1. So far, you have learned that…
Information taken from: Hogue, A.
(2008). First steps in academic writing.
Longman: N.Y.

2. ! An independent clause is a sentence by itself.
! A dependent clause is not a sentence by itself.
! A complex sentence is one independent clause
and one or more dependent clauses.
! The clauses can be in any order.
! Put a comma after a dependent clause when it
starts the sentence.

3. You already practiced writing complex sentences
with time subordinators (after, as soon as, before,
until, when, whenever, while):
! I will do the practice after I finish this
presentation.
! As soon as I finish, I will review my notes.
! Before I start the practice, I will check my notes.
! I will see it until everything is clear
! I ask my teacher when I don’t understand.

5. Reason subordinators tell why something
happens. The ones that you will use in this
module are: because and since.
 She didn’t go to the party because she was sick.
 She didn’t go to the party since she was sick.
 Because Julia is good at English, she wants to
be an English teacher.
 Since Julia is good at English, she wants to be
an English teacher.

6. Here is something that you need to know about
because and since.
Because and since have the same meaning. You
can use them with no difference in their use.
 I passed the exam because I studied.
 I passed the exam since I studied.
 Since I learned about punctuation, I write better
sentences.
 Because I learned about punctuation, I write better
sentences.

7. She is late because she missed the bus.
She is late since she missed the bus.
Because she missed the bus, she is late.
Since she missed the bus, she is late.