2018 graduation project-mohsin ali

Republic Of Iraq
Ministry Of Higher Education & Scientific
Research
University Of Technology
Materials Engineering Department
Mechanical behavior of natural material
/glass fiber reinforced polymer based
A Project
Submitted to the Materials Engineering Department / University of
Technology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of b.sc in Materials Engineering
By
Mohsin Ali Kadham
Supervised by
Asst. Prof. Dr. Sihama I. Salih
2017-20189341-9341‫هـ‬

‫النور‬ ‫سورة‬/‫اال‬‫يه‬۳٥

‫اإلهداء‬
‫الرحيم‬‫الرحمن‬‫اهلل‬‫بسم‬
(‫و‬‫والمؤمنون‬ ‫ورسوله‬ ‫عملكم‬ ‫اهلل‬‫فسيرى‬ ‫إعملوا‬‫ل‬‫ق‬)
‫اهلل‬‫صدق‬‫العلي‬‫العظيم‬
‫بطاعتك‬ ‫إلى‬‫النهار‬‫واليطيب‬ ‫بشكرك‬ ‫إال‬‫الليل‬‫اليطيب‬ ‫إلهي‬..‫إال‬‫اللحظات‬‫والتطيب‬
‫بذكرك‬..‫بعفوك‬ ‫إال‬‫اآلخرة‬‫تطيب‬ ‫وال‬..‫برؤيتك‬ ‫إال‬‫الجنة‬‫تطيب‬ ‫وال‬
‫جالله‬‫جل‬‫اهلل‬
****
‫األمانة‬‫وأدى‬ ‫الرسالة‬‫بلغ‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلى‬..‫األمة‬‫ونصح‬..‫العالمين‬‫ونور‬ ‫الرحمة‬‫نبي‬ ‫إلى‬..
‫اجمعين‬‫بيته‬ ‫ال‬‫على‬ ‫و‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫اهلل‬‫صلى‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫سيدنا‬
****
‫امان‬‫في‬ ‫لنبقى‬ ‫بانفسهم‬ ‫ضحوا‬ ‫من‬ ‫الى‬..‫الطاهرة‬‫بدمائهم‬ ‫أرض‬‫ال‬‫سقوا‬ ‫من‬ ‫ال‬
‫مشوارهم‬ ‫نواصل‬ ‫بأن‬ ‫أمل‬‫كلهم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ارقونا‬‫ف‬ ‫من‬ ‫الى‬....‫اال‬‫شهدائنا‬‫برار‬..‫العماري‬‫صباح‬ ‫البطل‬‫الشهيد‬
******
‫حب‬‫قطرة‬ ‫ليسقيني‬ً‫ا‬‫ارغ‬‫ف‬ ‫الكأس‬‫جرع‬‫من‬ ‫إلى‬
‫سعادة‬ ‫لحظة‬ ‫لنا‬ ‫ليقدم‬ ‫أنامله‬‫ت‬ّ‫ل‬‫ك‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلى‬
‫لي‬ ‫ليمهد‬ ‫دربي‬ ‫عن‬ ‫األشواك‬‫حصد‬‫من‬ ‫إلى‬‫العلم‬‫طريق‬
‫الكبير‬‫لب‬‫الق‬‫إلى‬(‫العزيز‬‫والدي‬)
******
‫الحياة‬‫في‬ ‫مالكي‬ ‫إلى‬..‫اني‬‫والتف‬ ‫الحنان‬‫معنى‬ ‫وإلى‬ ‫الحب‬‫معنى‬ ‫إلى‬..‫الوجود‬‫وسر‬ ‫الحياة‬‫بسمة‬ ‫إلى‬
‫الحبايب‬‫أغلى‬‫إلى‬‫جراحي‬‫بلسم‬ ‫وحنانها‬ ‫نجاحي‬ ‫سر‬ ‫دعائها‬ ‫كان‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلى‬
(‫الحبيبة‬‫والدتي‬)
*****
‫دروب‬ ‫في‬ ‫وبرفقتهم‬ ، ‫سعدت‬ ‫معهم‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلى‬‫الصافي‬‫الصدق‬‫ينابيع‬ ‫إلى‬‫والعطاء‬ ‫اء‬‫بالوف‬ ‫وتميزوا‬ ‫باإلخاء‬ ‫تحلو‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلى‬
‫والخير‬ ‫النجاح‬‫طريق‬ ‫على‬ ‫معي‬ ‫كانوا‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلى‬‫سرت‬ ‫والحزينة‬ ‫الحلوة‬‫الحياة‬..‫أنفسهم‬‫على‬ ‫أثروني‬‫من‬ ‫ألى‬
(‫إخوتي‬..‫سجى‬..‫حسن‬..‫أيات‬..‫نبأ‬)
*****
‫إلى‬‫كل‬‫من‬‫أشعل‬‫شمعة‬‫في‬‫دروب‬‫علمنا‬
‫وإلى‬‫من‬‫وقف‬‫على‬‫المنابر‬‫وأعطى‬‫من‬‫حصيلة‬‫فكره‬‫لينير‬‫دربنا‬
‫إلى‬‫شيئا‬ ‫علمني‬ ‫من‬ ‫كل‬(..‫أساتذتي‬)
*****
‫وملجئي‬ ‫مالذي‬ ‫كانوا‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلى‬..‫اللحظات‬‫أجمل‬‫معهم‬ ‫تذوقت‬ ‫من‬ ‫إلى‬. .‫باهلل‬ ‫أخوتي‬‫اهلل‬‫جعلهم‬‫من‬ ‫إلى‬. .‫من‬ ‫و‬
‫باهلل‬ ‫أحببتهم‬(‫ائي‬‫اصدق‬)
‫ح‬‫م‬‫ح‬‫ـ‬‫س‬‫ــــ‬‫نح‬‫ع‬‫ـــلـيح‬‫ح‬.‫.ح.ح‬‫حححححححححح‬‫ح‬
8102/4/80‫حححححححححححححححححححححححححححححححححححححح‬

I
Supervisor certificate
I certify that preparation of this project entitled "Mechanical
behavior of natural material /glass fiber reinforced polymer based"
was made under my supervision in the Materials Engineering
Department in the University of Technology, as a partial fulfillment
of the requirement of the B.Sc degree in Science of Materials
Engineering.
Signature:
Name: Asst. Prof. Dr. Sihama I. Salih
Title:
Date: / /2018

II
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
With deep regards and profound respect, I avail this
opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude and
indebtedness to Asst. Prof. Dr. Sihama I. Salih, for introducing
the present project topic and for her inspiring guidance,
constructive criticism and valuable suggestion throughout the
project work. I most gratefully acknowledge her constant
encouragement and help in different ways to complete this
project successfully.
My great appreciation to Dr.Ahmed Mohammad Al-Ghaban
the Head of the Materials Engineering Department.
It give me great pleasure to express my heartfelt gratitude to
the laboratory mates , Mr. Mokalad H.Shoaish , Mr. Mohammed
Mahdi and Miss shereen Ali for their help and made it so easy
to work in the laboratory by providing me with an utmost
friendly humorous and amicable atmosphere to work in.
A special thanks to Dr.Qahtan Adnan and lec.Hawazen salam
for helping me at each step and teaching me with all patience.
Last but not the least; I wish to thank all the faculty members &
staffs of Department of Materials Engineering for their support
and help during the project.
Place: Baghdad Mohsin Ali
Date: 25/04/2018

III
Abstract
Prosthetic dentistry is replacement of missing teeth and adjoining
tissue.Prosthetic dentistry is replacement of missing teeth and adjoining tissue.
The basic trouble related with acrylic as denture base material is impact failure
which occur outside the mouth by dropping on hard surface, other failure
happens at very low strength especially under fatigue failure inside the mouth by
refined occlusal biting force. These troubles commonly take place in
prosthodontic serving and as yet remain unsolved troubles.So, the objective of
this work is to develop the characteristics of poly methyl methacrylate
(PMMA) resin, by reinforcing it withtwo different types of natural powder
materials (Peel Cardamom and Cinnamon) withselected weight fractions (0, 1, 2
& 3 %). The optimum samples of the two groups composites (PMMA: 2% Peel
Cardamom powder) and (PMMA: 1%cinnamon) respectivelywerereinforced
with(10% wt.) of continuous glass fibers. The mechanical propertiesand some
physical properties were studiedfor all prepared samples. The results have shown
that the values oftensile strength, young's modulus, elongation percentage at
break, flexural modulus, flexural strain, flexural strength, max. shear stress,
impact strength, fracture toughness ,hardness, thermal conductivity and thermal
diffusivity increased with increasing the weight fractions of peel cardamom
powder and cinnamon powder to reached the maximum values at different
weight fractions (2%) and (1%)respectively, except from that the thermal
conductivity .it decreased with increase the weight fraction of cinnamon.
Reinforcing PMMA with (Peel cardamom powder or cinnamon powder) and
(10%) continuous glass fiber has increased the mechanical properties and
decreased the thermal properties.
This study showed an improvement in the value of impact strength up to (200%
& 450 %) compared with pure PMMAfor weight fractions (2% card +10% glass
fiber &(1%cin +10% glass fiber), respectively.

IV
In addition to that the fracture toughness showed an improvement in the value up
to (97 % & 162 %)respectively compared with pure PMMA for weight fractions
(2% card +10% glass fiber & 1%cin +10% glass fiber) respectively.
The fracture energy of hybrid composites is higher than those containing only
nature powders and the last one is higher when compared with PMMA alone. So,
the concept of combining glass fibers with nature powder as new composite
materials, it is expected to be successful in terms of: lighter, stronger and cheaper
structures for the goals of materials science and dentures applications.

V
Subject Page No.
Supervisor certificate Ⅰ
Acknowleddgement II
Abstract III
List of Contents VI
List of Symbols Ⅶ
List of Abbreviations Ⅷ
List of Tables ix
List of Figures ix
Chapter One : Introduction
1-1 Introduction about Bio-materials and bio-composite 1
1-2 Introduction to denture 3
1-3 Problem of Denture 3
1-4 Literature Survey 4
1-4-1 Historical Review of Bio-Composite 4
1-4-2 Literature Review of Bio-Composite 5
1-5 Aim of this study 8
Chapter two: Theoretical Part
2-1 Introduction to C composite 9
2-2 Fabrication of Composites 10
2-3 Materials used in this study 10
2-3-1 Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) 10
2-3-2 Reinforcing materials 11
2-3-2-1 Cinnamon 11
2-3-2-2 Cardamom 12
2-3-2-3 Glass Fiber 13
2-4 Mechanical properties for bio composite materials 14
2-4-1 Tensile Properties Test 14
2-4-2 Flexural Properties Test 15
2-4-3 Impact Properties Test 17
List of Contents

VI
2-4-4 Hardness Properties Test 18
2-5 Physical Properties 19
2-5-1 Hot Disk Test 19
Chapter Three: Experimental part
3-1 Introduction 21
3-2 Materials Used 21
3-3 Specimens Grouping 23
3-4 Rules of Mixtures 23
3-5 Preparation of Test Specimen 24
3-5-1 Mould Preparation 24
3-5-2 Preparation of specimens 25
3-6 Mechanical and Physical Test 26
3-6-1 Tensile Test 26
3-6-2 Flexural Test 27
3-6-3 Hardness Test 28
3-6-4 Impact Test 29
3-7 Thermal Analysis Test 30
Chapter four: Results and Discussion
4-1 Introduction 32
4-2 Mechanical Test Results 32
4-2-1 Tensile Test Results 32
4-2-1-1 Stress-Strain Curves 32
4-2-1-2 Tensile Strength results 34
4-2-1-3 Young's modulus results 35
4-2-1-4 Elongation Percentage at break 36
4-2-2 Flexural Test Results 37
4-2-2-1 Flexural Strength 37
4-2-2-2 Flexural Modulus 39
4-2-2-3 Flexural Strain 40
4-2-2-4 Max. Shear Stress Test Results 40

VII
4-2-3 Impact Test Results 41
4-2-3-1 Impact strength 41
4-2-3-2 Fracture toughness 43
4-2-4 Hardness Test Results 44
4-3 Physical tests 45
4-3-1 Thermal Analysis Test Results 45
4-3-1-1 Thermal conductivity results 45
4-3-1-2 Thermal Diffusivity Results 46
4-3-1-3 Specific Heat Results 47
Chapter five:Conclusions and Recommendations
5-1 Conclusions 49
5-2 Recommendations 50
References
References 51
List of Symbols
Symbol Description Unit
A Cross sectional area mm²
b Width of specimen mm
CP Specific heat at constant pressure MJ/m³K
Dth Thermal diffusivity mm2/s
d Depth of specimen mm
E Modulus of elasticity GPa.
E1 Modulus of elasticity parallel to the fibers GPa.
E2 Modulus of elasticity transverse to the fibers GPa.
EF Flexural Modulus MPa.
Ef Young’s modulus of fibers GPa.
Em Young’s modulus of matrix GPa.
F Applied load N

VIII
Gc Impact strength of material KJ/m²
Kc Fracture toughness of material MPa.m1/2
L Final length mm
Lo Original length mm
m1 Mass of specimens in air gm
m2 Mass of specimen and sinker in water gm
P Load at break N
T Temperature °C
Uc Impact energy J
δ Deflection of the specimen Mm
ℇ Engineering strain %
ρ Mass density (Bulk density) Kg/m³
ρC Density of composite gm/cm³
ρf Density of fibers gm/cm³
ρm Density of matrix gm/cm³
σf Flexural strength MPa.
σ Tensile stress MPa.
τmax Maximum shear stress MPa.
List of Abbreviations
Abbreviatio
ns
Description
ASTM American Society for Testing Materials
ISO International Standard Organization
PMMA Poly Methyl Methacrylate
FTIR Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Wt % Weight fraction (%)
Cin Cinnamon powder
Card Peel cardamom powder

IX
List of Tables
Sequence Title Page
3.1
Groups of PMMA Composite Material that Prepared in
this Study.
23
List of Figures
No. of
Figures
Title Page
Chapter two: Theoretical Part
2.1
Classification of composite materials based on both
matrix and reinforcement phases
9
2.2 Chemical structure of PMMA 10
2.3
Cinnamon sticks, powder, and dried flowers of the
Cinnamon verum plant
12
2.4
Cardamom pods (green cardamom) and cardamom peel
powder.
13
2.5 Three point flexural test 16
2.6 The impact test machine 18
2.7 The (Shore-D) hardness test 19
2.8 The Schematic of Samples and Sensor for the Hot Disk 20
Chapter Three: Experimental part
3.1 The technical path of this study 22
3.2
Figure (3.2): The PMMA (powder) and MMA
(monomer) are used in this study.
21
3.3
Shows metallic mould used for prepare composite
specimen
24
3.4
Some composite specimens (pure PMMA & composite
specimen of PMMA matrix reinforcement by
(Cardamom, Cinnamon powders and glass fiber).
24
3.5
(A) The dimension of specimens by (mm) &Sample of
the specimens before test, (B) The tensile test machine.
27
3.6
(A) (A) The dimension of specimens Sample of the
specimens before test, and (B) The flexural test
machine.
28

X
3.7
(a) The (Shore-D) hardness test , (b) Standard Specimen
of Hardness Test.
29
3.8
(a) Shows the standard specimen of impact test, (b) The
Izod impact test instrument.
29
3.9
The Schematic of Samples and Sensor for the Hot Disk,
(b) Hot disk sensor. .
30
3.10 Shows the image of device used in this study. 31
Chapter four: Results and Discussion
4.1
Stress-Strain Curve for Pure and PMMA Composite
Specimen with (1, 2and 3 wt. %) cinnamon powder.
33
4.2
Stress-Strain Curve for Pure and PMMA Composite
Specimen with (1, 2and 3 wt. %) cardamom powder.
33
4.3
Tensile strength for PMMA bio-composite specimens as
a function of (a): ( peel cardamom and cinnamon
powder) and (b):(glass fiber) content in composite.
35
4.4
Young's modulus for PMMA bio-composite specimens
as a function of (a): ( peel cardamom and cinnamon
36
4.5
Elongation Percentage at Break for PMMA bio-
composite specimens as a function of (a): (peel
cardamom and cinnamon powder) and (b):(glass fiber)
content in composite.
37
4.6
Flexural Strength for PMMA bio-composite specimens
as a function of (a):( peel cardamom and cinnamon
38
4.7
Flexural Modulus for PMMA bio-composite specimens
39
4.8
Flexural Strain for PMMA bio-composite specimens as
a function of (a): (peel cardamom and cinnamon
40
4.9
Max.Shear Stress for PMMA bio-composite specimens
41
4.10
Impact Strength for PMMA bio-composite specimens as
a function of (a): ( peel cardamom and cinnamon
42

XI
4.11
Fracture toughness for PMMA bio-composite
specimens as a function of (a): ( peel cardamom and
cinnamon powder) and (b):(glass fiber) content in
composite.
43
4.12
Hardness (Shore-D) for PMMA bio-composite
specimens as a function of (a): ( peel cardamom and
cinnamon powder) and (b):(glass fiber) content in
composite.
44
4.13
Thermal Conductivity with Weight Fraction for some
PMMA Composite Specimens reinforced by( peel
cardamom, cinnamon powders and glass Fiber).
46
4.14
Thermal Diffusivity with Weight Fraction for some
PMMA Composite Specimens reinforced by( peel
cardamom, cinnamon powders and glass Fiber).
47
4.15
Specific Heat with Weight Fraction for some PMMA
Composite Specimens reinforced by( peel cardamom,
cinnamon powders and glass Fiber).
48

Chapter one
Introduction and literature
survey

CHAPTER ONE [Introduction and literature survey] [1]
Chapter one
Introduction
1-1 Introduction about Bio-materials and bio-composite
Biomaterials are defined as materials natural or synthetic origin that are used as
treatment, supplement, or replacing any part of a living tissues or to do
function in close contact with living tissue [1].
Bio – composites are much significant today due to growing environmental
consciousness. The advantages of natural fibers over synthetic fibers such as
glass and carbon are: renewability, manufacturing ease and biodegradability.
Natural fibers are being considered as potential reinforcement with both
thermoplastic and thermoset matrices. Today, natural fiber composites are
widely used in automotive, furniture, construction fields. Natural fiber
reinforced polyester composites a re being used in the engine and transmission
covers of Mercedes – Benz buses. A good combination of mechanical
properties and eco – friendliness makes natural fiber composites more
attractive. Jute, kenaf, flax, ramie and hemp are widely accepted for their good
mechanical properties. Despite having several merits, natural fiber composites
show lower modulus, lower strength and poor moisture resistance in
comparisons with the composites reinforced with synthetic fibers such as glass
and carbon. To overcome these limitations and to obtain a great diversity of
material properties, hybrid composites have been conceived wherein two or
more fibers are reinforced in a single matrix. In hybrid composites higher
performance of synthetic fiber and environmental advantages of natural fibers
are combined. Glass fibers are widely used these days with polymer matrices
due to their higher strength, light weight, dimensional stability, resistance to
corrosion, etc. Several investigators have developed hybrid composites by
reinforcing natural fibers with glass fibers and have shown improved
properties. Most of the natural fibers and reinforcements used in polymer

composites are hydrophilic in nature, whereas synthetic polymers are
hydrophobic. Poor adhesion between the natural fibers and polymer matrix
often prevents the possibility of natural fibers to act as fillers, resulting in poor
dispersion, inadequate reinforcement, and low mechanical properties.
Therefore, natural fibers require the addition of coupling agents or the chemical
modification for final applications in composite materials . Natural fibers have
become alternative reinforcing fillers in various areas of polymer composites
due to their advantages over synthetic fibers, e.g. low density, less tool wear
during processing, low cost, non-toxic, easy process, environmentally friendly,
and biodegradability. Lignocelluloses fibers such as jute, sisal, hemp, coir, and
banana have been successfully used as reinforcing materials in many thermo
set and thermoplastic matrices to study mechanical, thermal, electrical, and
wear characterization. Inorganic fiber reinforced composites; the increase in
the absolute property is not expected to be nearly as high as inorganic fiber
reinforced composites, but the specific properties increases with the use of
natural fibers due to the much lower density of the organic fibers. In short-fiber
reinforced polymer composites, the integrity of the fiber/matrix interface needs
to be high for efficient load transfer. Ideally, the molten polymer would spread
over and adhere to the fiber; thus creating a strong adhesive bond. Inorganic
fibers like glass and cellulosic fibers have hydrophilic surfaces that make them
incompatible with hydrophobic polymers. Therefore, inorganic and cellulosic
fibers usually require chemical modification to increase fiber/polymer
interaction. In composites, aged fiber composite shows better mechanical
properties than fresh fiber composites. The reason is that mechanical properties
of composites not only rely upon the fiber strength alone, which is better with
fresh fiber, but also on the interfacial adhesion between the fiber and the matrix
which assists stress transfer. An attempt has been made in this study to
characterize the compressive strength, flexural strength, and hardness behavior

of untreated and treated coconut shell powder as a filler reinforced composites
[2].
1-2 Introduction to denture
Tooth loss as a result of injury or disease such as dental avulsion tooth
decay and gum disease is a process which affects, esthetics, speech and health,
comfort and normal function of patient mouth. The part which replaces the
missing teeth and adjoining tissues is called denture. Dentures are the major
prosthetic devices to restore physiological and esthetic functions of oral tissues
of edentulous or partially edentulous patients [3].
1-3 Problem of Denture
Denture fracture is one of the most common problems not just for patients
but for dentists and dental laboratory technicians too. Denture fractures occur
outside the mouth and inside the mouth. Impact failure outside the mouth and
flexure fatigue failure in the mouth are two most important causes of fracture
of denture base. Outside the mouth, they often occur as a consequence of
impact (accident) as a result of expelling the denture from the mouth while
coughing, or simply of dropping the denture. Inside the mouth the causes of
denture fracture can be excessive bite force, improper occlusal plane, high
frenal attachment, lack of balanced occlusion, poor fit or limitation in denture
base material [4].
Fracture strength of denture base resin is of big trouble, and many methods
have been proposed to strengthen acrylic resin dentures. They include
modifying or reinforcing the resin. Reinforcement has been attempted through
the incorporation of solid metal forms and various types of fibers in fracture
areas. Metals can be added in the form of wires, plates, nets or fillers.
Many type of Fibers and natural material particles may be addition to acrylic
resin has the ability to enhance the mechanical properties of the material. Good

fiber reinforcement is dependent on several variables involving the material
used, the ratio of fibers or particles in the matrix and their distribution and
modulus' fiber length, fiber orientation and fiber form as well as the particle
size, type, distribution ets. Over the years, different kinds of fibers such as
carbon, aramid, glass and polyethylene have been added to acrylic resin in an
attempt to enhance its mechanical properties [5].
1-4 Literature Survey
1-4-1 Historical Review of Bio-Composite
The history of mankind has witnessed several surges in the field of
research and development.The rampant use of petroleum products has created a
twin dilemma; depletion of petroleum resources and entrapment of plastics in
food chain and environment.The increasing pollution caused by the use of
plastics and emissions during incineration is affecting the food we eat, water
we drink, air we breathe and threatening the greatest right of human beings, the
right to live.The exhaustive use of petroleum based resources has initiated the
effords to develop biodegradable plastics. This is based on renewable biobased
plant and agricultural products that can complete in the markets currently
dominated by petroleum based products.The production of 100% biobased
materials as substitute for petroleum based products is not an economical
solution.A more viable solution would be to combine petroleum and biobased
resources to develop a cost-effective product having immense applications.
Biopolymers or synthetic polymers reinforced with natural or biofibers(termed
as biocomposites) are a viable alternative to glass fiber composites.Scintists are
looking at the various possibilities of combining biofibers such as sisal,flax,
hemp, jute, banana, wood and various grasses with polymer matrices from non-
renewable and renewable resourses to form composite materials to make the
biocomposite revolution a reality[6].

1-4-2 Literature Review of Bio-Composite
T. Kanie et. al., (2000), studied some mechanical properties (deflection,
flexural strength, flexural modulus and impact strength) of PMMA used for
denture reinforced by woven glass fibers. Specimens with four different
thicknesses were made. The results showed that the flexural and impact
properties for PMMA increased when the layers of glass fibers increased [7].
Dinesh and Jagdish et. Al , research focused on wear study of sisal fibre
reinforced epoxy based composite materials. LY-556 and HY 951 used as resin
and hardener respectively reinforcement during fabrication of composite by
had lay-up method. By increasing the percentage of the sisal fibre in
fabrication work enhance the weight loss of the specimen of wear test.
SFRECM can be used as substitute materials for human Orthopedic Implants..
10%, 20%, and 30% sisal fibre used [8].
S. Eskimez et. al., (2006), researchers studied the resistance to fracture and
bending strength of acrylic resin reinforced by glass fiber. Result illustrated
that the bending strength of the resins decreased with the addition of fibers [9].
A.K. Hanan, (2013), investigated the effect of the addition of siwak powder
with average particle size of (75µm) in three different concentrations (3%, 5%
and 7%) by weight on the some mechanical characteristics of heat-
polymerized PMMA acrylic resin.. The results showed that the addition of
siwak powder with (3% and 5%) by weight to the acrylic resin does not highly
affect the impact, compressive and tensile properties of the acrylic resin in
comparison to the control group, while the addition of (7 %) siwak powder to
the acrylic resin showed a significant decrease in compressive strength, impact
strength and tensile strength [10].
Karaduman, Sayeed, Onal, and Rawal et. al. was studied of the viscoelastic
properties of jute/polypropylene nonwoven reinforced composites by dynamic

mechanical analysis. The chemical treatment of fiber completed by alkali
solution to obtain better adhesion property of the fiber-matrix interface. The
degrees of highest storage modulus and loss modulus of nonwoven composites
enhanced with increase in the jute fiber content [11].
S.I. Salih et. al., (2016), developed PMMA properties by addition of four kinds
of nanoparticles, which were fly ash, fly dust, zirconia and aluminum in
different ratios of volume fractions of (1%, 2% and 3%) to self-cure (PMMA)
resin. The results showed that the values of the hardness, flexural strength,
maximum shear stress and flexural modules increased with the addition of
Nano powders (fly ash, fly dust, zirconia, and aluminum) [12].
Kommula, Kanchireddy, Shukla, and Marwala et. Al , investigated on tensile
properties of napier grass fiber strands extracted by mechanical and water
retting process. The composites were fabricated with 0, 5, 10, and 15% of
alkali treatment and with a volume fraction of fiber 10, 20, and 30%. The
orientation and loading of fiber on the tensile strength of the composites were
analyzed using universal testing machine[13].
Prasanna and Subbaiah et. Al , was investigated tensile, flexural and Impact
strength of hybrid composite fabricated with sisal fiber and pineapple fibre. LY
551 and HY 951 used as resin and hardener respectively. The hybrid sample
fabricated by Hand lay- up method. These composite used in various
applications due to unique features like as recyclability, waste utilization,
environment friendly, bio-degradability, high strength, and an alternative of
plastics. By increase of % of sisal fiber increase in tensile and bending strength
of sisal-pine fibers composite as well as increment in density. It was concluded,
with increment of pine fiber % help to reduction in density of composite and
addition of pine fiber impact strength was improved[14].

Malaiah, Sharma, Krishna et. al. was studied on wear study of 2%, 24% and
36% of Hybrid Fiber (Natural fiber- Sisal, Jute and Hemp) reinforced with
polymercomposite material and can used as Bio-material. The characterization
of 12%,24% & 36% of the natural fiber reinforced polymer composite
materialContain the low density, economical for prosthetic bone in respectto
bio- compatibility and the mechanical behavior of long humanbones, like as
Femur Bone. The samples were prepared according to ASTM Standard G-99
by using resin- LY556 in the matrix and Hardener-HY 951 with the 12%,
24%and 36% of natural fibers (Sisal, Jute and Hemp) as reinforced material
with fiber weight fraction, and randomlycontinuous long fiber orientation. The
hand lay-upfabrication technique was used to prepared the specimen. The wear
test was conducted using pin-on-disk apparatus with was issued under the
standard having ASTM G- 99 [15].
Shankar and Rao et. Al , were study of tensile properties on bamboo/glass
reinforced epoxy based hybrid composites. The property of bamboo fibers after
alkali treatment analyzed. The outcome of his work represent that the tensile
properties of hybrid composites increase respect of glass fiber content and
higher than alkali treated bamboo fiber reinforced composite [16].
Mosawi et. Al , investigated on mechanical properties of Palm-Kevlar fibers
reinforced hybrid composites. Impact strength, tensile strength, flexural
strength and hardness were studied. Fibers mixed with epoxy resin (LY 556) in
different percentage of fibers (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, &
80%). It was observed during experimentation mechanical property is higher
with 50% of Kevlar and Palm fibers respectively, but at 70-80% mechanical
properties of hybrid composites reduced due to lower wettability between
fibers and resin [17].

Verma and Chariar et. Al , were researched on dry bamboo culms with epoxy
resin to fabricate layered bamboo epoxy based composite laminates.
Mechanical properties (Tensile, flexural, and screw holding capability) of
fabricated composite material were determined. These material can be used in
general application like as furniture, beam, and column, etc. Dry bamboo
culms were used in processed into thin lamina and cold pressed by using epoxy
resin. Tensile and compressive properties of LLBCs were decreases with
increment in lamina angle [18].
1-5 Aim of this study
The aims of this study are to reinforce the PMMA acrylic resin materials
which are commonly used for the fabrication of denture with stronger
materials and developing new materials with better properties. These materials
are composed of a matrix of poly methyl methacrylate and two types of
reinforcement natural materials. These materials include peel cardamom and
cinnamon powders, in addition to that , the specimen which have highest
properties will reinforced with glass fiber , However, this work is to study the
effect of reinforcing particles, particles types, particles size and particles
weight fraction on the mechanical and physical properties of composite
specimens. These properties are tensile strength, young's modulus, elongation
percentage at break, flexural modulus, flexural strain, flexural strength, max.
shear stress, impact strength, fracture toughness, hardness ,thermal
conductivity and thermal diffusivity.

Chapter two [Theoretical part] [9]
Chapter Two
Theoretical Part
2-1 Introduction to Composite
Composites can be defined as materials composed by the combination of
two or more distinct constituents or phases (reinforcement and matrix phases),
which when married together result in a material with different properties from
those of individual components [19-20]. The reinforcement material provides
strength and stiffness to support structural load while the matrix material keeps
the position and orientation of the reinforcement [21]. As shown in Figure
(2.1), composites can be classified according to types of matrix phase into
metal matrix composites (MMCs), ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), and
polymer matrix composites (PMCs) [22]. On the basis of reinforcement phase,
composites also classified into particulate composites, fibrous composites, and
laminated composites. The fibrous composites are divided into natural and
synthetic fiber composites [23].
Figure (2.1) Classification of composite materials based on both matrix and reinforcement
phases [23].

2-2 Fabrication of Composites
The fabrication and shaping of composites into finished products often
combines the formation of the material itself during the fabrication process.
The important processing methods are hand lay-up, bag molding process,
filament winding, pultrusion, bulk molding, sheet molding, resin transfer
molding, injection molding, and so on. In this study we use the "Hand Lay-Up
"only [24].
Hand Lay-Up
The oldest, simplest, and the most commonly used method for the manufacture
of both small and large reinforced products is the hand lay-up technique. A flat
surface, a cavity or a positive-shaped mold, made from wood, metal, plastic, or
a combination of these materials may be used for the hand lay-up method [24].
2-3 Materials used in this study
2-3-1 Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA):
General Poly (methacrylate) are polymers of the esters of methacrylic
acids. The most commonly used among them is Poly methyl methacrylate
(PMMA)". Poly (methyl methacrylate) or poly (methyl 2 -
methylpropenoate) is the polymer of methyl methacrylate, with chemical
formula (C5H802)n, Fig.(2.2) shows the polymerization of MMA to produce
PMMA [25].
Figure (2.2): Chemical structure of PMMA [25].

Poly methyl methacrylate is a linear thermoplastic polymer, PMMA has
high mechanical strength, high Young's modulus and low elongation at break.
It does not shatter on rupture. It is one of the hardest thermoplastics and is also
highly scratch resistant. It exhibits low moisture and water absorbing capacity,
due to which products made have good dimensional stability. Both of these
characteristics increase as the temperature rises. Disadvantages include
brittleness and relatively large shrinkage during polymerization [26].
2-3-2 Reinforcing materials
2-3-2-1 Cinnamon
Cinnamon is a powerful spice that has been used medicinally around the
world for thousands of years. It is still used daily in many cultures because of
its widespread health benefits, not to mention its distinctly sweet, warming
taste and ease of use in recipes. Figure.(2.3) shows the Cinnamon sticks,
powder, and dried flowers of the Cinnamon verum plant.
According to researchers, out of twenty-six of the most popular herbs and
medicinal spices in the world, cinnamon actually ranks #1 in terms of its
protective antioxidant levels!
The unique smell, color and flavor of cinnamon is due to the oily part of the
tree that it grows from. The health benefits of cinnamon come from the bark of
the Cinnamomum verum (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) tree. .
The Cinnamomum verum tree can also be synonimously referred to as
a Cinnamomum zeylanicum. These scientific terms simply refer to a true
cinnamon tree. This bark contains several special compounds which are
responsible for its many health-promoting properties, including
cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid and cinnamate.
One tablespoon of ground cinnamon contains:
 19 calories
 0 grams of fat, sugar, or protein

 4 grams of fiber
 68 percent daily value manganese
 8 percent daily value calcium
 4 percent daily value iron
 3percent daily value vitamin K [27].
Figure (2.3): Cinnamon sticks, powder, and dried flowers of the Cinnamomum verum plant
[28].
Appendix figures and table (A-1) to (A-2) show the microstructure and surface
morphology of cinnamon powder were investigated by atomic force
microscopy (AFM) and their Granularity Cumulation Distribution Report.The
particle size of cinnamon powder was about 116 nm.
2-3-2-2 Cardamom
Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) sometimes cardamom or
cardamum, is a spice made from the seeds of several plants in the genera
Elettaria and Amomum belonging to the ginger family Zingiberaceae . Both
genera are native to India/Pakistan (known as Elaichi), Bhutan, Indonesia and
Nepal. Figure.(2.4) shows the Cardamom pods (green cardamom) and
cardamom peel powder. They are recognized by their small seed pods.

triangular in cross-section and spindle-shaped, with a thin papery outer shell
and small black seeds; Elettaria pods are light green and smaller, while
Amomum pods are larger and dark brown.There are two main types of
cardamom: True or green cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) ,and
Black cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxburgh)[29].
Figure (2.4):Cardamom pods (green cardamom) and cardamom peel powder.
Cardamom Composition The content of essential oil in the seeds is strongly
dependent on storage conditions, but may be as high as 8%. In the oil were
found α-terpineol 45%, myrcene 27%, limonene 8%, menthone 6%, β-
phellandrene 3%, 1,8-cineol 2%, sabinene 2% and heptane 2%. Other sources
report 1,8-cineol (20 to 50%), α-terpenylacetate (30%), sabinene, limonene (2
to 14%), and borneol. In the seeds of round cardamom from Java (A.
kepulaga), the content of essential oil is lower (2 to 4%), and the oil contains
mainly 1,8 cineol (up to 70%) plus β-pinene (16%); furthermore, α-pinene, α-
terpineol and humulene were found [29] . Appendix figures and table (A-3) to
(A-4) show the microstructure and surface morphology of peel cardamom
powder were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and their
Granularity Cumulation Distribution Report. The particle size of cinnamon
powder was about 109.4 nm.

2-3-2-3 Glass Fiber:
The glass fibers have many characteristics that made them widely used
in several applications such as excellent aesthetic appearance, superior
mechanical properties and biological compatibility [30]. The fiber was used to
reinforce plastics for manufacturing spacecraft structural and aircraft parts
because of their particular mechanical and physical properties such as high
specific stiffness and high specific strength [31].
Glass fibers have been also used to strengthen dental polymers and have
different forms, including continuous fibers, woven sheet, and choppedglass
fibers. Despite the advantages of glass fibers but they have low adhesion with
polymer matrix, so the glass fibers are loading into the acrylic resin matrix
after being treated with silane coupling agent.The fibers treated with silane
have higher fracture resistance and transverse strength than untreated fibers,
and several investigations have concluded that [30].
2-4 Mechanical properties for bio composite materials
2-4-1 Tensile Properties Test
Tensile test measures the force needed to break a plastic sample and the
amount to which the sample stretches or elongates to that breaking point.
Tensile tests produce stress-strain charts used to determine tensile properties.
The resulting tensile test data can help specify optimal materials, design
portions to withstand application forces and provide key quality control checks
for materials.
Tensile tests for plastics give:
1. Tensile Stress.
2. Young modulus.
3. Percentage of elongation at break [32].

Tensile stress: The point where elongation of the specimen increases without
a corresponding increase in force is considered the yield point. This force is
divided by the cross sectional area to determine tensile strength from:
Where:
σ :Tensile stress (MPa).
F: Load applied in the test (N).
A: The original cross sectional area before test (mm2
).
Young's Modulus: is the constant of material taken from the slope of the
stress strain curve in the linear portion. The expression for calculating Young's
Modulus is:
Where:
E= Young Modulus (GPa).
Elongation Percentage at Break: Calculation of the percent elongation
at break is done by evaluation of extension (change in length) at the point of
sample break. Divide that extension by the original length and multiply by
(100), as displayed in:
Where:
E= The engineering strain (%).
L= Length for sample after test (mm).
Lo= Original length of sample before test (mm).
...... (2.1)
...... (2.2)
...... (2.3)

2-4-2 Flexural Properties Test
The flexural test calculates the force required to bend a beam under
three point loading conditions. The information is often used to select
materials for parts that will support loads without flexing. Flexural modulus is
used as a sign of a material's stiffness when bent [33]. Figure (2.5) indicates
the three-point flexural test.
Figure (2.5) :Three point flexural test[34].
The maximum flexural strength of the test specimen occurs at the midpoint
and can be estimated for any point on the load-deflection curve by
the following [35]:
Where:
: Flexural strength (MPa).
P: Load at fracture (N).
L: Length of specimen (mm)Y
b: Width of specimen (mm).
d: Depth of specimen (mm).
The flexural modulus (EF) can be determined by using the equation below:
...... (2.4)
...... (2.5)

Where:
EF= Modulus of elasticity in flexural test (MPa).
L=Length of specimen (support span) (mm).
b= Width of specimen (mm).
d= Depth of specimen (mm).
δ= Specimen deflection (mm).
Flexural strain can be calculated and expressed by the following equation [36].
Also the maximum shear stress is determined by using [37]:
Where:
P: Load at break (N).
b: Width of sample (mm).
d: Depth of sample (mm).
2-4-3 Impact Properties Test
The impact properties of a material represent the capacity of it to absorb and
dissipate energies under shock or impact loading.
Unnotched izod impact is a single point test that evaluates materials
resistance to impact from a pendulum. Izod impact is defined as the kinetic
energy required to initiate fracture and continue until the sample is broken [38&
39].
The impact strength is determined from the following:
...... (2.6)
...... (2.7)
...... (2.8)

Where:
: Impact strength of material (KJ/ m2
)
: Impact energy (J).
A: The cross sectional area of sample (m2).
Fracture toughness, which describes "the ability of a material containing a
crack to resist fracture". It can be de termined from [40]
Where:
: The Fracture toughness of material (MPa.m1/2
).
: The Flexural modulus of material (MPa).
Izod and Charpy impact tests are used for testing the polymeric
materials and the device used in such test is shown in figure (2.6) [41].
Figure (2.6): The impact test machine [42].
...... (2.9)

2-4-4 Hardness Properties Test
Hardness is the most popular calculated property of the surface. The
shore hardness is measured with an apparatus known as a "Durometer
hardness". The value of hardness is determined by the penetration of the
Durometer indenter foot into the specimen. Because of the resilience of
rubbers and plastics, the indentation reading may change over time, so the
indentation time is sometimes reported along with the hardness number [43&
44]. Figure (2.7) displays the shore duromter hardness test.
Figure (2.7): The (Shore-D) hardness test.
2-5 Physical Properties
2-5-1 Hot Disk Test
To estimate the thermal properties of samples, a thermal Hot Disk
analyses was used. The Transient Plane Source (TPS) technique was used to
determine the (thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat).
The Hot Disk probe includes a flat sensor with a continuous double spiral of
electrically conducting Nickel (Ni) metal, etched out of thin foil, sandwiched
between two layers of insulating material. During the test, the sensor was
normally placed between the surfaces of the two pieces of the specimen to be

measured [45]. Figure (2.8) shows the schematic of samples and sensor for
the hot disk test.
Measurements can be performed on many different materials; solids,
liquids, powders, viscous materials, composites, etc. including various types
of geometry and dimensions. The Hot Disk TPS can also be used under
various environmental conditions: from very low temperature (-45°C) up to
(1000°C) [46].
Figure (2.8): The Schematic of Samples and Sensor for the Hot Disk [47]
The relationship between the thermal properties is shown by [48]:
Where:
: Thermal diffusivity (mm2
/s).
Cp: Specific heat (heat capacity) at constant pressure (ME m3
°K). K: K:
Thermal conductivity (W/m.°K).
ρ: Mass density (Bulk density) (kg/m3
).
...... (2.10)

Chapter three
Experimental part

CHAPTER three [EXPERIMENTAL PART][21]
Chapter three
Experimental part
3-1 Introduction
This chapter focuses on the equipment and materials that are used in
this study. to prepare biocomposite specimen used for denture base and
orthopedic .It also involves the description of the method utilized to prepare
the composite specimens froth PMMA as a matrix with reinforcement
materials included (peel cardamom and cinnamon) powders. and description
of details of test machines. Figure (3.1) shows the technical path of this
study .
3-2 Materials Used
The materials used in this study to prepare test specimens of the
biocomposites include the following:
1. PMMA (self-cure as pour type denture base material) as show in
figure (3.2)
2. Peel cardamom powder and
3. Cinnamon powder.
4. Continuous glass fiber.
Figure (3.2): The PMMA (powder) and MMA (monomer) are used in this study.

Figure (3.1): The technical path of this study.
10% Continuous
glass fiber

3-3 Specimens Grouping
The specimens of PMMA composite materials were prepared in this
study and classified into four groups according to percentage and length of
the reinforcement materials as shown in table (3.1).
Table (3.1): Groups of PMMA Composite Material that Prepared in this Study.
3-4 Rules of Mixtures
The properties of composites may be estimated by the application of
simple rules of mixtures theories. These rules can be used to estimate
average composite mechanical and physical properties along different
directions, which may depend on volume fraction or weight fraction [49].
Density for fiber reinforced polymer can be determined from:
The volume fraction of fibers can be estimated from the equation [50]:
Where:
, and = are the densities of the composite (fibers and matrix)
respectively.
Vm
and Vf
= are the volume fractions of the matrix and fibers respectively.
=are the volume of fiber, matrix and composite
respectively.
……(3.1)
……(3.2)

4-5 Preparation of Test Specimen
4-5-1 Mould Preparation
All the required moulds for preparing the test specimens were metallic
made from steel as shown in figure (3.3). Figure (3.4) shows some
specimens (pure PMMA and composite).
Figure (3.3): Shows metallic mould used for prepare composite specimen.
Figure (3.4): Some composite specimens (pure PMMA & composite specimen of PMMA
matrix reinforcement by (Cardamom, Cinnamon powders and glass fiber).

4-5-2 Preparation of specimens
The composite specimens for denture base material were prepared by
utilizing (Hand lay-Up).
1- According to the amount of PMMA acrylic resin required for filling the
metallic mould cavities, the weights of the liquid monomer resin (MMA)
and acrylic powder (PMMA) were estimated according to Veracril
Company. The standard mixing ratio for self-cure PMMA acrylic resin,
Veracril (self-curing base resin) is mixed in the volumetric ratio 2:1 (Two
parts of powder, 1 part of liquid). The mixing ratio is important because it
affects the acrylic resin cytotoxicity, setting dimensional changes and control
the mixture workability. When mixing powder and liquid many changes will
take place due to the solution of polymer in the monomer. The stages in
mixing monomer and polymer acrylic materials include (sandy or granular,
sticky, full dough, rubbery and hard). The speed with which the polymer and
monomer mixture reaches to dough stage depends upon the solubility of the
polymer powder in the monomer liquid and increasing the temperature [41].
It is recommended to pour the powder into the liquid.
2- According to required selection ratio of weight fractions of the
reinforcement materials, weighting the amount of reinforced material
(Cardamom and Cinnamon powders) was by using electronic balance with
accuracy (0.0001) digits depending on total weight of the matrix material
(acrylic powder (PMMA)+ liquid monomer (MMA)) required for filling the
mould cavities by using theory of rule of mixtures.
3-The powder was then added to the mixture which contains the liquid
monomer (MMA), and one type of the reinforcement, and gradually mixed
for 20 sec using wood stick to prevent the chemical interaction at room
temperature, then poured into the metallic mould cavities and pressed by

using metallic plate with size similar to the size of the mould cavity, to
obtain smooth surface and to prevent gases vapor entry into the acrylic.
6- After completed, the samples were de-molded to remove from the
metallic mould cavities with very smooth upper and lower surface and let to
cooling for 30 min. Then they were finished using special hand grinder to
remove the cracks from the specimen's sides as a result of the specimen's
adhesion with the metallic mould cavity sides. Appendix Figure (A-5) show
Groups of PMMA Composite Material that Prepared in this Study.
4-6 Mechanical tests
4-6-1 Tensile Test:
The tensile test was used to construct a stress-strain curve for each
composite specimen. This curve is used to get tensile properties about these
samples like: modulus of elasticity, tensile stress and percentage of
elongation at break. This test was performed according to the international
standard (ASTM D638-87b). The tensile test was carried out at room
temperature by utilizing the universal tensile instrument type (LARYEE)
with capacity load (50 KN). The strain rate (speed of cross head) was
2mm/min and the tensile load was applied gradually until fracture of the
sample occurs. Figure (3.5) illustrates the experimental and standard tensile
test sample and the tensile test instrument that was utilized in this test [51].

(A) (B)
Figure (3.5): (A) The dimension of specimens by (mm) &Sample of the specimens
before test, (B) The tensile test machine.
4-6-2 Flexural Test:
A three point flexural test was performed at universal test machine that
using in the tensile test depended upon three point bending test method. In
this method the vertical force was applied at the middle of the composite
specimens to obtain the curve that represents the relationship between the
force (N) and displacement (mm) for each composite specimen. The flexural
modulus and flexural strength are the properties obtained from this test for
each composite sample prepared according to the ASTM standard (D-790)
[52]. Figure (3.6) illustrated the experimental and standard test sample and
the flexural test instrument used in this study. Appendix Figure (A-6) flexural test
spesimens before and after test.

B))(A)
Figure (3.6): (A) The dimension of specimens Sample of the specimens before test,
and (B) The flexural test machine.
4-6-3 Hardness Test
Hardness test type (Shore-D) was carried out on PMMA before and
after reinforcing fibers were added and the average of five readings in each
case was taken to obtain higher accuracy results.
The hardness test was performed according to (ASTM D2240) by Dorumeter
hardness test, type (Shore D) at load applied equal to 50 N and depressing
time of measuring equal to (15 sec). The surface of specimens must be
smooth in zone testing. The hardness value is very sensitive to the (specimen
thickness, specimen diameter and distance from the edge more than 12 mm).
So, the minimum thickness of the specimen is (3 mm) with diameter more
than (30mm). Each specimen was tested seven times at different positions of
each specimen at the same time and average value was taken. Figure (3.7)
shows the standard specimen for hardness test [53].

(A) (B)
Figure (3.7): (a) The (Shore-D) hardness test, (b) Standard Specimen of Hardness Test.
4-6-4 Impact Test
Impact test was performed according to (ISO-180) by using Izod
Impact test machine type (XJU series pendulum Izod/Charpy impact testing
machine). In izod impact test the specimen was clamped at one end and held
vertically cantilevered beam and it has broken at impact energy of (5.5J) of
pendulum and impact velocity (3.5 m/s).
In this test, the samples of the impact test were without notch. Figure (3.8)
shows the standard specimen of impact test and Izod impact test instrument
[41].Appendix Figure (A-7) show impact test specimens before and after test.
(A) (B)
Figure (3.8): (a) Shows the standard specimen of impact test, (b)The Izod impact
test instrument.

4-7 Thermal Analysis Test
This test was performed according to apparatus manual of standard
specifications instrument. The specimen was placed inside the device. Figure
(3.9) shows the sample and sensor of Hot disk [54].
Figure (3.9): (a) The Schematic of Samples and Sensor for the Hot Disk, (b) Hot disk
sensor.
The hot disk sensor is placed between two pieces of the same sample
material prepared at the same dimensions of the standard specifications
instrument, which are a least as thick as the radius of the sensor, functioning
as mechanical support and electrical insulation. The sensor acts both as a
heat supplier and temperature probe, then heated by passing an electrical
current for a short period of time and the same time recording the
temperature increase as a function of time. The dissipated temperature
increase from both sensor and surrounding sample material and avoid
influence from outside boundaries of the sample, the sample should be
bigger than the sensor diameter to make sure stable value of both thermal
conductivity and diffusivity. As final results, the values of thermal
conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat are read from the
computerize gauge [55]. Figure (3.10) shows the image of device used in
this study.

Figure (3.10): Shows the image of device that used in this test.

Chapter four
Results and Discussion

Chapter four [Results and Discussion][32]
Chapter four
Results and Discussion
4-1 Introduction
This chapter includes the results and discussion of mechanical tests
(tensile test, impact, flexural, compression and hardness ) as well as the
physical tests (thermal properties), for PMMA denture base material before and
after reinforcement by peel cardamom, cinnamon powders and glass fiber,
taking into account the effect of weight fraction and partial size on these
properties of these material.
4-2 Mechanical Test Results
4-2-1 Tensile Test Results
Tensile test is performed on the specimens to obtain the (load–elongation)
curves then from which the (stress–strain) curves are plotted. The ultimate
tensile strength, tensile modulus and elongation percentage at break are
obtained from this test.
4-2-1-1 Stress-Strain Curves
The (stress-strain) curves of pure PMMA, and the composite specimen
reinforced with peel cardamom ,cinnamon powders and glass fibers at
different weight fraction of (0,1, 2,3 and 10 wt.%) are presented in figures (4.1)
to (4.2).

Figure (4.1): Stress-Strain Curve for PMMA Bio-composite Specimens with (Cinnamon
powder and glass fiber).
Figure (4.2): Stress-Strain Curve for PMMA Bio-composite Specimens with (Peel Cardamom
powder and glass fiber).

4-2-1-2 Tensile Strength results
The composite specimens with reinforcing by (peel cardamom,
cinnamon powders and glass fiber) have the higher failure strength than the
pure (PMMA). The value of tensile strength for the pure PMMA matrix from
tensile test is (43 MPa).
Figures (4.3) show the variation in tensile strength of composite with the
change in weight fraction .In general the composites showed slight increasing
in their tensile strength with the increase of weight fractions of peel cardamom
to (1% wt) and cinnamon powder to (2% wt) , when using 10% glass fiber the
tensile strength also increasing, the reason behind this is that fiber his excellent
compatible composites due to the proper and fitting bonding between the
matrix, powder and fibers.
When we use the fiber glass noted that the tensile strength of composite
specimens increases with weight fraction (10%wt) of reinforcing fibers. So, the
weight fraction of (1%cin +10% glass fiber) represents the greatest value for
the tensile strength(71 Mpa) for PMMA reinforced with cinnamon after it the
tensile strength of weight fraction (2% card+10% glass fiber) also represents
the greatest value for the tensile strength (65 Mpa) for PMMA reinforced with
cardamom. The reasons behind such behavior is that the strengthening
mechanism of reinforcing particles in which, the amount of these particles
plays an important role impedes decreasing the slipping of PMMA resin
chains. Also the interface bonding between the reinforcing fibers and matrix
has an essential part, so the results composite will demand high value of stress
to break their interface bonding [56].

Figure (4.3): Tensile strength for PMMA bio-composite specimens as a function of (a): ( peel
cardamom and cinnamon powder) and (b):(glass fiber) content in composite.
4-2-1-3 Young's modulus results
Figures (4.4) show the relationship between the Young's modulus (E) and
the weight fraction of the reinforcing materials (peel cardamom, cinnamon
powders and glass fibers), which were added to the (PMMA) matrix. It can be
noted that the Young's modulus increases with increasing weight fraction of
cardamom. So, the weight fraction of (3%) represents the greatest value for the
young modules for PMMA reinforced with cardamom or glass fibers. This may
be due to the fact that fibers of peel cardamom have higher stiffness than
matrix because they have Young's modulus higher than matrix and that leads to
improving the stiffness of the composite. Also as weight fraction increased,
there is a possibility of fiber-matrix interaction which leads to an increase in
efficiency of stress transfer from the matrix phase to the fiber phase.
From these figures of young modules with weight fraction of cinnamon,we
note that the young's modulus increasing in weight fraction (2% wt) to be
(10.47 Gpa). it can also be seen that cinnamon reinfrorced with (1% wt) have
lower young modules and this is may be due to imperfection in molding !?
It can be seen that the elastic modulus return to increasing by add (1%
cin + 10% glass fiber), that is the greatest value for composite specimen
reinforced with these types of particles.

The value of elastic modulus for the pure PMMA was (7.24 GPa), but when
adding peel cardamom reinforcing, young's modulus reaches to (12.45GPa) at
(3 wt. %), While with cinnamon reinforcing fibers, the value reaches to
(12.31GPa) at weight fractions (1% cin + 10% glass fiber), in this study for the
same conditions.
Figure (4.4):Young modulus for PMMA bio-composite specimens as a function of (a): ( peel
4-2-1-4 Elongation Percentage at break
The pure PMMA matrix has the elongation percentage equal to (8.1
%).While, the elongation percentage at break of the composites reinforced by
cinnamon powders is higher than that of the PMMA matrix and the highest
elongation percentage equal to (9.25 %) that is at (1 %wt) weight fraction .This
due to the higher mechanical properties of composite as compared with PMMA
matrix. the elongation percentage at break of the composites reinforced by peel
cardamom powders is higher than that of the PMMA matrix and the highest
elongation percentage equal to (8.8 %) that is at (1 % wt) weight fraction after
that the elongation start to decrease and It can be seen from the figures (4.5)
that, the lower value of elongation was found with specimens at (2 and 3 wt.
%) weight fractions respectively.
When we reinforcing with (10 %) glass fiber the percentage of
elongation stay constant and do not change or decreasing ,so the values of

elongation percentage for (2% wt) cardamom stay constant at (8.8 %) on the
other hands the values elongation percentage for (1 % wt) cinnamon is
decreasing from (9.25 to 8.9 %) .
Figures (4.5) show the relationship between the elongation percentage
calculated at break point and the weight fraction of the reinforcements with
(peel cardamom, cinnamon and glass fiber).
reinforcing particles at some ratios leads to increasing the percentage of
elongation for samples. This is due to the presence of nano fibers in peel
cardamom and cinnamon imparts the stiffening effect within the matrix and
thus imposes a mechanical restraint on the composites.
Figure (4.5): Elongation Percentage at Break for PMMA bio-composite specimens as a
function of (a): ( peel cardamom and cinnamon powder) and (b):(glass fiber) content in
composite.
4-2-2 Flexural Test Results
4-2-2-1 Flexural Strength
The relationship between the flexural strength and weight fraction of the
reinforcing by (peel cardamom, cinnamon powders and glass fibers) which
were added to PMMA matrix are seen in figures (4.6).
The pure PMMA specimens have flexural strength equal to (85.95 MPa).
If the pure PMMA specimens are compared with the additional reinforcing

fibers, it’s found that flexural strength for all composite specimens with (peel
cardamom, cinnamon powders and glass fibers) is higher than pure PMMA.
The flexural strength increases with increasing weight fraction of
cardamom particles and the higher value at (2 % wt.) it equal to (124.45 Mpa)
of flexural strength . So, the reinforcing with the weight fraction of (2% card
+10% glass fiber) represents the greatest value for the flexural strength (143.26
Mpa) for PMMA reinforced with cardamom and glass fiber.
Also the flexural strength for cinnamon specimens increases to (113.14
Mpa) at (1% wt) weight fraction after these ratios the values of flexural
strength begin to decrease with increasing the weight fraction of cinnamon
powder. Therefore, the reinforcing with the weight fraction of (1% cin +10%
glass fiber) represents the greatest value for the flexural strength (159.42 Mpa)
for PMMA reinforced with cinnamon powder and glass fiber .
So, increasing the fiber weight fraction in the PMMA improved the
flexural strength value of the composites specimens, when the percentage of
reinforced fiber reached to the certain value that is lead to effect on the
combination between matrix and fibers, results in the strong interface between
fiber and matrix and results in high flexural strength value of composites [57].
Figure (4.6):Flexural Strength for PMMA bio-composite specimens as a function of (a):( peel

4-2-2-2 Flexural Modulus
The relationship between the flexural modulus and weight fraction of the
reinforcing by (peel cardamom, cinnamon powders and glass fibers) which
were added to PMMA matrix are seen in figures (4.7).
The pure PMMA specimens have lower flexural modulus of (6.17GPa).
If the pure PMMA specimens are compared with the additional reinforcing
with cardamom, cinnamon and glass fiber, it’s found that flexural modulus for
(2 % card ) is higher value ,it equal to (7.31 Gpa), and the these value well
increase to (8.03 Gpa) by reinforcing with (10% wt glass fiber).
The specimens of composite reinforced by “Cinnamon” have flexural
modulus lower than the composite specimens reinforced by”peel cardamom”
because of cardamom have fiber structure and mechanical properties higher
than cinnamon particles.
Flexural modulus was (6.91GPa& 7.73GPa) for specimens with (1% cin) and
(1 % cin +10% glass fiber), respectively at optimum conditions of weight
fraction.
Figure (4.7) Flexural Modulus for PMMA bio-composite specimens as a function of (a): (
peel cardamom and cinnamon powder) and (b):(glass fiber) content in composite.

4-2-2-3 Flexural Strain
Figures (4.8) illustrate the relationship between flexural strain and the
weight fraction of reinforcing with (peel cardamom, cinnamon and glass fiber)
in PMMA matrix. It can be seen that the flexural strain values increasing with
cardamom at weight fraction (1% wt) to become equal to (0.0186 %) . the
flexural strength value also increase with cinnamon at weight fraction (2% wt)
to become equal to (0.071 %).
It can be seen from the figures that, Specimens with cinnamon have the
highest flexural strain value equal to (0.0206 %) at weight fraction (1% cin
+10% glass fiber). Specimens with cinnamon (3%) have lower flexural strain
value than specimens, it equal to (0.012%).
Figure (4.8): Flexural Strain for PMMA bio-composite specimens as a function of (a): (peel
4-2-2-4 Max. Shear Stress Test Results
The relationship between the weight fraction of (peel cardamom,
cinnamon and glass fiber) in PMMA resin and Max.shear stress of the
specimens are shown in figures (4.9). The max. shear stress for pure PMMA
equal to (1.971 MPa) It can be seen that the values of max.shear stress
increased with increased weight fraction of both types of reinforcing and reach
maximum value at weight fraction (2 % and 1% ) it equal to ( 2.897Mpa &
2.64Mpa) for cardamom and cinnamon, respectively. This is due to the ability

of these materials to hinder the crack propagation inside PMMA matrix
according to strengthening mechanism additionally to the good compatibility
and strong bonding between the PMMA matrix and these particles.
It was also observed that the max. shear stress for composite specimens reach
maximum value with add glass fiber for weight fraction(2% card+10% glass
fiber & 1%cin +10% glass fiber) it equal to (3.342Mpa & 3.72Mpa),
respectively.
Figure (4.9): Max.Shear Stress for PMMA bio-composite specimens as a function of (a): (
4-2-3 Impact Test Results
The impact results represent the impact strength and the fracture
toughness for composite samples.
4-2-3-1 Impact strength
The impact strength is a measure of absorb energy by the material before
fracture. For denture, the impact failure can be represented by suddenly fall off
dentures and collide with ground. Fracture energy for the prepared specimens
is obtained from the impact test
The impact strength of composite specimen is controlled by two elements: first,
the capability of the reinforcing material to stop crack propagation by

absorbing energy and second, poor bonding between reinforcing and matrix
which causes micro-spaces and result in crack propagation [58].
The impact strength for PMMA resin is equal to (4.28 kJ/m
2
).
The impact strength increasing with increasing the weight fraction of powders,
It can be also noted from the figures that specimens which have higher values
of impact strength for composite specimen with cardamom and cinnamon
powders were found at (3% and 2%) respectively weight fraction equal to
(9.803 and 8.4 kJ/m
2
), respectively in addition to that the higher impact
strength for denture reinforced with hybrid Bio-composite weight fraction (2%
card+10% glass fiber & 1% cin +10% glass fiber) respectively, it equal to
(12.85 and 23.57 kJ/m
2
), respectively.
If the pure PMMA specimens are compared with that additional (2% card
+10% glass fiber & 1%cin +10% glass fiber), it is found that the improving
percentage is (200% & 450 %) respectively. The figure (4.10) shows the
impact strength of PMMA biocompsite.
Figures (4.10): Impact Strength for PMMA bio-composite specimens as a function of (a): (

4-2-3-2 Fracture toughness
The Fracture toughness value depends on the impact strength and
flexural modulus for each composite sample [59].
The (PMMA) matrix had fracture toughness value equal to (5.144 MPa.m
½
).
Figures (4.11) illustrate the relationship between fracture toughness and the
weight fraction of reinforcing by(peel cardamom, cinnamon and glass fiber) in
PMMA matrix. The maximum values of fracture toughness were observed at
weight fraction (3%wt Card & 1%wt Cin) of composite specimens reinforced,
it equal to (8.094 & 7.025 MPa.m
½
), respectively. These values also increase by
add (10% wt) glass fiber to the weight fractions (2% Card & 1% Cin wt), So
the fracture toughness equal to (10.165& 13.505 MPa.m
½
), respectively.
If the pure PMMA specimens are compared with that additional (2% card
+10% glass fiber & 1%cin +10% glass fiber), it is found that the improving
percentage are (97 % & 162 %) respectively.
Without glass fiber Cardamom (3%wt) specimen have higher fracture
toughness value than cinnamon specimens for the same reason that is taken in
discussion of impact strength.
Figure (4.11): Fracture toughness for PMMA bio-composite specimens as a function of
(a): ( peel cardamom and cinnamon powder) and (b):(glass fiber) content in composite.

4-2-4 Hardness Test Results
Figures (4.12) show the relationship between the hardness and the
weight fraction of the reinforcing powders (peel cardamom and cinnamon),
which were added to the PMMA resin.
Figures illustrate that, the hardness increases with increasing the weight
fraction of (cardamom & cinnamon) powders, and reaches its maximum
amount at (1, 2 wt. %) respectively and return to decrease after (2%).
The composite becomes stiffer and harder, as compared to the matrix polymer.
Also, these materials have superior mechanical properties such has hardness,
modulus, strength etc, Therefore when additional high strength fiber increases
the hardness of the composite [60].
The pure PMMA samples had the lowest value of hardness (75.8) than
composite samples with reinforcing particles, that is because the particles
distribution in composite samples leads to make hard surface by impeding the
PMMA chains motion along the stress direction finally, led to decrease the
penetration for the (shore-D) indenter device at the surface of composite
samples.
Figure (4.12): Hardness (Shore-D) for PMMA bio-composite specimens as a function of
(a): ( peel cardamom and cinnamon powder) and (b):(glass fiber) content in composite.

4-3 Physical tests
4-3-1 Thermal Analysis Test Results
The thermal properties (thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity, and
specific heat capacity) are properties gained from the hot disk test for
composite samples, at room temperature. The relationship between these
properties is given by eq.(2.10). It shows the improve of thermal conductivity
and decreases specific heat to improve the thermal diffusivity of some
specimens .
4-3-1-1 Thermal conductivity results
Thermal conductivity for composite materials represents the thermal
energy that causes movement of the molecular chains of polymer in composite
samples at a rate proportional to the weight fraction of the conductive materials
[59]. Thermal conductivity results for some specimens are presented in figures
(4.13).
The thermal conductivity of (PMMA) matrix equal to (0.746 W/m. °K)
In these figures show increase the thermal conductivity of the composite
specimen at weight fraction (2 % card) to equal (0.9516 W/m. °K), this is due
to that fibers have higher thermal conductivity than PMMA matrix. So,
presence of the short fibers can considerably improve the thermal conductivity
[61].
From figures it can also be observed that the thermal conductivity of
composite specimens decreases with presence of glass fiber and reach to (0.543
W/m. °K) at weight fraction (2%card+10% glass fiber).
The thermal conductivity of composite specimens decreases with use cinnamon
powder and reach to (0.444 W/m. °K) at weight fraction (1%wt)
From these figures show the weight fraction (1% cin+10% glass fiber)
have lower thermal conductivity value that equals (0.364 W/m. °K).

The maximum value of thermal conductivity for composite specimen with peel
cardamom powder at optimum condition and weight fraction (2%) equal to
(0.951 W/m.ºK). If the pure PMMA specimens are compared with that
additional (2% card), it is found that the improving percentage are (28 %).
Figure (4.13): Thermal Conductivity with Weight Fraction for some PMMA Composite
Specimens reinforced by( peel cardamom, cinnamon powders and glass Fiber).
4-3-1-2 Thermal Diffusivity Results
Thermal diffusivity of specimens indicates the change in composite
specimen’s temperature in test when heat applied [62].
Figures (4.14) show the relationship between the thermal diffusivity and the
weight fraction of some PMMA Composite specimens.
Composite specimens have highest value of thermal diffusivity at weight
fraction (1% cinnamon) it reaches to (15.845mm²/sec) . The thermal diffusivity
also increased at weight fraction (2% cardamom) and reached to (0.377
mm²/sec)
Pure PMMA has lower value of thermal diffusivity than some composite
specimen, it reaches (0.223 mm
2
/sec), these value also reduce for composite
specimens having glass fiber with weight fraction(2% card +10% glass fiber
&1% cin +10% glass fiber) and the values equal to
(0.0678&0.0309),respectively.

Figure (4.14): Thermal Diffusivity with Weight Fraction for some PMMA Composite
Specimens reinforced by( peel cardamom, cinnamon powders and glass Fiber).
4-3-1-3 Specific Heat Results
The specific heat for composite specimens represents the energy required
to rise the temperature one Kg of composite samples by one degree [59].
Figures (4.15) show the relationship between the specific heat and the weight
fraction of some reinforcing with (peel cardamom, cinnamon powders and
glass Fiber), which were added to the PMMA resin
Specific heat magnitudes could be decreased with (2% wt cardamom)
compared with magnitude of PMMA alone, also that is happens for reinforced
with cinnamon at weight fraction(1%) , for both type the specific heat reach
to(2.522MJ/m³.K & 0.028MJ/m³.K) respectively. While the specific heat
increased by adding the glass fiber with weight fraction (10% wt), so it reach to
(8.0134MJ/m³.K & 11.784MJ/m³.K),respectively. Therefore, the highest values
of specific heat for composite specimen are obtained for composite with
(1%cin +10% glass fibers) that is due to heat insulation ability of the glass
fibers.

Figure (4.15): Specific Heat with Weight Fraction for some PMMA Composite Specimens
reinforced by (peel cardamom, cinnamon powders and glass Fiber).

Chapter five
Conclusions and Recommendations

Chapter five [Conclusions and Recommendations] [49]
Chapter five
Conclusions and Recommendations
5-1 Conclusions
The experimental investigations are used for the composite material that
preparation in this study leads to the following conclusions:
1- The tensile strength, young's modulus, elongation percentage increased with
the increase in the weight fraction of (Peel Cardamom, Cinnamon and glass
fiber) in PMMA resin.
2- The largest values of tensile strength, young's modulus, elongation
percentage (71 MPa.), (12.31 GPa.) and (8.9 %) respectively, were obtained
at weight fractions (1 % Cin + 10% glass fiber) .
3- Flexural modulus, flexural strength, flexural strain and max. shear stress
increased with increase in the weight fraction of (Peel Cardamom,
Cinnamon and glass fiber) in PMMA resin.
4- The highest value of flexural strength, flexural strain and max.shear stress
(159.42 MPa.), (0.0206%) and (3.72 MPa.) respectively, were observed at
weight fraction (1 % Cin + 10% glass fiber). The highest value of Flexural
modulus (8.036 GPa) was observed at weight fraction (2 % Card + 10%
glass fiber).
5- The impact strength and fracture toughness increased with increasing the
weight fraction of (Peel Cardamom, Cinnamon and glass fiber) in PMMA
res6-The highest value of impact strength and fracture toughness (23.57
KJ/m2
) and (13.5 MPa.m0.5
) were observed at weight fraction (1 % Cin +
10% glass fiber).

Chapter five [Conclusions and Recommendations] [50]
6- The Hardness increases with increasing weight fractions of (Peel Cardamom,
Cinnamon and glass fiber), and the highest value of the hardness was (82.2)
at weight fraction (1% card).
7- The thermal analysis test was done for five selective specimens, the thermal
conductivity increased at weight fractions of cardamom and decreased with
add glass fiber and cinnamon. The thermal diffusivity increased with
increasing weight fraction of (peel Cardamom and Cinnamon) and also
decreased with add fibers. The highest values of thermal conductivity and
diffusivity (0.951 W/m K) and (15.84 mm
2
/sec) obtained for composite
specimens with (2% Card and 1%Cin), respectively.
5-2 Recommendations
According to the experimental results of this study can be continued by:
1- Studying the influence of peel cardamom as fiber with different length
and weight fraction on properties of denture base material.
2- Determining the influence of other types of natural strengthening fibers
or powders such as coir, carnation, kiwifruit and Pistachio Shells
on the mechanical and physical properties of PMMA denture base
materials.
3- Evaluation of some mechanical properties of PMMA matrix reinforced
by cinnamon powder with chemical treatment by (H2O2) in denture or
other application in biomedical
4- Performing numerical analyses by utilizing the program (ANSYS), in
order to model and simulate the characteristics of PMMA composite
materials utilized for denture base materials.

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for Obtaining Infrared Spectra for Qualitative Analysis", E 1252-98, PP.(1-
11), (2002).
[56-] M.S. Screekanth, V.A. Bambole, S.T. Mhask and P.A. Mahnanwar,
"Effect of concentration of mica on properties of polyester thermoplastic
elastomer composites", Journal of Minerals and Materials
Characterization and Engineering, Vol.8, No.4, PP.(271-282), (2009).
[57-] P.Amuthakkannan1, V. Manikandan, J.T. Winowlin Jappes and M.
Uthayakumar, "Effect of fiber length and fiber content on mechanical
properties of short basalt fiber reinforced polymer matrix
composites",Materials Physics and Mechanics, Vol.16, pp.(107-110),
(2013).
[58-] M.G. Maya, Soney C. George, Thomasukutty Jose, M. S. Sreekala and
Sabu Thomas, "Mechanical Properties of Short Sisal Fiber Reinforced
PhenoFormaldehyde Eco-Friendly Composites", Polymers from

Renewable Resources, Vol.8, No.1, PP.(27), (2017).
[59-] Donald R. Askeland, Pradeep P.Fulay and Wendelin J.Wrigth,"The Science
and Engineering of Materials",6th edition, Cengage Learning Inc., (2011).
[60-] R. Hemanth, M. Shekhar and B. Suresha, "Effect of fibers and fillers on
mechanical properties of thermoplastic composites", Indian Journal of
Advances in Chemical Science (IJACS), Vol.2, PP.(28- 35), (2014).
[61-] Fu, Shao‐Yun, and Yiu‐Wing Mai., "Thermal conductivity of misaligned
short‐fiber‐reinforced polymer composites", Journal of applied polymer
science, Vol.88, No.6, PP.(1497-1505), (2003).
[62-] P. Mummery, W. N. dos Santos, and A. Wallwork, "Thermal Diffusivity
of Polymers by the Laser flash Technique", Polymer Testing, Vol.24,
(2005).

Granularity Cumulation Distribution Report
Sample: Cinnamon Code:Sample Code
Line No.:lineno Grain No.:140
Instrument:CSPM Date:2018-01-07
Avg. Diameter:116.06 nm <=10% Diameter:80.00 nm
<=50% Diameter:110.00 nm <=90% Diameter:140.00 nm
Diameter(
nm)<
Volume
(%)
Cumulatio
n(%)
Diameter(
nm)<
Volume
(%)
Cumulatio
n(%)
Diameter(
nm)<
Volume
(%)
Cumulatio
n(%)
70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
4.29
5.00
5.71
12.14
4.29
9.29
15.00
27.14
110.00
120.00
130.00
140.00
12.14
15.71
14.29
14.29
39.29
55.00
69.29
83.57
150.00
160.00
170.00
9.29
2.86
4.29
92.86
95.71
100.00
Fig (A-1) Granularity Cumulation Distribution Report of Cinnamon.
Fig. (A-2) 2D and 3D AFM images for Cinnamon nanoparticles.

Granularity Cumulation Distribution Report
Sample: Peel cardamom Code: Sample Code
Line No.:lineno Grain No.:92
Instrument:CSPM Date:2018-01-07
Avg. Diameter:109.47 nm <=10% Diameter:90.00 nm
<=50% Diameter:100.00 nm <=90% Diameter:120.00 nm
Diameter(
nm)<
Volume
(%)
Cumulatio
n(%)
Diameter(
nm)<
Volume
(%)
Cumulatio
n(%)
Diameter(
nm)<
Volume
(%)
Cumulatio
n(%)
90.00
100.00
110.00
120.00
4.35
35.87
23.91
11.96
4.35
40.22
64.13
76.09
130.00
140.00
150.00
160.00
14.13
3.26
2.17
2.17
90.22
93.48
95.65
97.83
180.00
200.00
1.09
1.09
98.91
100.00
Fig (A-3) Granularity Cumulation Distribution Report of peel cardamom.
Fig. (A-4) 2D and 3D AFM images for Peel cardamom nanoparticles.

Fig (A-5): Groups of PMMA Composite Material that Prepared in this Study.

Fig(A-6): fluxural test spesimens before and after test.
Fig(A-7): Impact test spesimens before and after test.

‫جمھوریة‬‫العراق‬
‫وزارة‬‫التعلیم‬‫العالي‬‫والبحث‬‫العلمي‬
‫الجامعة‬‫التكنولوجیة‬
‫قسم‬‫ھندسة‬‫المواد‬
‫تصنيع‬‫متراكبات‬‫بوليميرية‬‫مدعومة‬‫بالمواد‬‫الطبيعية‬‫واأللياف‬
‫الزجاجية‬‫تستخدم‬‫في‬‫ات‬‫تطبيق‬‫األسنان‬
‫مشروع‬‫مقدم‬‫الى‬‫قسم‬‫ھندسة‬‫المواد‬‫في‬‫الجامعة‬‫التكنولوجیة‬‫كجزء‬‫من‬‫متطلبات‬
‫على‬ ‫الحصول‬‫درجة‬‫البكلوریوس‬‫في‬‫علوم‬‫ھندسة‬‫المواد‬
‫قبل‬ ‫من‬
‫كاظم‬ ‫علي‬ ‫محسن‬
‫بأشراف‬
‫أ‬.‫م‬.‫د‬.‫صالح‬ ‫عيسى‬ ‫سهامة‬
2017-20189341-9341‫ھـ‬

‫الخالصة‬
‫االنسجه‬ ‫و‬ ‫المفقوده‬ ‫لالسنان‬ ‫ل‬‫للنق‬ ‫ابل‬‫ق‬ ‫بديل‬ ‫هو‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫طقم‬‫ميثا‬ ‫مثيل‬ ‫البولي‬ ‫اتنج‬‫ر‬ ‫استخدم‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫المجاوره‬
‫أكريليت‬(PMMA)‫األسنان‬‫أطقم‬‫لتصنيع‬ ‫األسنان‬‫طب‬ ‫ات‬‫تطبيق‬ ‫في‬ ‫واسع‬ ‫نطاق‬ ‫على‬.‫األساسية‬‫المشكلة‬‫أن‬
‫الناتجة‬ ‫الصدمة‬ ‫بسب‬ ‫تحدث‬ ‫التي‬ ‫بالصدمة‬ ‫الفشل‬ ‫هي‬ ‫األسنان‬ ‫لطقم‬ ‫كبديل‬ ‫االكريلك‬ ‫استخدام‬ ‫مع‬ ‫المرتبطة‬
‫صلب‬ ‫سطح‬ ‫على‬ ‫الطقم‬ ‫سقوط‬ ‫عن‬‫كبير‬ ‫لزمن‬ ‫ولكل‬ ً‫جدأ‬ ‫ليلة‬‫الق‬ ‫االجهادات‬ ‫عند‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫قد‬ ‫الثاني‬ ‫الفشل‬ ‫و‬
‫الفم‬ ‫داخل‬.‫األطباق‬ ‫قوة‬ ‫خالل‬ ‫من‬ ‫الخدمة‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫االكريلك‬ ‫راتنج‬ ‫لطقم‬ ‫كسر‬ ً‫ا‬‫كثير‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫قد‬ ‫األسباب‬ ‫لتلك‬
‫حوادث‬‫أو‬‫الحادة‬‫التحط‬‫م‬.
‫ان‬‫ال‬‫ھ‬‫دف‬‫من‬‫الدراسة‬‫ھ‬‫وتطوير‬‫ات‬‫مواصف‬‫راتنج‬‫البولي‬‫مثيل‬‫ميثا‬‫اكريليت‬‫بواسطة‬‫اضافة‬‫من‬ ‫نوعين‬
‫كمواد‬ ‫الطبيعية‬ ‫المساحيق‬‫تقوية‬‫و‬‫ھ‬‫ذه‬‫المواد‬‫ھ‬‫ي‬‫تاثير‬ ‫ودراسة‬ ‫القرفه‬ ‫مسحوق‬ ‫و‬ ‫الهال‬ ‫قشور‬ ‫مسحوف‬
‫الكسور‬‫الوزنية‬‫المختارة‬(0,1,2&3%)‫الى‬‫راتنج‬‫البولي‬‫مثيل‬‫ميثا‬‫اكريليت‬.‫من‬ ‫المثالية‬ ‫العينات‬ ‫ان‬
‫الوزنية‬ ‫الكسور‬ ‫عند‬ ‫وجدت‬ ‫قد‬ ‫المجموعتين‬(PMMA:2% peel cardamom)‫و‬(PMMA:1%
cinnamon)‫وزني‬ ‫بكسر‬ ‫مستمرة‬ ‫زجاجية‬ ‫الياف‬ ‫أضافة‬ ‫بواسطة‬ ‫ايضا‬ ‫تقويتها‬ ‫تم‬ ‫قد‬ ‫النسب‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫ان‬ ‫و‬
(10%.)
‫دراسة‬ ‫تم‬ ‫لقد‬ ‫و‬‫تاثيرات‬‫المتغيرات‬‫على‬‫الخصائص‬‫الميكانيكية‬‫المتمثلة‬‫ب‬)‫اومة‬‫مق‬‫الشد‬‫والنسبة‬‫المئوية‬
‫لالستطالة‬‫عند‬‫الكسر‬‫ومعامل‬‫المرونة‬‫ومعامل‬‫االنحناء‬‫اومة‬‫ومق‬‫االنحناء‬‫واقصى‬‫ا‬‫جها‬‫د‬‫قص‬‫اومة‬‫ومق‬‫الصدمة‬
‫ومتانة‬‫الكسر‬‫والصالدة‬.)‫كذالك‬ ‫و‬‫الخصائص‬‫الفيزيائية‬‫المتمثلة‬‫ببعض‬‫الخصائص‬‫الحراري‬‫ة‬.
‫وقد‬‫اظ‬‫ھ‬‫رت‬‫قيم‬ ‫ان‬ ‫النتائج‬)‫اومة‬‫مق‬‫الشد‬‫والنسبة‬‫المئوية‬‫الكسر‬ ‫عند‬ ‫لالستطالة‬‫ومعامل‬‫المرونة‬‫ومعامل‬
‫االنحناء‬‫اومة‬‫ومق‬‫االنحناء‬‫االنحناء‬ ‫وانفعال‬‫واقصى‬‫ا‬‫جهاد‬‫قص‬‫اومة‬‫ومق‬‫الصدمة‬‫ومتانة‬‫الكسر‬‫والصالدة‬
‫الوزنيه‬‫الكسور‬‫زياده‬ ‫مع‬ ‫ازدادت‬‫قد‬ ‫الحرارية‬‫االنتشارية‬‫و‬ ‫الحرارية‬‫والتوصيليه‬‫قشور‬ ‫لمسحوق‬‫الها‬‫مسحوق‬ ‫و‬ ‫ل‬
‫الوزنيه‬‫الكسور‬‫مختلف‬ ‫عند‬ ‫قيمة‬ ‫أعلى‬‫إلى‬‫تصل‬ ‫و‬ ‫القرفه‬(2)%‫و‬(1)%‫التوصيلية‬‫ذلك‬ ‫من‬ ‫بالترتيب،يستثنى‬
‫للقرفة‬ ‫الوزني‬‫الكسر‬‫زياده‬ ‫مع‬ ‫ل‬‫تق‬ ‫ألنها‬ ‫الحرارية‬.
‫ال‬‫تقوية‬ ‫أن‬(PMMA)‫و‬ ‫القرفه‬‫اومسحوق‬‫الهال‬‫قشور‬ ‫مسحوق‬ ‫مع‬(11)%‫أدى‬‫قد‬ ‫المستمره‬‫الزجاج‬‫الياف‬‫من‬
‫ارية‬‫ر‬‫الح‬‫الخواص‬‫في‬ ‫نقصان‬ ‫و‬ ‫الميكانيكية‬‫الخواص‬‫زيادة‬ ‫إلى‬.
‫ت‬ ‫أظهرت‬‫قد‬ ‫الدراسة‬‫هذة‬‫ا‬‫مق‬ ‫قيمة‬ ‫في‬ ‫حسن‬‫و‬‫ال‬‫تصل‬ ‫الصدمة‬‫مة‬(211%&051%)‫ال‬‫مع‬ ‫ارنة‬‫بالمق‬(Pure
PMMA)‫الوزنية‬ ‫الكسور‬ ‫عند‬(2% card +10% glass fiber & 1%cin +10% glass fiber)
‫بالترتيب‬.

2018 graduation project-mohsin ali

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