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Chapter 13 Voice and Worship: Tradition and Individuality in Medieval Chant
1.
CHAPTER 13 Voice and
Worship: Tradition and Individuality in Medieval Chant Copyright © 2020 W. W. Norton & Co., Inc.
2.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Life in the Medieval Monastery, Part 1 1. Life in the Medieval Monastery A. Life devoted to Catholic Church 1. religious seclusion, available to men and women 2. preserved, transmitted ancient learnings 3. devoted to prayer, scholarship, preaching, charity, healing the sick 4. arduous discipline 5. daily Offices, singing of psalms; fostered development of worship through music
3.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Life in the Medieval Monastery, Part 2
4.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Middle Ages: Music Secular--music for ceremonies and entertainment in courts of royalty/aristocracy Scales--different from major and minor; different placement of the half steps in the scale Polyphony--multiple lines of equal importance performed together; both sacred and secular music Composers tried to make music express meaning of the texts, both sacred and secular.
5.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Christianity Had no standard musical practice for 1st 3 centuries Borrowed from Judaism, reciting psalms, call & response method Adopted other practices upon expansion through Asia Minor & Europe Symbolism very important to medieval life-age of miracles, mysticism, etc.
6.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 6th Century-codified music of worship services, establishment of liturgy, body of rites prescribed for worship Function = to project the text clearly so that it could be understood by the people. Possessed clarity and melodic beauty; thus it was inspirational. Pope Gregory I
7.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. The Concept of Style, Part 1 II. The Concept of Style A. Pope Gregory the Great (r. 590–604) 1. codified church music; liturgy a. liturgy: set order of church services b. music at core of Christian prayer 2. more than three thousand Gregorian melodies a. composed anonymously b. belief in divine composition c. Greek, Syrian, Hebrew influences
8.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. The Concept of Style, Part 2 B. Plainchant, Gregorian chant 1. single-line melody: monophonic texture 2. follows inflections of Latin text; free-flowing, non-metric 3. avoids wide leaps; gentle contours 4. text settings: syllabic, neumatic, melismatic 5. modal: modes lack pull to tonic; antecedents of major and minor scales
9.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. The Church Modes Unfamiliar scales, not like major & minor Consist of seven different tones, an eighth tone duplicating the first(octave) Different pattern of half-steps & whole-steps Were the basic scales of Western music during the Middle Ages-Renaissance Used in secular & sacred music Many still used in Western folk music
10.
Ionian (major) Dorian Phrygian Modal (old
system) vs. tonal (major/minor system used later) Mixolydian Lydian Aolean (minor) Locrian Early Church Modes
11.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Setting words to music Syllabic--one note per syllable Melismatic--many notes per syllable Melismas often used to emphasize words Text Setting
12.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. “Dies Irae” Dies Irae
13.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Sadeness Santo Domingo de Silos Fastest selling classical record in history Sold more than 2 million copies Number 5 on U.S. Pop Charts Royalties helped needy in Third World Countries & repairs to 12th century monastery CHANT
14.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Middle Ages: Notation Earliest music wasn’t written down. Until 10th century, music transmitted orally. Earliest chant manuscripts merely showed whether the chant went up or down, not specific pitches. Most manuscripts created by monks in monasteries, by hand. Parchment and ink were expensive. Printing emerged--middle of 15th century.
15.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. The Mass, Part 1 3. The Mass A. Reenactment of Christ’s last supper 1. most solemn ritual of the Catholic Church 2. Mass liturgy: a. Proper: variable portions b. Ordinary: fixed portions 3. Gregorian melodies central to the Mass
16.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. The Mass, Part 2 B. A Gregorian Melody: Kyrie 1. Kyrie: first in the Ordinary a. Greek prayer for mercy; central-Mediterranean Christian tradition b. symbolic three-part form: evokes the Trinity 2. Listening Guide 2: Gregorian Chant: Kyrie (10th century) a. a cappella; sung antiphonally b. 3 phrases, each sung 3 times c. conjunct, wavelike d. neumatic, then melismatic
17.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. The Mass, Part 3
18.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. The Mass, Part 4
19.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. The Mass, Part 5 C. A Song for Worship by Hildegard 1. Hildegard of Bingen (1098–1179) a. renowned poet, prophet b. daughter of a noble German couple c. given to the church as a tithe d. founded convent in Rupertsberg, Germany, 1150 e. famous throughout Europe; advice sought after f. sainthood 2012, canonized by Pope Benedict XVI g. serenely beautiful music, resembles Gregorian chant h. expressive leaps, melismas: convey meaning of the words
20.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. The Mass, Part 6
21.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. The Mass, Part 7 D. Hildegard of Bingen, Alleluia, O virga mediatrix 1. praise to the Virgin Mary 2. text by Hildegard: not “Gregorian” a. new praise song controversial 3. responsorial: group repetition of leader’s text-music phrase a. roots in ancient Jewish practice
22.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. The Mass, Part 8 E. Listening Guide 2: Hildegard of Bingen: Alleluia, O virga mediatrix (Alleluia, O mediating branch) (late 12th century) 1. a cappella, alternating soloist and choir 2. three-part structure a. “Alleluia”: solo intonation, choral response b. verse: solo voice i. expressive leap and melisma: “death” ii. melismatic ending: “chastity” c. “Alleluia”: chorus
23.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Kyrie Kyrie
24.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Alleluia, o virga mediatrix Alleluia, o virga mediatrix(Sequentia) Alleluia, o virga mediatrix(Music for a Knight)
25.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. The Mass, Part 9
26.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. The Mass, Part 10
27.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Ordo Virtutum (Play of Virtues) A morality play--dramatized allegory of Good vs. Evil struggling over the fate of a single soul Written for dedication of convent church at Rupertsberg Plot centers around disputes between Satan and 16 virtues (e.g., Charity, Obedience, Humility, Chastity, Knowledge of God, Discipline, Compassion, Mercy, Victory, Discretion, Patience, Faith, Hope, Innocence, World Rejection, Heavenly Love). Each virtue = 1 female singer Chorus of all virtues sings same melody monophonically (called unison singing). Music was based on a florid style of liturgical plainchant. Rhythm--mostly free rhythm reflecting the long and short accents of the words. Performers--nuns in a convent--the Virtues were presumed to be female at that time. The Devil was presumed to be male--probably performed by the priest who served the convent.
28.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. The Soul Fights Against the Devil and Overcomes his Power Ordo Virtutum (Play of Virtues)
29.
Copyright © 2020,
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. Credits This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint presentation for “The Enjoyment of Music, 4th Edition, Chapter 13: Voice and Worship: Tradition and Individuality in Medieval Chant” For more resources, please visit https://digital.wwnorton.com/enjmusic4ess
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