That is research methdology

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2. MARKA UNIVERSITY
Medicine & Surgery
Course Title:-
Research Methodology
Topic Title:- Introduction
Course Lecturer:-
Dr. Salman Caato
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3. Slide 1- 3
Introduction
 Research is composed of two words
“re” & “search” means to search
again, to search for new facts, to
modify older search in any branch of
knowledge and systematic efforts to
gain new knowledge.

4. Cont…
The research is a process of which a
person observes the phenomena
again and again and collects the
data and on the basis of data he
draws some conclusions.

5. Overview of research
Methodology
• Research: scientific inquiry aimed
at learning new facts & testing
ideas.
• Scientific and systematic search for
partiment information on specific
topic
• Careful investigation special through
search for new facts in any branch
of knowledge.
• Systemized effort to gain new
knowledge.
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6. Cont…
• Movement from known to unknown.
• Essential and powerful tool leading
man towards progress.
• Research is the systematic process of
collecting and analyzing information
(data) in order to increase our
understanding of the phenomenon
about which we are concerned or
interested.

7. Why we need Research?
• To solve problems.
• Study trends (changes)
• To face challenges
• To get intellectual
• To serve society
• To get a respect

8. Research Objectives
• The main aim or General objective is to:
Find out trust which is hidden or which has not been
discovered yet.
• Specific objectives
• To develop new scientific tools.
• To find out solutions to scientific or non-scientific
• To overcome or solve problems occurring in our
everyday life.
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9. Characteristics of Research
• Research is directed through the solution of the
problem.
• Research requires expertise
• Research is based upon observable experience
• Research demands accurate observation and
description.
• Research involves the query of answer to
unsolved problems.

10. Types of Research
• Based on nature of information
Qualitative: values cannot easily measuredeg; taste,
intelligence, choice, and e.t.c
Quantative: is numerical data measured for your
research e.g: weight, height, every number include
your data.
•

11. • Based on utility of content or nature of
subject matter
• Theoretical: General knowledge or general
principles that finding results. For example:
Human behavior.
• Applied: Is developmental purpose and
seek to solve particular problem.

12. Based on approach of research
• Longitudinal Research: is genetic
research and it takes several years (long
time).
• Cross-Sectional Research: determine if
exposure to specific risk factor it may
correlate particular outcome (short time).

13. Based on method
• Philosophical Research: collective an
extensive or narrative data (focus on vision).
• Historical Research: deals with the past
events.
• Survey data: is assessment of the present
events.
• Experimental research: deals with the
future events.
• Case study Research: deals with the
unusual events.

14. ANOTHER TYPE OF
RESEARCH
Descriptive vs Analytical Research
Descriptive Research is a fact finding
investigation which is aimed at describing the
characteristics of individual, situation or a group
(or) describing the state of affairs as it exists at
present.
Analytical Research is primarily
concerned with testing hypothesis and specifying
and interpreting relationships, by analyzing the
facts or information already available.

15. MOST Questions in research
process

16. Deferent b/w: Research method and
research methodology
• Research methodology:
• A system of models, procedures and
techniques used to find the results of a
research problem is called research
methodology.
• A science of study how research is
done scientifically, Methodology helps
to understand not only the products of
scientific inquire but the process itself

17. Research method
Are the methods by which you conduct
researcher in to a subject or topic, research
method involves conduct of experiments,
test survey, research method aim at finding
solution to research problems. Then the
research methods that are involved are
study of various work of the different and
understanding of the employment of speech
in their works.

18. Research variables
• The purpose of all research is to describe and
explain variance in the world. Variance is
simply the difference; that is, variation that
occurs naturally in the world or that one we
create as a result of a manipulation. Variables
are names that are given to the variance we
wish to explain.

19. Cont…
• Very simply, a VARIABLE is a measurable
characteristic that varies. It may change from
group to group, person to person, or even within
one person over time.
• All research projects are based around variables.
A variable is the characteristic or attribute of an
individual, group, educational system, or the
environment that is of interest in a research
study.

20. Variables can be easy to measure, such as
gender, age or are more complex, like academic
achievement, or attitude toward school.
Therefore, once the general research topic has
been identified, the researcher should identify
the key variables of interest.
Cont…

21. Cont…
• A variable is either a result of some force or
is itself the force that causes a change in
another variable. These are called
dependent and independent variables
respectively.

22. Cont..
• Variable, attribute and
domain
• Variable
• It is a measurable
characteristic that varies like
age, gender, marital status,
etc.

23. Cont…
• –Attribute
• Values of each variable are called attributes.
E.g. gender is a variable but the values that it
can have are male and female.

24. Types of variables include:
• IN DEPENDENT VARIABLE
• It is the one that has an impact on the dependent
variable. For example, if the independent
variable is the use of a new language teaching
procedure, then the dependent variable might be
students' scores on a test of the content taught
using that procedure. In other words, the
variation in the dependent variable depends on
the variation in the independent variable.

25. Cont…
• DEPENDENT VARIABLE
• It is the one that the researcher has control over.
Whatever the case may be, the researcher
expects that the independent variable(s) will have
some effect on the dependent variable(s).
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26. Cont…
• It is a factor in the research which may have an
impact on the dependent variable(s) but which is
not controlled. Extraneous variables are
dangerous. They may damage a study's validity,
making it impossible to know whether the effects
were caused by the independent or some
extraneous factor
• They have to be controlled but if they cannot be
controlled, extraneous variables must at least be
taken into consideration when interpreting results.
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