coating
of paper. The minerals is also used to a lesser extent as a
filler in paint , rubber and plastics , as well as in a wide
range of other applications

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PRACTICALLY

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CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY

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ANION EX - CHANGE CAPACITY

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SYNTHESIS AND GENESIS
Difficult are encounter when trying to explain
kaolinite formation under atmospheric conditions
by extrapolation of thermodynamics data from the
more successful high temperature synthesis LA LGLESIA
and Van OSTERWIJK GESTUCHE thought that the
conditions under which kaolinite will nucleate can be
deduced from stability diagrams , based as they are on
dissolution data . Because of a luck of convincing result in
their own experiment , LA LGLESIA and van
OOSTERWIJK GASTUCHE (1978) had to conclude ,
however, that there were other , still unknown , factors
involved in low temperature nucleation of kaolinite .
Because of observed energies very slow crystallization
rates of kaolinite from solution at room temperature
FRIPIAT and HERBILLON(1971) postulated the existence
of high activation energies in low temperature nucleation
of kaolinite at high temperature , equilibrium
thermodynamics models appear to be satisfactory for the
description of kaolinite dissolution and nucleation
, because the thermal energy suffices to overcome the
energy barriers involved in the nucleation process . The
importance of synthesis at ambient temperature and
atmospheric pressure towards in nucleation clay minerals
lies in overcoming these energy barriers . As indicate by
CALLERE and HENIN (1960) the process will have to be

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studied in well -defined experiments , because it is
virtually impossible to isolate the factors involved by
mere deduction from complex natural
physicochemical systems such as soil environment
(1962) has concluded , that only in those instances when
the Al hydroxide is in the form of gibbsite , kaolinite can
ever be formed . if not , the precipitate formed will be a “
mixed alumina – silicic gel”
If it were only Requirement , large amounts of kaolinite
could be harvested simply by adding gibbsite powder to a
silica in solution by the gibbsite surface will take place ,
but , as before , mere adsorption does not create the layer
lattice typical of kaolinite crystals . The third aspect is that
these two initial components must be incorporated into
one and same mixed crystals with a layer structure . It can
be seen , that five molecule of water must be removed
from the reaction for every molecule of kaolinite formed.
Field evidence illustrating the importance of removal of
water from kaolinite reaction has been supplied by
GASTUCHE and DEKIMPE (1962) while studying soil
formation on a basaltic rock in KIVU , they noted how the
occurrence of kaolinite depend on “ degree of drainage “
of the area involved. A clear distinction was found
between areas with good drainage it can be seen .that five
molecule of water must be removed for reaction of every
molecule of kaolinite formed.

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ORIGIN
KAOLINITE Can Be Formed As A Residual
Weathering Products , By Hydrothermal Alteration
And As An Sedimentary Mineral…. The Alteration
Results From Surface Weathering ,Ground Water Below
The Surface Or Action Of Hydrothermal Fluids
Figure 6 ORIGIN OF KAOLINITE

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EVALUATION OF SWAT KAOLINE
Figure 7 ORIGIN IN SWAT

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ANION EXCHANGE CAPACITY
It Is Also Written As AEC
Anion Exchange Capacity Is Defined As Number
Of Anion Negative Charges Retained By 100 Grams Of
Soil
AEC Represents The Positive Charge Available To
attracts The Anions In The Solution
AEC Expressed As The m e q Per 100 Grams Of Soil (
Or Of Other Adsorbing Materials , Such As Clay)
AEC Ranges From 0 To 2 m e q 1100g At About PH Is
6

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CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY
CEC is defined as amount of positive charge that
can be exchanged per mass of soil
It represents the quantity of negative available to attracts
the cat ions
CEC measured in the m e q per 100 grams of soil (m e q
1100g) usually measured in the c mole /kg
KAOLINITE have a CEC of about the 10 m e q /100 g