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Chapter 9 plant breeding
- 2. Definition » Economic botany is the study ofthe relationship between people and plants for food, medicines and otheruses. » Economic botany intersects many fields suchasagronomy, anthropology, archaeology, chemistry, trade andcommerce. Economic botany
- 3. Relationship between humans andplants Relationship between humans and plants co-existed several hundreds of years ago selecting many wild plants by trial and error, which have led to the development of the humans and their civilization in many ways. Economic botany
- 4. Domestication of plants » Domestication is the process of bringing wild plant into cultivation through careful selection and genetic alteration to provide food and other benefits tohuman. Economic botany
- 5. Origin ofAgriculture According to the archeological evidence agriculture initiated from the fertile crescent region in and around Tigris and Euphrates river valleys, approximately about 12,000 yearsago. Theophrastus, Dioscorides, Pliny elder and Galen laid down Greek and Roman naturalists like the the scientific foundation in understanding origin and domestication of cultivated plants. Economic botany
- 6. Economic botany1807 1868 Alexander VonHumboldt - Origin of most useful plants is animpenetrable secret. Darwin’s evolutionary theory -origin of useful cultivated plants through natural selection andhybridisation. 1883 1887 1943 DeCandolle - Attempted to solvethe mystery about the ancestral form, region of domestication andhistory. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov - Vavilov hasgiven the centre of diversity of acrop species which may be the centre of origin for that species. 1968 1971 Zhukovsky- put forward theconcept of megagenecentre for the origin of cultivated plants. Harlan- Acrop maynot haveasinglecentre of origin. Thecentreofcropplantmeanstheplacesofagricultural origin andthe non-centre isthe placewhere the crop wasintroducedandspread. HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE
- 7. Economic botanyFoxtail millet, soybean,bamboo, onion, crucifers. Rice,sugarcane,mango, orange, eggplant, sesame. Rice,banana,coconut, clove , hemp. Wheat, pea, hemp, cotton etc. Wheat, rye, many subtropical and tropical fruits. Olive, vegetables, oil yielding plants, wheats 6 Ethiopia (Abyssinian) Wheat, barley, sesame,castor, coffee. Maize, bean, sweet potato, papaya, guava,tobacco. 7 Mesoamerica (South Mexican & CentralAmericanCentre) 8 SouthAmerica Tomato, pine-apple 8 a The Chiloe Centre Potato 8 b TheBrazilian- ParaguayanCentre Groundnut, cashew nut, pine apple,peppers, rubber. Vavilov’s Centreof Crop Origin 1 China 2 India 2 a South EastAsia 3 CentralEast 4 TheNear East 5 Mediterranean Crops domesticated
- 8. » Organic farming in an alternative agricultural system torapidly changing farming practices. » Itsustains the health of the soils, ecosystems and people. Organic Agriculture Economic botany
- 9. » Biofertilizers are defined aspreparations containing living cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms that help crop plants in fixing nitrogen, solubilisingphosphate and decomposing cellulose. » Theyare eco-friendly organic agro inputs and are moreefficient and cost effective than chemicalfertilizers. Biofertilizers Economic botany
- 10. Rhizobium (Symbiotic bacteria) » Best suited for paddy fieldwhich increase the yield by 15 –40% Economic botany
- 11. » Suited for wetland ricecultivation and increase the yield 40 - 60kg/ha/crop asit quickly decomposes in soil. Azolla (Free floating waterfern) Economic botany
- 12. Arbuscular mycorrhizae (Phycomycetousfungi and angiosperm roots) » Hasability to dissolve the phosphates found in abundance insoil. » AM provides necessary strength to resist disease, germsand unfavourable weather conditions. » It also assureswateravailability. Economic botany
- 13. » Seaweedliquid fertilizer (SLF)contains cytokinin, gibberellins and auxinapart from macro and micronutrients. » The alginates in the seaweed that reacts with metals in the soil and form long, cross-linked polymers in thesoil. » These polymers improve the crumbing in the soil, swell up when they get wet and retain moisture for alongtime. » Seaweedhasmore than 70 minerals, vitamins andenzymes. » Improves resistance of plants to frostand disease. » Seedssoaked in seaweed extract germinate much rapidly and develop abetter root system. Seaweed LiquidFertilizer Kelp (Brownalgae) Economic botany
- 14. » Bio-pesticides are biologically basedagents used for the control ofplant pests. » Theyare in high usedue to their non-toxic, cheaper andeco-friendly characteristics ascompared to chemicalor synthetic pesticides. » Bio-pesticides have become an integral component of pest management interms of the environmental and healthissues attributed to the useof chemicals in agriculture. Bio-Pesticides Economic botany Trichodermafungi Biopesticide (a) Beauveria Fungi (b) Beauveriasps infected insect on greenplant (c) Entomopathogenic on insets
- 15. » Green manuring is defined asthe growing ofgreen manure crops directly in the field byploughing. » Oneof the main objectives of the green manuring is to increase the content of nitrogen and improve the structure and physical properties of the soil. » Themost important green manure crops are Crotalaria juncea,Tephrosia purpurea, Indigofera tinctoria. » Thegreen manuring can be practised asGreen in-situ manuring or Greenleaf manuring. GreenManuring Economic botany
- 16. » Plant breeding is the science of improvement of crop varieties with higher yield, better quality, resistance to diseases and shorter durations which are suitable to particular environment. » In early days,plant breeding activities were based mainly on skills and abilityof person involved. » But asthe principles of genetics and cytogenetics have elucidatedbreeding methods such asselection, introduction, hybridization, ploidy, mutation, tissue culture and biotechnology techniques were designed todevelop improved crop varieties. PlantBreeding Economic botany
- 17. » Toincrease yield, vigour and fertility of thecrop » Toincrease tolerance to environmental condition, salinity, temperature anddrought. » Toprevent the premature falling of buds, fruitsetc. » Toimprove synchronousmaturity. » Todevelop resistance to pathogens and pests. » Todevelop photosensitive and thermos-sensitivevarieties. Objectives of PlantBreeding Economic botany
- 20. Plant Breedingfor Developing Resistanceto diseases Economic botany Crop Variety Resistance to diseases Wheat Himgiri Leaf and Stripe rust, hill bunt Brassica Pusa swarnim (Kara rai) White rust Cauliflower Pusa Shubhra, Pusa snowball K-1 Black rot and curl blight black rot Cowpea Pusa Komal Bacterial blight Chilli Pusa Sadabahar Chilly mosaic virus, Tobacco mosaic virus and Leaf curl.
- 21. PlantBreedingfor Developing Resistanceto insect pest Economic botany Crop Variety Insect pests Pusa Gaurav AphidsBrassica (rapeseed mustard) Flat been Jassids, aphids and fruit borerPusa Sem 2 Pusa Sem 3 Okra (Bhindi) Shoot and Fruit borerPusa Sawani Pusa A-4
- 22. Economic botany
- 23. Economic botany » Indian Plant Breeders » National Bureau of plantGenetic Resources (NBPGR) » GammaGarden or AtomicGarden » NORIN10 » Father of greenrevolution Norman E.Borlaug » Father of green revolution inINDIA Dr.M.S.Swaminathan. » Nel Jayaraman
- 24. Economic botany
- 25. Economic botany